CONSILIU EDITORIAL: REDACTOR EF: SORINA CIOTRC REDACTOR-EF ADJUNCT: ALEXANDRA NSTASE EDITOR EF: ALIN BOERU CORECTUR: ROXANA AR LAURA NEAM JURIU: PETRE DUMITRU, Information and Communication Officer, Reprezentana Comisiei Europene la Bucureti FELIX ZAHARIA, Director Adjunct Direcia Drept Internaional i Tratate, Ministerul Afacerilor Externe, Cercettor Universitatea Bologna IONU CEPRAGA, Campaign Coordinator, Greenpeace Romania Revista Romanian Journal for International Relations and Security Studies este publicat de Centrul Romn pentru Relaii Internaionale i Studii de Securitate www.centrulriss.com e-mail: contact@centrulriss.com CUPRINS: CUVNT INTRODUCTIV 4 ARTICOLE ENERGIA PENTRU VIITOR O FALS PROBLEM - Silvana BOLOCAN7 DEZBATERI DESPRE ENERGIE N NOUL REGIM INTERNAIONAL AL MEDIULUI - Aura Carmen SLATE 15 THE GLOBAL CLIMATE GOVERNANCE - Ioana MILCU 31 GREEN BUSINESS PROVOCARE SAU OPORTUNITATE Crngua Irina PELEA 46 DIPLOMAIA DE MEDIU I PRINCIPIUL SUBSIDIARITII REALITI I PERSPECTIVE Ileana Daniela ERBAN 56 ASIA PACIFIC. EECUL FORUMURILOR DE NEGOCIERE PE PROBLEME CLIMATICE - Raluca Maria NICOAR 70 REGATUL SUEDIEI: ECO-DIPLOMAIE I POLITIC INTERN VERDE - Alina Oana RADULOV 80 INTERVIURI I RECENZII CALD, PLAT I AGLOMERAT: DE CE AVEM NEVOIE DE O REVOLUIE VERDE I CUM PUTEM SCHIMBA VIITORUL NTR-O LUME GLOBALIZAT RECENZIE Sorina CIOTRC 89 BE THERE AND WITNESS INTERVIU CU DOMNUL IONU CEPRAGA, Campaign Coordinator Greenpeace Bucureti Alexandra NSTASE 91 ORAELE DURABILE INTERVIU CU DOAMNA CLAUDIA PAMFIL, Director Grupul de Dezvoltare Local Alexandru GOTC 94 EVENIMENTELE CENTRULUI ROMNPENTRU RELAII INTERNAIONALE I STUDII DE SECURITATE CONFERINA EDUCAIE I CERCETARE N DOMENIILE RELAII INTERNAIONALE, STUDII DE SECURITATE, DIPLOMAIE I GEOPOLITIC 97 TEME I ZONE DE INTERES SONDAJ 99 APEL PENTRU LUCRRI / CALL FOR PAPERS 101 DOCUMENTE OFICIALE DISCURSUL SECRETARULUI EXECUTIV AL UNFCCC, CHRISTIANA FIGUERES, LA DESCHIDEREA NEGOCIERILOR DE LA CANCUN (DECEMBRIE 2010) 103 DECIZIILE LUATE N URMA NEGOCIERILOR DE LA CANCUN 105 [4] Romanian Journal for International Relations and Security Studies, No1/ 2011 CUVNT INTRODUCTIV CentrulRomnpentruRelaiiInternaionaleiStudiideSecuritate(CentrulRISS)esteo organizaienon-guvernamental,non-profitiapolitic,nfiinatnanul2011,lainiiativaunortineri ceauresimitlipsaunordezbateriiaunuidialoginterdisciplinar,petemelegatedeevoluia domeniului relaiilor internaionale i a culturii de securitate. CentrulRISSrspundelanevoiadeexcelenneducaienceeacepriveterelaiile internaionaleidomeniileconexe,ilanevoiadencurajareisusinereacercetriidecalitate. Aceastorganizaieesteformatdintr-ungrupdetineriprofesioniti,studeniiabsolveninrelaii internaionale i alte domenii aferente, care au o experien practic n organizarea de programe de educaie non-formal, o experien academic prin desfurarea unor stagii de pregtire att n ar, ct i n strintate, dar i o experien internaional, prin participarea la diverse reele internaionale de tineret. Pe lng Biroul Executiv, Centrul Romn pentru Relaii Internaionale i Studii de Securitate i-a formatunConsiliutiinific,alctuitdinacademicieniiprofesioniticuexperienndomeniiprecum Relaii