Russian researches of winter dwelling of the Pacific salmon in the central and western
parts of the Subarctic Front zone
Svetlana V. Naydenko ([email protected])
Pacific Research Fisheries Center (TINRO-Center), Vladivostok, Russia
1
The area of winter and spring surveys
(Rectangles – the surveys conducted in April-May)
Asian pink salmon in winter-spring period inhabits mainly Subarctic frontal zone and neighboring North waters (with a WIDE RANGE of values of temperature and salinity from 0,5 to 12°C and from 32,7 to 34,9 ‰) (Radchenko and Rassadnikov, 1997; Startzev and Rassadnikov, 1997; Shuntov and Temnykh, 2008, 2010).
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32.833.033.233.433.633.834.034.234.434.634.8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
S, ‰
t, °C
Distribution of pink salmon catches at various values of temperature and salinity (t °C and S ‰) in winter 1986-1992 and 2009-2011
(Figurkin and Naydenko, 2013, 2014)
Classed density (pcs/km2): circles — more than 1000, triangles — from 100 to 1000, point — from 1 to 100.
Analysis of 1986-1992 and 2009-2011 data has allowed to determine that spatial distribution of pink and chum salmon depends on the western Subarctic cyclonic macrocirculation (WSC; ore Western Subarctic Gyre; WSG) state and on position of frontal zone of the East Kamchatka current ocean branch sector (Figurkin and Naydenko, 2013, 2014).
4
Spatial distribution of catches of pink salmon in dependence on WSC state
Figurkin, A.L. and S.V. Naydenko. Spatial distribution of pink salmon in the Subarctic Front zone in winter-spring. 2013 Izv. TINRO. V. 174: 69–84. (In Russian with English abstract); 2014 Doc NPAFC 1507: 1-29 (Available at www.npafc.org).
During the years, when the western Subarctic circulation was in a «stretched» state pink salmon distribution was more even and on a wider area, actively intruding south-east and east regions (pink salmon catches were reported between latitude 38 and 45° north). During the years, when the western Subarctic circulation was in a «compressed» state, pink salmon was located in further north areas (main pink salmon catches were located between latitude 41° and 45–46° north, closer to Kuril Ridge).
5
Spatial distribution of catches of chum salmon (< 30 cm) in dependence on western Subarctic circulation (WSC) state
Spatial distribution of catches of chum salmon ( > 30 cm) in dependence on western Subarctic circulation (WSC) state
6
Vertical distribution (number of fishes per hour) of pink salmon in the different trawling horizon (layer, m) in February – April 2011 (Glebov et al. 2011)
Glebov I.I., S.V. Naydenko, N.A. Kuznetsova, E.V. and et al. 2011. Composition and structure of epipelagic nekton and plankton communities in the Western part of Subarctic Frontal Zone in Winter-Spring 2011 (Result of 2011 Research Cruise of R/V «TINRO») NPAFC Doc. 1331: 29 pp.
7
0 10 20 30 40 50
120-150 m
90-120 m
60-90 m
30-60 m
0-30 m
Catch, ind. per hour
chum
pink
Vertical distribution of pink and chum salmon in spring 2009 (Starovoytov et al. 2010)
Starovoytov A.N. Naydenko S.V., Kurenkova E.V. et al. 2010. New data on quantitative distribution of Pacific salmons in the western part of the North Pacific in winter and spring. Izv. TINRO 160: 105–117. New data on quantitative distribution of Pacific salmons in the central part of the North Pacific in winter and spring. Izv. TINRO 160: 89–104. (In Russian with the English abstract). The review of results 2009-2010 winter researches was presented in NPAFC Document Temnykh O.S., A.V. Zavolokin, and M.V. Koval. 2010. Russian Research under the NPAFC Science Plan 2006-2010: A Review and Future Issues. Pacific Research Fisheries Center (TINRO-Center), Vladivostok, Russia. NPAFC Doc. 1238. 23 pp. (Available at www.npafc.org).
