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7/31/2019 Rural India and ICT Initiatives
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Enabling Rural India with
ICT Initiatives
Ashok Jhunjhunwala, Sujatha N, Anuradha R.
TeNeT Group, IIT Madras, India
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India
! 1.1B people! 18 official languages
!
200M households! 72% in rural areas
GDP : $ 527 B in 2003
! Per capita $2670 (PPP)
! PPP factor: 4.5
! Doubled over last decade
10
86
44
1210 9
21
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
600
0
Income range (US$ per year)
No.
ofhouseholds(in
millions) 73% of households
income is less than this
$60 per month(real income)
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14.54
17.80
39.18
41.62
42.84
21.63
32.97
26.79
14.00
19.00
24.00
29.00
34.00
39.00
44.00
49.00
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Mobile drives Indias Telecom Growth
Still addressing top 25% ofhouseholds
! Tele-density crosses 7 per 100
! India today adds 2 to 2.5M mobiles
per month! Only because Infrastructure CAPEX
< $ 60 per line
! and with handset price of $ 50 to $ 250
! Tariff down to 2 cents / min
! ARPU of $ 7 per month
10.48
13.00
33.70
5.48
22.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
Dec -01 Apr-02 Jul-02 Oc t-02 Feb-03 May-03 Aug-03 Dec -03 Mar-04
Fixed Lines
Mobile
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Mobile Market in India boomed
5 million 50 million 150 million 400 million
! To continue growth
! Tariff / ARPU needs to dropfurther
! To address households withincome less than $ 60 per
month
0
100
200
300
400
500
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Year
Projected
NosofSubscribers
in
million
Just like number of TVs in India rosefrom 10 million to 100 million in
90s when prices became $50 - $300
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September 04 TeNeT Group, IITM, India 5
Rural and Backward Areas fare much
worse
All India Teledensity = 7.02%
Out of 27 circles, 11 circlesaccount for mere 6% of total
telephonesRural teledensity about 1.5%
3.76Madhya Pradesh
3.16Northeast I
2.9Jammu and Kashmir
2.81Orissa
2.74Uttar Pradesh (east)
2.57Northeast II
2.53West Bengal
1.97Jharkhand
1.97Assam
1.59Bihar
1.58Chattisgarh
Teledensity (Jan04)States
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Building Bridges - Introduction
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September 04 TeNeT Group, IITM, India 7
Rural India has 700
million people
! in 600,000+ villages in India
(about 1000 people per village withper-capita income of $ 0.40 per day)
102.1
1710
3.9 1.9 1 0.3 0.3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
60 180 260 360 520 840 1300 2240
HH Income in $ per month
Numberof
HH
inmillions
135 million rural households
! Can technologies make a significant
difference in life of such people?! Health, Education & significant
enhancement of incomes
! To Scale to 600K villages one needs
! Technology
! Sustainable Business Model
! Organisation which thinks andacts Rural
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Technology
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September 04 TeNeT Group, IITM, India 9
! BSNL (state owned incumbent operator) has fibre connectivityto most County towns
! and fibre has almost infinite bandwidth carrying capability
! 85% of villages within 15-20 Km radius of these towns! In India, typically 300 villages in 30 Km radius
! wireless systems can connect
most of these villages! wireless technologies are
continuously evolving
! costs come down and bit
rates go on increasing
300 villages
Technology: Leveraging Public Contribution
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September 04 TeNeT Group, IITM, India 10
"
$ 200 per line deployed cost
(including towers and mast)
1 million lines beingdeployed
Innovative Technologies to connect Rural India
! CorDECT Wireless in Local Loopdeveloped at IITM, India! provides a telephone line and 35/70 kbps
Internet connection in 30 Km radius# 100/200 kbps connectivity in near
future with 2.5G corDECT
! Exchange and tower in town# Works at 55 C
# Power requirement: 1 KW
# start-up costs very low
! Newer technologies emerging promising 1/2 Mbps connectivity! OFDM (like 802.16 / WiMax)
! HDR and HSDPA
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September 04 TeNeT Group, IITM, India 11
In future
! Connectivity requirement in each village! up to 1 to 2 Mbps or even 5 Mbps dedicated connection to each village can
be served by terrestrial wireless! as need goes higher, fibre or point to point wireless (microwave) may be
required
! 7 to 10 years hence
! Sparse Area Communicationswhere there is no fibre backbone
! 15% Villages!
double hop (satellite andterrestrial wireless) may servemost of these villages
! Remaining 1% of villages
! direct satellite connection
"
15 -25 Kms with
50 connections
"
2Mbps
-->
128Kbps-->
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Business Model & Applications
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September 04 TeNeT Group, IITM, India 13
Business Model:
Use Local Entrepreneurs to drive ICT! Entrepreneur-driven operator assisted telephone booths introduced in
India in 1987 on every street (within 50 m walking distance)
! Today in urban areas:! 950,000 such PCOs covering every street of smallest town
! generate 25 % of total telecom income
! 300 million people use these PCOs
! Lesson for Rural:
! To serve Rural people with incomes ofless than $ 1/day, aggregate demand
in each village & let Entrepreneurs drive it
Aid/ Grant does not scaleSuccessful Enterprises can scale to all villages
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September 04 TeNeT Group, IITM, India 14
! A Rural Service Provider
! aggregate demand into a kiosk
! owned & driven by a local entrepreneur
! $1000-1500 per Kiosk providing telephone, Internet, multimediaPC with web-camera, printer &power back-up for PC
! plus Indian language software, video conferencing software,training and maintenance
! set up by a village entrepreneur on the lines of urban PCOs
! provides telephone, stand-alone Computer and Internet services
! needs under $100 per month to break even
# 10cents per person per month
Innovative Business Models
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September 04 TeNeT Group, IITM, India 15
The Kiosk Owner
! Should have studied up to Class 10
! Need have no prior computerTraining
! Should b e ab le to communic ate tothe people in the village
Top: Suganya from Madurai Dist,TN
Left : Anishaben from Banaskanatha Dist,Guj
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September 04 TeNeT Group, IITM, India 16
Kiosk: Bouquet of Services (besides
telephony)! Learning typing
! Computer education
! Photography & movieson CD
! DTP work
!