Internaionale, Studii de Securitate, Geopolitic, Diplomaie, precum i o reea internaional de tineri romni i strini, care sunt colaboratori externi i care contribuie cu analize i articole tiinifice. n acest fel, Centrul are o component interdisciplinar i intercultural.NoutateapecaredorimsoimpunemprinCentrulRISSnuvineattprinconinut,ctprin calitatea proiectelor i prin abordarea inedit.Nepropunemspromovmstandardedeexcelenisncurajmgndireacreativ,attn cercetare, ct i n practic, prin valorizarea educaiei non-formale i prin dezvoltarea unei reele de tineret extins att la nivel naional, ct i internaional. Studiulaprofundatalmodeleloriteoriilorexistentepoateconducelanoimodalitide abordare ale unor probleme reale. Tocmai de aceea, pe lng abordarea critic, folosit n cercetarea tiinific, ne propunem s susinem gndirea creativ i dezbaterea permanent la nivel ideatic, care s conduc la soluii viabile i noi teorii. [5] Romanian Journal for International Relations and Security Studies, No1/ 2011 Maimult,domeniilenoastredeinteressuntextremderiguroasenmodalitateadeanalizi practic.Pentrutineriicareidorescperformana,educaiaprimitpebncilefacultii,adic educaia formal, este necesar, dar nu suficient. Programele de formare, atent pregtite mpreun cu specialitindomeniuleducaieinon-formale,completeazcunotineleteoreticecuuneleaptitudini necesare pentru o carier de succes. Pe lng acetia, avem alturi de noi profesioniti, academicieni i studeni de excepie, care i doresc s ridice standardele n domeniile Relaii Internaionale i Studii de Securitate. Pe de alt parte, schimbul de informaii i cunotine ntre actuali specialiti i cei care aspir la ocariernacestdomeniu,creareaunuicadrupropicenetworking-uluiimprtireaexperienelor pot conduce ctre o comunitate de dezvoltare continu i performan. ________________________________________________________________________ Alexandra NSTASE,Preedinte Centrul Romn pentru Relaii Internaionale i Studii de Securitate [6] Romanian Journal for International Relations and Security Studies, No1/ 2011 RevistaRomanianJournalofInternationalRelationsandSecurityStudiesidoreteafiun forumtiinificdedezbatereaaspectelordeactualitatedindomeniulrelaiilorinternaionaleia studiilordesecuritate.Plecnddelapremisacformareauneicomunitidetinericercettorii specialiti este esenial pentru o perspectiv invoatoare asupra relaiilor internaionale i studiilor de securitate, ne dorim ca acest demers academic s aib rigoare i consecven n abordarea tematicilor alesei,deasemenea,saducnprimplanexpericare,ssepronuneasupraunortemede importan major pentru acest domeniu. Tematicaaleaspentruacestprimnumralrevisteiestelegatdenegocierileprivind schimbrileclimatice,alegereavenindpefondulrezultatelordezamgitoarealeultimelordou conferineONU,ceauavutloclaCopenhagaiCancun.Acesteaaudemonstratncodat slbiciuneasistemuluiONUdeimpunereareglementrilorinternaionale.Temaesteimportantdin maimulteperspective:preocupareacomunitiiinternaionalepentrusubiectelegatedecriza economicifinanciarapusnumbroseriedealtesubiecte,determinndnecesitateancadrrii problemelorprecumnegocierileclimaticepeagendacercetrilordinrelaiileinternaionale;aceste episoade de negociere