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0-30 m
30-60 m
60-90 m
90-120 m
fish/hour Pink salmon < 30 cm
N 42 E 164N 42 E 158N 41 E 152N 41 E 152
Distribution of pink salmon in the different trawling horizon (layer, m) in day and night in the western part of Subarctic Frontal Zone in February-April, 2011
(Glebov et al, 2011)
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Частота встречаемости, %
Глубина, м
Ночь День
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
0 2 4 6 8 10
Частота встречаемости, %
Глубина, м
Ночь День
Pink salmon < 30 cm
H average= 29,5 m – Night
H average= 43,5 m – Day
Pink salmon > 30 cm
H average= 33,5 m – Night
H average= 41,1 m – Day
Frequency of occurrence, % Frequency of occurrence, %
Laye
r, m
Laye
r, m
8
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
2009 2009 2010 2011
Bio
mas
s, th
tons
Pink salmon Chum salmon Sockeye salmonOther salmon Squids Mezopelagic fishOther fish Engraulis japonicus
western part of the Subarctic zone central part
9
Biomass (thousand tons) of nekton species and groups in the upper epipelagic layer (0-30 m) in the central and western parts of the
Subarctic front zone in 2009–2011 (Starovoytov et al, 2009, 2010; Naydenko, et al., 2011; Glebov et al, 2011)
Was considerable only
in transitional subtropical
waters.
Density of nekton t/km2 0.44 0.65 0.53 0.37
Spatial distribution of abundance of zooplankton (mg/m3) and catches of pink salmon (inds/km2) in the western and central parts of Subarctic frontal zone in
winter 2009–2011 (Starovoytov et al, 2009, 2010; Kuznetsova, 2010; Naydenko, et al, 2011; Glebov et al, 2011)
10
mg/m3
2010 mg/m3
2011
mg/m3 2009
10
Zooplankton biomass (mg/m3) in the pelagic layer (0-200 and 0-50 m) of central and western parts of SFZ in 2009–2011 (Kuznetsova, 2010; Naydenko and Kuznetsova, 2011; 2013)
0100200300400500600700800900
2009 February-March
2009 March-April 2010 February-March
2011 February-April
All zooplankton Copepoda Chaetognatha Euphausiacea
mg/
m3
0–200 m
western part of the Subarctic zone central part
0100200300400500600700800900
1 000
2009 February-March
2009 March-April
2010 February-March
2011 February-April
All zooplankton Copepoda Euphausiacea Chaetognatha
0–50 m
mg/
m3
central part western part of the Subarctic zone
In the western part (in layer 0-50 m) the mean zooplankton biomasses were estimated in 2009 at 475, in 2010 at 917, in 2011 at 588 mg/m3; in the central part — at 941 mg/m3.
The winter-spring is not the period of poor food conditions for salmon (Shuntov and Temnykh, 2008, 2010; Naydenko, 2011; Naydenko
and Kuznetsova, 2013)
11
Ratio of biomasses of forage plankton and nekton in the epipelagic of western part of Subarctic frontal zone
in winter (Naydenko and Kuznetsova, 2013)
12
Characteristic 2009 2010 2011
Biomass of forage plankton/biomass of nekton
134,2 314,5 249,7
Biomass of forage copepods/biomass of nekton
33,6 212,2 156,8
Biomass of forage
euphausiids/biomass of nekton 2,5 12,9 11,9
Biomass of forage amphipods/biomass of nekton
0,5 4,4 4,2
Biomass of forage
chaetognaths/biomass of nekton 6,1 79,0 68,7
mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3
0102030405060708090
100
western part central part western part western part
2009 2010 2011
OtherPiscesCoelenterataPolychaetaPteropodaChaetognathaCopepodaAmphipodaEuphausiacea
%
Spatial distribution of abundance of copepods (mg/m3) and catches of pink salmon (inds/km2) in the western part of Subarctic frontal zone in winter
2009–2011 (Naydenko, et al, 2010; 2011;)
Diet (%) of pink salmon in the central and
western parts of Subarctic zone in winter 2009–2011
13
mg/m3
мг/м3
Spatial distribution of abundance of
certain plankton groups (mg/m3)
and catches of pink salmon (inds/km2) in the western and
central parts of Subarctic frontal
zone in winter 2009
(Naydenko, et al, 2010; Naydenko and
Kuznetsova, 2013)
Distribution of copepods
Distribution of euphausiids 14
Euphausiids dominated in
the diet of pink salmon in
central part of SFZ
Copepods dominated in the diet of pink salmon in western
part of SFZ
Amph.9%
Euph.52%
Pisces38%
Ot.1%
Pink 20-30 сm, Section 1
Cop.49%
Amph.