Email/voice & video mail! E-Government
! Video conferencingproviding
! Tele-medicine
! Vet Care
! E-learning
!
E-Agriculture
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September 04 TeNeT Group, IITM, India 17
The Vet is on the Net! In Attapati village
! Priyas chicken was limping! Photo sent to Veterinary
college
! Identified as Curled toe
paralysis! Cost for process
! Reduced from $ 5 to 50Cents
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September 04 TeNeT Group, IITM, India 18
Till recently Eye Ailments that
could only be detected this way
An Eye Camp conducted in a Villagein Tamil Nadu
Now RemoteEye Care
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RemoteMonitoringof patients
healthusingwireless
A kit consisting of BP,Temperature, ECG measurementand Stethoscope and pulse countfor $ 200
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September 04 TeNeT Group, IITM, India 20
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September 04 TeNeT Group, IITM, India 21
Remote Teaching: Tutorials
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Saving Crops and Agri-consultancy
Af te r
Be fo re
I n a V i ll age inMadura i , t h e Lady sFinge r ( Ok r a ) crop
w as t u rn in g w h it e
The pr ob lemw a s sen t t o t h ee x p er t s a t t h e
De p ar t m e n t o fRur a l Ex t ens ion ,
Madura iAg r i cu l t u ra l
Col l ege an dResearch Cent r ew ho d iagnosed
i t as Ye llowMosaic d i sease
Sav in g t o f ar m er - $ 3 5 0 0Co st o f I n f o r m at i on - a d ol la r
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September 04 TeNeT Group, IITM, India 23
Web- Durbar: DM talks to multiple villages
on video
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Agr i cu l tu re
A n i m a lHusbandry
Agr i cu l tu ra lProcessing
I n d u s t r y
I T -BasedServ ices
Trade &Commerce
Rural Micro-Enterprises are the Wealth Creators
! Micro-enterprises need
! Finance
! Knowledge and Training
! Buying & Selling
! Insurance
! Can Communications Enable these?
Current Rural GDP in India = $ 150 Billion
For a Population = 700 million people
GDP / Person = $ 200 per year
D r ea m o fDOUBLI NG per -cap i t a Rur a l GDP
$ 4 00 pe r pe rson pe r year
Rur a l Prosper i t y
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September 04 TeNeT Group, IITM, India 25
Financial Services with Banks
! Kiosk operators to Collect cash from villager and payonline
! Govt. payments, Telephone bills
! Kiosk operator to be an agent for# agri-crop loans
# Rural Insurance, Health and Crop
! Rural low cost ATMs at kiosks
! Works along with the PC already existing! Breakthrough pricing envisaged of $ 1000
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Ongoing Rural ICT Efforts
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September 04 TeNeT Group, IITM, India 27
Two major for-profit efforts
! ITC e-chaupal! Effort driven by a company involved in grain trading
# 4000 Internet chaupals (kiosks) in villages to aid grainprocurement, support agriculture
# Grain trading pays for ICT
! n-Logue! Partner with a Local Service Provider to connect every
village in a district using terrestrial wireless# Village kiosks cost $1000
# No subsidy, possible bank loans
# Video-conferencing is key
# Focus on education, health and livelihood
# Operation in 40 districts, 2000 villages
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September 04 TeNeT Group, IITM, India 28
Other Initiatives
! Grant / aid driven
! MS Swaminathan Center (inPondicherry focussed on agriand fishery applications)
! Tara-haat (focus on ruralenterprises)
! Akshaya (in Kerala with
Government support)! Gyaandoot* (in MP with focus
on e-governance)
! Rural E-seva* (in east
Godavari in AP with focus one-governance)
! Warana* Wired village (inMaharashtra by NIC)
* these projects are now operated by n-Logue
! For profit initiatives
! Drishtee (uses existingtelecom infrastructure)
! Application Developmentinitiatives
! Bhoomi# E-governance
program for landrecords
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Regulatory Issues
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September 04 TeNeT Group, IITM, India 30
Regulators & Policy makers should enable
! Rural Service Provider
! Enable local business to provide telephone and
Internet in villages around a county town
! Spectrum charges should be waived for ten years
! Internet Bandwidth at concessional tariff
! Drive e-governance services into villages
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September 04 TeNeT Group, IITM, India 31
To Conclude
! Internet is power
! Provides an opportunity for India to leapfrog
# Can dream of doubling per capita Rural GDP! Existing Deep Fibre and Wireless Technologies will allow
easier connectivity to hitherto unconnected villages
! Wireless Technologies will continuously evolve over the
next three to four years to enable broadband
! Innovative business model driven by local entrepreneursrequired
!
Shared Access is the quickest way to reach the rural areas
! Regulations are the key : must enable these efforts