reprezint i un motiv puternic pentru a se discuta, cu un plus de atenie, att desprerolulactivalprincipaliloractoridinsistemulinternaionalactual,ctidespremodalitatean care vom putea discuta despre o eficien a implicrii diplomatice n chestiunea problemelor climatice. Discuiile vor fi purtate pe aspecte precum: rolul diverilor actori n competiia global pentru dezvoltarea sectorului energiei regenerabile i a tehnologiilor verzi; necesitatea inovaiei tehnologice pentruasigurareaunorfluxurideenergieconstanteilapreuricompetitivecorelatcureducerea emisiilor de dioxid de carbon; necesitatea unor viziuni inovative pentru gestionarea regimului climatic; exemplificareaprindoustudiidecaz:primulprezinteeculforumurilordenegocierepentruzona Asia-Pacific, iar cel de-al doilea ofer un exemplu pozitiv de politic de mediu, cel al Suediei. Deasemenea,acestnumrcuprindeiungrupajdeinterviuri,comentariiirecenzii,toate legate de problemele de schimbri climatice, ce trateaz, din unghiuri diferite i prin metode diverse, numeroase aspecte ale temei de referin. ____________________________________________________________________________ Sorina CIOTRC,Vicepreedinte Centrul Romn pentru Relaii Internaionale i Studii de Securitate [7] Romanian Journal for International Relations and Security Studies, No1/ 2011 ENERGIA PENTRU VIITOR O FALS PROBLEM? Silvana BOLOCAN, Ph! Abstract N"#"$i%a%"aa$i&'()(ii*l'+'(il,(-""n"(&i"#,n$%an%".ila/("0'(i#,1/"%i%iv"2n"#,n,1i",#'/la%)#' i1/"(a%iv'l("-'#"(ii"1i$iil,(-" -i,+i- -"#a(3,n-"$#hi-"&'v"(n"l,(.i#,1/aniil,(/(iva%"'n/(,1i0)%,(%"("n -"in,va0i"%"hn,l,&i#)45na#"la.i%i1/,inv"$%i0iil"2n-"6v,l%a("a.ia-'#"("a/"/ia0)an,il,(%"hn,l,&ii2n -,1"ni'l "n"(&i"i a( /'%"a #,n*"(i avan%a7" #,1/"%i%iv" /" %"(1"n 1"-i', 2n #,n%"+%'l "v,l'0i"i #)%(" , 8"#,n,1i" #' "1i$ii ("-'$" -" CO9:4 Av;n-2nv"-"("#,n%"+%'linv"$%i0i,nalin#"(%#("a%-"#(i6a*inan#ia()&l,3al).i"."#'ln"&,#i"(il,( in%"(na0i,nal" -" la C,/"nha&a, a#"$% "$"' 2.i /'n" 2n%("3a("a #a(" $'n% a#%,(ii /(in#i/ali -" la niv"l'l UE, #a(" /,% ("ali6a a#"$% $al% %"hn,l,&i#? 5n /l'$, #a(" $'n% #,,(-,na%"l" inv"$%i0i,nal" 1a7,(" -in -,1"ni'l "n"(&i"i vii%,('l'l'i< -"6v,l%a("%"hn,l,&i#)2n-,1"ni'ln,il,("n"(&ii=("&"n"(a3il">$a'al"n"(&i"i#,nv"n0i,nal"=*,$il">?S'n% anali6a%"-i$#'($'(il"/,li%i#"%(an$/'$"2n*,(1'l"l"&i$la%iv"laniv"l'l/,li%i#iiUE-in-,1"ni'l"n"(&i"i.ial /(,%"7)(ii 1"-i'l'i, /("#'1 .i -a%"l" ,*"(i%" -" A&"n0ii in-"/"n-"n%" -in -,1"ni'l "n"(&i"i4 i("#0ia -" "v,l'0i" a $"#%,('l'i n,il,( %"hn,l,&ii, -".i #,n$i$%"n%) la niv"l'l 'n,( 0)(i "'(,/"n", ()1;n" %,%'.i , n"#'n,$#'%)4 N"&,#i"(il" "'(,/"n" 2n -,1"ni' a' -'$ la a*i(1a0ii -" $'$0in"(" /,li%i#) .i #("a("a #a-('l'i l"&i$la%iv n"#"$a(-"6v,l%)(ii%"hn,l,&i#"a-,1"ni'l'i,2n$)*)(),$'$0in"("*inan#ia()#,1'ni%a()#,n$i-"(a3il)4E*,(%'l inv"$%i0i,nal ()1;n" 2n $"a1a $%a%"l,( 1"13(", ia( -i("#0ia -" "v,l'0i" %"hn,l,&i#) a( /'%"a *i /'%"(ni# in*l'"n0a%) -" *,(0"l" /i"0"i4 Cuvinte Cheie< energie; clim; competitivitate; energie curat; tehnologii curate; politici UE. Abstract Th" "#,n,1i# n""- ,* "n$'(in& #,n$%an% *l,?$ ,* "n"(&@ a% #,1/"%i%iv" /(i#"$, #,'/l"- ?i%h %h" i1/"(a%iv" ,*("-'#ina(3,n"1i$$i,n$,/"n$'/an"?an-/(,1i$in&*i"l-,*%"#hn,l,&i#alinn,va%i,n%,&,v"(n1"n%$an- /(iva%"#,1/ani"$aliA"4A%%h"$a1"%i1",%h"inv"$%1"n%$in%h"-"v"l,/1"n%an-1a(A"%in&,*n"?"n"(&@ %"#hn,l,&i"$#,'l-%(an$la%"in%,#,1/"%i%iv"a-van%a&"$in%h"1"-i'1%"(1,in%h"#,n%"+%,*a$hi*%%,a8l,?B"1i$$i,n$ "#,n,1@:4 Th" "#,n,1i# n""- ,* "n$'(in& #,n$%an% *l,?$ ,* "n"(&@ a% #,1/"%i%iv" /(i#"$, #,'/l"- ?i%h %h" i1/"(a%iv",*("-'#ina(3,n"1i$$i,n$,/"n$'/an"?an-/(,1i$in&*i"l-,*%"#hn,l,&i#alinn,va%i,n%, &,v"(n1"n%$ an- /(iva%"#,1/ani"$ aliA"4A% %h"$a1"%i1",%h"inv"$%1"n%$in%h"-"v"l,/1"n% an-1a(A"%in&,* n"? "n"(&@ %"#hn,l,&i"$ #,'l- %(an$la%" in%, #,1/"%i%iv" a-van%a&"$ in %h" 1"-i'1 %"(1, in %h" #,n%"+% ,* a $hi*% %, a 8l,?B"1i$$i,n$ "#,n,1@:4Giv"n %h" 'n#"(%ain inv"$%1"n% "nvi(,n1"n% in %h" ?aA" ,* %h" &l,3al "#,n,1i# an- *inan#ial #(i$i$ an- %h" *ail'(" ,* %h" C,/"nha&"n in%"(na%i,nal n"&,%ia%i,n$, %hi$ "$$a@ %(i"$ %, "+a1in" ?hi#h a(" %h" 1ain E'(,/"an a#%,($ ?h, 1i&h% 3(in& a3,'% %hi$ %"#hn,l,&i#al l"a/? Al$,, ?ha% a(" %h" 1ain inv"$%1"n% 3"n#h1a(A$ ("&a(-in& %h" "n"(&@ in-'$%(@ ,* %h" *'%'("< #,'l- ?" ?i%n"$$ an "C'al %"#hn,l,&i#al -"v"l,/1"n% ,* 3,%h %h" ("n"?a3l" "n"(&@ an- %h" #,nv"n%i,nal,*,$$il"n"(&@?Th""$$a@?illanal@6"%h"/,li%i#al-i$#,'($"an-i%$%(an$la%i,nin%,%h"l"&i$la%iv" *(a1"?,(A a% %h" l"v"l ,* EU "n"(&@ an- #li1a%" /,li#i"$, a$ ?"ll a$ %h" -a%a /(,vi-"- 3@ in-"/"n-"n% A&"n#i"$ in %h" *i"l- ,* "n"(&@4Th" "v,l'%i,n ,* %h" n"? #l"an %"#hn,l,&i"$, al%h,'&h #,n$i$%"n% in $,1" E'(,/"an #,'n%(i"$, ("1ain$ ha(- %, /("-i#%4E'(,/"ann"&,%ia%i,n$in%h"*i"l-hav"l"-%,a**i(1a%i,n$,*/,lil%i#al$'//,(%an-%h"$"%%in&'/,*%h" n"#"$$a(@l"&i$la%iv"*(a1"?,(A*,(%h"$"%"#hn,l,&i"$%,-"v"l,/,h,?"v"(,?i%h,'%a("l"van%*inan#ial3a#Ain&4 Th"inv"$1"n%"**,(%("1ain$,/(i1a(il@,?i%h%h"1"13"($%a%"$,an-%h"%"#hn,l,&i#al"v,l'%i,n1a@?"ll3" $%(,n&l@ in*l'"n#"- 3@ %h" 1a(A"% #,n-i%i,n$4 Keywords< energy; climate; competitivenes; clean energy; clean energy technologies; EU policies. !SilviaB,l,#an"$%",#%,(2n D%iin0"P,li%i#",Univ"($i%a%"a N"?#a$%l"'/,nT@n",S"#0ia-"G",&(a*i", P,li%i#).iS,#i,l,&i", "/a(%a1"n%'l -" P,li%i#)4 L'#("a6) #a S"#("%a( III 2n #a-('l i("#0i"i G"n"(al" -" A*a#"(i E'(,/"n", S"#0i'n"a P,li%i#i UE -in #a-('l Mini$%"('l'i A*a#"(il,( E+%"(n"4 [E] Romanian Journal for International Relations and Security Studies, No1/ 2011 Introducere En"(&ia"$%"'n*a#%,("$"n0ial/"n%('3'na *'n#0i,na("a$,#i"%)0ii.i"#,n,1i"i#,n%"1/,(an" .i, 2n a#"la.i %i1/, 'n 1,%,( al a#%ivi%)0ii "#,n,1i#"4 C,1/"%i%ivi%a%"a'n"i"#,n,1ii-"/in-"-" "+i$%"n0a'n,(*l'+'(i#,n%in'",n"2n%("('/%"-" "n"(&i"la/("0'(ia##"$i3il",ia(/"(%'(3a("a a#"$%,(a , a*"#%"a6) 2n 1,- -i("#%4 5n a#"la.i %i1/, /(,-'#0ia.i#,n$'1'l-""n"(&i"$'n%,2n#"a1ai 1a("1)$'(),("$/,n$a3il"/"n%('/(,-'#"("a &a6"l,(#'"*"#%-"$"(),a#)(,(a#'1'la(" -"%"(1in) a/a(i0ia $#hi13)(il,( #li1a%i#"4 E$%i1)(il" ("ali6a%"-"$/"#iali.%i2n#a-('lRa/,a(%"l,(IPCC =In%"(&,v"(n1"n%al Pan"l ,n Cli1a%" Chan&">i, #a(" #,n$%i%'i"#h"ia"*,(%'(il,(-"#,13a%"("a $#hi13)(il,( #li1a%i#", "+"(#i%) , /("$i'n" /'%"(ni#) a$'/(a&'v"(n"l,(.i#,1/aniil,(/(iva%"/"n%('a l'a 1)$'(i -" ("-'#"(" a &a6"l,( #' "*"#% -" $"()4E$%"a-"v)(a%#)1)$'(il"-"na%'() "#,n,1i#)/"n%('#,13a%"("a$#hi13)(il,( #li1a%i#"i1/'ni1/,(%an%""*,(%'(iinv"$%i0i,nal", #a("vi6"a6)2n$/"#ial1,-'l2n#a(""n"(&ia"$%" /(,-'$).i#,n$'1a%)4Anali6"l"-"#,$%"*"#%'a%" =Ra/,(%'lS%"(n,Ra/,(%'lM#Fin$"@>iia(a%)#)2n $#"na(i'l2n#a("$"a#0i,n"a6)'(&"n%/"n%(' ("ali6a("a%(an$*"('l'i#)%(","#,n,1i"#'"1i$ii $#)6'%"-"-i,+i--"#a(3,n=8low-carbon economy:>, #,$%'(il" a( *i -" !G, ("$/"#%iv H,IG -in GP&l,3al4C,$%'lli/$"i-"a#0i'n"$"(i-i#), #,n*,(1 anali6"l,(, la 9HG -in GP &l,3al4 E."#'l n"&,#i"(il,(-"laC,/"nha&a,-in-"#"13(i" 9HHJ, a a()%a% #) 2n #i'-a /"($/"#%iv"l,( $'13(" 2n/lan"#,n,1i#,$,#ial.i-"1"-i'-"$#(i$"-" a#"$%"(a/,a(%", l'a("a1)$'(il,( n"#"$a(" n' "$%" '.,a()4P(,3l"1a/(in#i/al)"$%"a##"$'l$%a%"l,( an&a7a%"2n%(B'na#,(-&l,3al,lan,il"%"hn,l,&ii v"(6i,/(ina#,/"(i("an"v,il,(-"*inan0a(", %(an$*"(%"hn,l,&i#.i&"$%i,na("ai1/a#%'l'i "#,n,1i# al 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iIPCC,9HH74 RS%"(n R"vi"? ,n Th" E#,n,1i#$ ,* Cli1a%" Chan&" =/("B/'3li#a%i,n "-i%i,n>4 E+"#'%iv" S'11a(@, a##"$a%lah%%/ 9H9H4 viii i("#%iv" 9HHJO9EOEC4 i+ %enewable energy& progressing towars the 2020 target, COM =9H!!> L!4 + 'ommission %api (ress %elease %e#erence K774 +ii C,n#l'6iil" C,n$ili'l'i E'(,/"an -in M *"3('a(i" 9H!!4+iii Energy in#rastructure priorities #or 2020 an beyon - " )lueprint #or an integrate European energy networ*, COM =9H!H> K77, /&4 !!4 +iv +he Ann'al En"(&@ O'%l,,A 9H!! ="E,2011> %e#erence case release by the U.-. Energy .n#ormation "ministration =EIA>, !K -"#"13(i" 9H!H4 h%%/ K77, /&4 K4 +vi C,n#l'6iil" C,n$ili'l'i E'(,/"an, M *"3('a(i" 9H!!4 +vii R"n"?a3l" "n"(&@< /(,&("$$in& %,?a(-$ %h" 9H9H %a(&"%, COM =9H!!> L!4 +viii I-"1, /&4!!4 +i+ I-"1, /&4!94 ++ Energyin#rastructurepriorities#or2020anbeyonBABl'"/(in%*,(anin%"&(a%"-E'(,/"an"n"(&@n"%?,(A, COM =9H!H>K77, /&4 J4 ++i 'limatepoliciesa#ter'openhagen,E'(,/"anC"n%("*,(F,("i&nR"la%i,n$,ChinaAnal@$i$ L!7, COM =9HHK> !HI *inal4 i$/,ni3il la h%%/!9,COM=9HH7>!4i$/,ni3illah%%/ 9H9H4 i$/,ni3il lah%%/ K774 i$/,ni3il lah%%/!n$1OOL$05 SGS'5 Pe3e#0ar(e$2"ar!3!,a(0r#1*ema e,8!().!!3!2(r!1u!r!!re2ur2e*#rener+e(!,e4n(re 2(a(e$!ar0e3ea*()0ar(e$2"ar!3!,a(0r#1*ema e,8!().!!3!2(r!1u!r!!re2ur2e*#rener+e(!,e4n(re +enera.!!*e0re7en(e/!,e*e-!!(#are5A2(6e*$4n 0r!-!n.a 0r!me! 0r#1*ema(!,! 2"a aCun2 *a ,#n,*u7!a ,)2(a(e*e0u(ern!,3e7-#*(a(e/!,ue,#n#m!! 0u(ern!,e,#n2umaure2ur2eener+e(!,e4n,an(!().! mar!*a0re.ur!re*a(!-m!,!$4n(!m0,e.)r!4n,ur2 3e3e7-#*(are,#n2umau,an(!().!re3u2e3e re2ur2e5 O3a() ,u (re,erea (!m0u*u!$ 4n ,#n3!.!!*e 4n ,area,e2(ea3!nurm)ar6!reu/!(2)re,u0ere7e 3e,a*aCu*6a.)3e2(a(e*e3e7-#*(a(e$0re.u* re2ur2e*#rener+e(!,e#r!,umar6!,re2,u((#,ma! 3a(#r!()3!m!nu)r!!a,e2(#ra5Laa,ea2() 0r#1*em)$2ea3au+)/!3!2(r!1u!rea!ne+a*)a re2ur2e*#r0e+*#1/!a,a0a,!().!!*!m!(a(ea !n6ra2(ru,(ur!!3ea6a,ea,,e2!1!*ea,e2(ere2ur2e 4ne+a*)m)2ur)/!0en(ru7#ne*e2)ra,e5n,eea ,e0r!-e/(ee,8!(a(ea4n(re+enera.!!$3!2,u.!a2"a a?a( 0e 6#rmu*area ,#n,e0(u*u! 3e sustenabilitate$ a/a,um4*,un#a/(ema2()7!5De71a(er!*e0r!-!n3 e,8!(a(ea3!2(r!1u!r!!re2ur2e*#r4n(re2(a(e/!4n(re +enera.!!$,ua*(e,u-!n(e$+r!Ca0en(ruaa2!+ura a,,e2 e,8!(a1!* *a re2ur2e a(9( 4n 0re7en($ ,9( /! 4n -!!(#r$a2u2,!(a(un*ar+!n(ere24nr9n3u* e,#n#m!/(!*#r /! a *!3er!*#r 0#*!(!,!5 A,e/(!a au 0r!-!( ,#m0#nen(a+enera.!#na*)/!0e,ea3ee,8!(a(e 4n(re2(a(e,a6!!n3*a6e*3e!m0#r(an(e:J[R]!n *!ne=!(8(8e3eman36#r!n(er+enera(!#na*eDu!(; 6#**#=2 (8e 3eman3 6#r !n(erna(!#na* eDu!(; !n (8e a-a!*a1!*!(;#6ener+;re2#ur,e2K(P#8me;er$ 1OOL$ 005 L&5"L%5'5 BntergenerationaleDuity3e-!nea2(6e*,eea ,e num!m de&voltare sustenabil$ J[R]!n!(2=ea>er2en2e$!(=#u*3reDu!re (8a(a,#m1!na(!#n#6en-!r#nmen(a*an3 0r#3u,(!-e ,#n3!(!#n2 1e ma!n(a!ne3 a( 2#me *e-e* #re?,ee3e3A!n!(22(r#n+er2en2e$!(=#u*3 re=u!re(8a(en-!r#nmen(a*,#n3!(!#n2an3(8e ,#n3!(!#n2#60r#3u,(!#nare2e0ara(e*;2u2(a!ne3 a(#ra1#-em!n!muma,,e0(a1*e*e-e*2K(Bern#= e( a**5$ 1OOL$ 005 SES"SEL'5 De2!+ur,)2u2(ena1!*!(a(ea2ere6er)ma! a*e2*a6e*u*4n,are4n(re1u!n.)mre2ur2e*e ener+e(!,e$3ar/!*are*a.!a3!n(reenergie< obiectiveleumane$ %&&L$ 05 S'5 .nergia verde e2(e un ,#n,e0( ,are 4/! 6a,e a0ar!.!a4nan!!1OG&,9n3a6#2(,#n2!3era()un a20e,(re-#*u.!#nar4n3#men!u*ener+e(!,$ 3e#are,e,er,e()(#r!!4/!0uneau20eran.a4n 2ur2e*ere+enera1!*e,arear6!2u0*!n!(,#n2umu* 3e ,#m1u2(!1!*! ,*a2!,!5 n ,#n(!nuare$ -#m 0r#,e3a *ae?0unerea0e2,ur(aa-an(aCe*#r/! 3e7a-an(aCe*#r0r!n,!0a*e*#r2ur2e3eener+!e re+enera1!*)5 .nergia eolian < ind energy5 A 4nre+!2(ra( #,re/(ere2emn!6!,a(!-)4nEur#0a$,u0re,)3ere 4n.)r!0re,umGerman!a/!S0an!a$un3e2e +)2e2,3#u)(re!m!3!n(#(a*u*,9m0ur!*#r (e8n#*#+!,e,are0r#3u,ener+!ee#*!an)0e (er!(#r!u*eur#0ean5A-9n(u*2"are2!m.!(ma!a*e2 4n(re an!! %&&%"%&&B5 Ener+!a e#*!an) 3!n Eur#0a ar0u(ea6!e?0#r(a(),)(reS(a(e*eUn!(eun3e #6er(anua,#0er),ererea6#ar(emare3e ener+!e5 n 0#6!3a 0#(en.!a*u*u! 6#ar(e mare$ a,e2( (!0 3e ener+!e a 6#2( 3e mu*(e #r! ,r!(!,a($ 4n 0r!mu* r9n3$3a(#r!()0#*u)r!!6#n!,e$+enera(e3e *!m!()r!*e0r!me!+enera.!!3e(e8n#*#+!ea (ur1!ne*#r$,eea,ea3e(erm!na(0#0u*a.!a2)6!e re(!,en() 6a() 3e !n2(a*area ,9m0ur!*#r 3e (ur1!ne 4na0r#0!erea*#,a*!().!*#r$20e,!a*!/(!!num!n3 a,ea2()a(!(u3!nere7er-a()3re0(2!n3r#mu* NIMBW(notinmybac7yardE'(Ven+enma;r/! BU8r>e$%&&E'5T#(#3a()$a,ea2()0#*uare6#n!,) ,au7ea7)3e+ra3areame3!u*u!3e-!a.)a* 0)2)r!*#r0r!n0er(ur1arear!(mu*u!na(ura*a* a,e2(#ra5na*()#r3!ne3e!3e!$ener+!ae#*!an) nue2(e#2ur2)0ermanen()3eener+!e$ea -ar!!n34n6un,.!e3e,#n3!.!!*e3eme3!uAa,e2(e ,#n3!.!!$ ,#r#1#ra(e ,u 0re.u* r!3!,a( a* (e8n#*#+!e! 3e 0r#3u,.!e$ ,#n3u, 20re un 0re. r!3!,a( *a n!-e*u* ,#n2uma(#ru*u!5 [%S] Romanian Journal for International Relations and Security Studies, No1/ 2011 Fidroenergiae$%&&E$005S&"L5'5 D!6er!(e*em#3e*e(e8n#*#+!,e3e(ur1!ne$Gaplan$ @rancis$8elton0#(6!amenaCa(e4n6un,.!e3e ne,e2!().!*e,#mun!().!*#r4nlarge'scaleater poer2ausmall'scaleaterpoer5De/! 8!3r#ener+!ae2(eu/#r3e#1.!nu($a0a6!!n3# re2ur2)3!20#n!1!*)4nm#3,#n2(an((20re 3e#2e1!re3eener+!ae#*!an)'$8!3r#,en(ra*e*e 3!2(ru+me3!u*4n,#nCur)(#r4n20a.!!*e*#r3e amenaCare5Une?em0*ue2(e/!8!3r#,en(ra*a T8ree G#r+e Dam Pr#Ce,( 3!n C8!na (!nau+ura() 4n anu*%&&B'$,area0r#3u23auneme3!u*u!/! ,#mun!().!!3!nre+!une5Cu(#a(ea,e2(ea$ 8!3r#ener+!anue2(er)20un7)(#are0en(ruem!2!! 3e+a7e,ue6e,(3e2er)/!4ne+a*)m)2ur)nu e2(e,#2(!2!(#area/a,um2un(a*(e2ur2e3e ener+!e re+enera1!*)5 .nergiasolar$ Ra0#r( .nergy use < 7g o$ oil eDuivalent per capita"Ra0#r(@ossil$uelenergyconsumption$ %&1&'$Ban,aM#n3!a*)e2(!mea7),)%&T3!n 0#0u*a.!a,eama!1#+a()aG*#1u*u!,#n2um) 5ET3!n(#(a*u*ener+!e!$4n(!m0,e$%&T3!n 0#0u*a.!a,eama!2)ra,)aG*#1u*u!,#n2um) 3#arLT3!n(#(a*u*3eener+!e$4n20e,!a*6!!n3 -#r1a 3e .)r! 3!n A6r!,a Su1"Sa8ar!an) /! A2!a 3e Su35Pen(rua,#n,re(!7a0r#!e,(e*e2u2.!un(e0r!n (e8n#*#+!! re+enera1!*e 4n 7#ne*e 2)ra,e 3#m!na(e 3eenergypoverty$e?!2()#0a*e()*ar+)3e #r+an!2me!n(erna.!#na*e,are0#(6!a,,e2a(e2) 3e-!n)0ar(ener!4n!n-e2(!.!!5Pr!n(rea,e2(ea enumer)m:T8eG*#1a*En-!r#nmen(@a,!*!(;(GE@' 4n6!!n.a(4nanu*1OO1$Un!(e3Na(!#n2 De-e*#0men(Pr#+ramme(UNDP'$,are ,#*a1#rea7),uEner+;Se,(#rMana+emen( A22!2(an,e Pr#+ramme (ESMAP' 4n6!!n.a( 4n 1OES /! A2!aA*(erna(!-eEner+;Pr#+ram(ASTAE'3!n 1OO%5A*(e#r+an!2me,ua,eea/!-#,a.!e$anume 3e 2,8!.are 3e 0r#!e,(e /! 3e 6!nan.are a a,e2(#ra$ 2un(A6r!,aP#-er(;Tar+e(e3Ener+;Ser-!,e2 In!(!a(!-e (APTESI' %&&L$ Re+!#na* Pr#+ram 6#r (8e Tra3!(!#na*Ener+;Se,(#r$A6r!,aRura*an3 Rene=a1*eEner+;In!(!a(!-e$G*#1a*I!**a+e Ener+;Par(ner28!0(GIEP'!n(r#3u24n%&&%*a Summ!("u*M#n3!a*0en(ruDe7-#*(areSu2(ena1!*) (V#r*3Summ!(#nSu2(a!na1*eDe-e*#0men('$ Car1#n @!nan,e Bu2!ne22 (C@B' 1OOO5 Ener+!are+enera1!*)e2(e# a*(erna(!-)*aener+!a0r#-en!()3!n2ur2e ,#n-en.!#na*e5Ea0#a(e6!0r!-!(),a#2#*u.!e 0en(ru3e0)/!rea#12(a,#*e*#re,#n#m!,e/! 2#,!a*e$3e#are,e3u,e*a4m1un)().!rea,a*!().!! -!e.!!(,a*!(a(ea0r#3u2e*#ra*!men(are,are0r!n 0r#,e2u*(erm!,e?,*u3a2(6e*e-en(ua*e*e1#*! a*!men(are,are0r#-!n3e*a,#n2umu*3e a*!men(ene(ra(a(e(erm!,'$4m1un)().!rea a,(!-!().!*#r2#,!a*e/!3e!n6#rmare4nma2) (a,,e2u**ara3!#/!(e*e-!7!une'$4m1un)().!rea 2er-!,!!*#r3!n,#mun!().!(2er-!,!!*e3e2)n)(a(e$ ,9(/!2,)3erear!2,u*u!3e4m1#*n)-!re,uaer 0#*ua(/!m#n#?!33e,ar1#n4n+#20#3)r!!*e 3#me2(!,e0r!n3e7-#*(area3e1#*!re20!ra(#r!!/! 1#*!a2#,!a(ea,e2(#ra$/!ma!a*e20r#(e,.!a me3!u*u! 4n,#nCur)(#r'5 Ini)iative ale $niunii +uroene n olitica ener"iei re"enerabile Un!uneaEur#0ean)a6),u(0r#0unerea 3e a 4n6!!n.a @#n3u* M#n3!a* 0en(ru E6!,!en(!7area Ener+!e!/!0en(ruEner+!eRe+enera1!*)":+e 6lobal.nergy.$$iciencyand,eneable.nergy @und (GEERE@' F ,u un 1u+e( 3e 1&& 3e m!*!#ane Eur#$0en(ruam#1!*!7a!n-e2(!.!!*e0ar(!,u*are4n 0r#!e,(e3e0r#m#-areae6!,!en(!7)r!!ener+e(!,e /!aener+!e!re+enera1!*e4n2(a(e*e4n,ur23e 3e7-#*(are/!4ne,#n#m!!*eemer+en(e5Iaa3u,e 1ene6!,!!4n,eea,e.!ne3eme3!u*4n,#nCur)(#r$ [%5] Romanian Journal for International Relations and Security Studies, No1/ 2011 2,8!m1)r!*e,*!ma(!,e/!,a*!(a(eaaeru*u!/!-a a3u,e3ea2emenea$1ene6!,!!2#,!a*e/! e,#n#m!,e4n,eea,e0r!-e/(eme3!u*3ea6a,er!$ 0!a.a6#r.e!3emun,)/!,re/(erea-en!(ur!*#r*a n!-e**#,a*5Ia2(a1!*!7a,8!ara*!men(area,u ener+!e4nre+!un!*e,e*ema!2)ra,ea*e*um!!5 GEERE@a!n!.!a(un0ar(ener!a(0u1*!,"0r!-a( #6er!n3 2#*u.!! 0en(ru 4m0)r.!rea r!2,ur!*#r /! 0en(ru ,#"6!nan.area0r#!e,(e*#r3e!n-e2(!.!e4nener+!a re+enera1!*)/!4ne6!,!en(!7areaener+e(!,)5Pr!n De,!7!a1%S&X%&&SXECaPar*amen(u*u! 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2) re3u,) 4n m#3 ,#*e,(!-09n)4n%&%&em!2!!*e3e+a7e,ue6e,( 3e 2er) ,u S&T 2u1 n!-e*u* 4nre+!2(ra( 4n 1OO&5 La n!-e*m#n3!a*$C8!na/!In3!a$2(a(emar! 0#*ua(#are-#r(re1u!2)*!m!(e7e,re/(erea em!2!!*#r0e(er!(#r!u**#r$0en(rua2e0r#3u,e# 2,8!m1are -!7!1!*) 4n 1!ne5Pen(ru a 6! un e?em0*u 0ar(ener!*#r 2)! 3e ne+#,!er!$Un!uneaEur#0ean)a,#n-en!(2) re3u,)em!2!!*e2a*e3e+a7e,ue6e,(3e2er),u ,e* 0u.!n %&T 09n) 4n anu* %&%&$ !n3!6eren( ,are -#r 6! a,.!un!*e a*(#r 2(a(e5 A,e2(e a,.!un! 2e 3#re2, a6!0r!n2e4n0r#+rame,*are,are6a,0ar(e3!n 0#*!(!,a!n(e+ra()0r!-!n3ener+!a/!2,8!m1)r!*e ,*!ma(!,e5A2(6e*$*!3er!!Un!un!!au3e,!23eCa ,9(e-am)2ur!$,umar6!,e*e3ee,#n#m!2!re,u %&T 3!n ,#n2umu* ener+!e! 0r!n 20#r!rea e6!,!en.e! ener+e(!,e$,re/(erea09n)4n%&%&,u%&Ta ener+!!*#rre+enera1!*e4n,a3ru*,#n2umu*u!(#(a* 3eener+!e$,re/(erea3e7e,e#r!09n)4nanu* %&%&a0r#0#r.!e!,ar1uran.!*#rre+enera1!*!$a 1!#,ar1uran.!*#r3!n(#(a*u*+enera*a*1en7!ne!/! m#(#r!ne!5I#r6!#6er!(e2(!mu*en(e6!nan,!are 0en(ru 3e7-#*(area 3e 1!#,ar1uran.! 3!n re7!3uur! 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,#n2!3era(e ,au7e 0en(ru em!(erea3e+a7e,ue6e,(3e2er)5Un!uneaa re,ur2*a6#*#2!reaunu!ma!mare+ra33e ,en(ra*!7are$0r!n,arenuama!*)2a(2(a1!*!rea ,#(e*#rna.!#na*e3eem!2!!*a3!2,re.!a2(a(e*#r mem1re$2"a,#n,en(ra(0e2e,(#ru*!n3u2(r!a* ,#n2!3era(a6!0r!n,!0a*u*re20#n2a1!*3e em!(erea+a7e*#r,ue6e,(3e2er)/!a4n,uraCa( 0r!n0r#+rame3e6!nan.are!n#-a.!a4n [%G] Romanian Journal for International Relations and Security Studies, No1/ 2011 (e8n#*#+!!*e3e,a0(area3!#?!3u*u!3e,ar1#n (carbon capture' (T!*6#r3$ %&&E$ 005 1S"%G'5 Investi)ia n tehnolo"ie !i inova)ie Pen(ru a 4n3e0*!n! #1!e,(!-e*e 2(ra(e+!e! 3e *aL!2a1#na/!0en(rua2(!mu*a,re/(erea e,#n#m!,)4nEur#0a$Par*amen(u*Eur#0eana a3#0(a(8rogramul'cadrupentru2ompetitivitatei Bnovaie(CIP'$0en(ru0er!#a3a%&&GF%&1S5 A,e2(0r#+ram,#n.!nem)2ur!0en(ru4n()r!rea ,#m0e(!(!-!().!!/!a,a0a,!().!!3e!n#-are4n Un!uneaEur#0ean)$4n,uraC9n3$4n0ar(!,u*ar$ 6#*#2!rea(e8n#*#+!!*#r!n6#rma.!#na*e$a (e8n#*#+!!*#r3eme3!u/!a2ur2e*#r3eener+!e re+enera1!*)5Ia(),9(e-a3!n(re#1!e,(!-e*e ,u0r!n2e4na,e2(Pr#+ram",a3ru:,re(erea ,#m0e(!(!-!().!!4n(re0r!n3er!*#r$4n20e,!a*aIMM"ur!*#rA0r#m#-area(u(ur#r6#rme*#r3e!n#-a.!e$ !n,*u2!-,e*e4n3#men!u*e,#*#+!,Aa,,e*erarea 3e7-#*()r!!une!2#,!e().!,#m0e(!(!-e$!n#-a(!-e/! 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4n,#nCur)(#r5 Cu (#a(e a,e2(ea$ 0r!ma+enera.!e3e(e8n#*#+!e,are0r#3u,e ener+!ere+enera1!*)nuareu/!(2)#1.!n) ,#m0a(!1!*!(a(ea,ume3!u*4n4n(re+!me/!n!,! a,#r3u*#0!n!e!0u1*!,e5Laa,e2(ea2ea3au+)/! *!m!()r!*ea3!.!#na*ea*e2ur2e*#r3eener+!e re+enera1!*)$,umar6!:*!m!()r!*e3a(#ra(e !n6ra2(ru,(ur!!(une?em0*u:20e,!6!,u*2ur2e*#r +e#(erma*e'$ ,#m0e(!.!a,u 2e,(#ru* a+r!,#*0en(ru anum!(e 7#ne 6a-#ra1!*e!n2(a*)r!! 3e2(a.!!0en(ru 0r#3u,erea ener+!e! e#*!ene 2au 2#*are5 Re6er!(#r*a,ea3e"a3#ua4n(re1are3!n 3e1u(u*2(u3!u*u!n#2(ru$0u(em20une,)n#ua 0ara3!+m) 3e (re,ere *a un re+!m !n(erna.!#na* a* me3!u*u!1a7a(0e2u2(ena1!*!a(e/!ener+!e re+enera1!*)$2ea6*)*a4n,e0u(5Re+*emen()r!*e 3!n a,e2( 3#men!u 3en#() !n(ere2u* 2(a(e*#r 0en(ru 2!+uran.a ener+e(!,) -!!(#are$ 3ar e6#r(ur!*e *#r nu 2e 3#-e3e2, a6! 4n(#(3eauna ,#nCu+a(e5 Cu (#a(e ,)$*a0r!ma-e3ere$n#!*e6#rur!3e3e71a(ere 0en(ru,8e2(!un!*e3eme3!u/!ener+!e0ar2) 2u1m!ne7eau(#r!(a(eaONU4nma(er!e3e *e+!2*a.!e!n(erna.!#na*)$ME@$GE0*u25$GGG/! a*(e*e$ar0u(ea2)aCu(e2(a(e*e2)4/!ar(!,u*e7e 0r#!e,(e6e7a1!*e0en(ru0r#3u,erea3eener+!e re+enera1!*) /! 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