15%
Chaet.18%
Pisces
11%
Ot.7%
Pink 20-30 сm, Section 2
54 142
Cop.51%
Chaet.43%
Ot.6%
Chum 20-30 сm, Section 2
117
Amph.30%
Pisces70%
Sockeye 20-30 сm, Section 2
22 Cop.50%Pisces
39%
Ot.11%
Sockeye 30-40 сm, Section 2
63
Coel.35%
Ceph.45%
Pisces17%
Пр.3%
Sockeye 40-50 сm, Section 2
Amph.20%
Euph.6%
Coel.18%
Ceph.50%
Ot.6%
Chum 20-30 сm, Section 5
17
66
Amph.16%
Euph.23%
Coel.54%
Ot.7%
Chum 30-40 сm, Section 5
36
Cop.11%
Amph.16%
Euph.19%
Coel.42%
Ceph.6%
Ot.6%
Chum 40-50 сm, Section 5
19
Amph.20%
Coel.56%
Pisces17%
Ot.7%
Chum 50-60 сm, Section 5
8
Cop.12%
Ceph.76%
Pis.10%
2%
Coho 35-40 сm, Section 5
62
Cop.32%
Ceph.50%
Pisces18%
Chinok 40-45 сm, Section 5
64
Amph.23%
Euph.70%
Ot.7%
Sockeye 40-45 сm, Siction 5
11
CopepodaAmphipodaEuphausiaceaChaetognathaCoelenterataCephalopodaPiscesOther
Diet (%) of salmons at different sampling sections northern part of Pacific ocean in the winter 2006 (Volkov, 2006)
in the central circle - index of feeding intensity (ISF o/ooo)
Volkov A.F. 2006. Plankton and salmons feeding in northern Pacific, winter 2006 (survey of r/v “Kaiyo Maru”, Japan). Izv. TINRO 147: 265-275
15
15
16
Diet (%) of chum salmon in the
western parts of Subarctic zone in
winter-spring 2009–2011 (Naydenko, et al, 2010;
Naydenko and Kuznetsova, 2011)
The feeding intensity (ISF o/ooo) of chum
salmon in the central and western parts in the
central and western parts of Subarctic zone in winter-spring 2009–
2011
Divergence of salmon and other nekton diet composition in the upper epipelagic layer of the western Subarctic
zone in winter 2011 (Naydenko and Kuznetsova, 2011, 2013)
The analysis of data showed the essential divergence of salmon and other nekton diet composition
17
Schematic of the basic trophic relationships of nekton and certain groups plankton in upper epipelagic layer of the Subarctic
frontal zone in winter 2009-2011
Naydenko, S.V. and N.A. Kuznetsova. 2011. Trophic relationships and food supply of pacific salmon in north-western part of the Pacific Ocean in the Winter and Spring 2009-2011. Bulletin of Pacific salmon studies in the Russian Far East 6: 210-215 (In Russian). 18
The gross stock of forage zooplankton (S) and its daily consumption (C) in upper epipelagic of western part of
Subarctic frontal zone in winter 2009-2011 (Naydenko and Kuznetsova, 2013)
19
0
40000
80000
120000
160000
S C S C S C
2009 2010 2011
Thou
sand
ton
s
2009 The ratio of stock forage resources/its daily consumption by nekton 86931 / 10.7 = 8090
2010 The ratio of stock forage resources/its daily consumption by nekton 158322 / 6.1 = 26140
2011 The ratio of stock forage resources/its daiky consumption by nekton 84265 / 1.4 = 58739
10–3
0 cm
, Sep
, Ber
ing
Sea
10–3
0 cm
, Sep
-Oct
, Ber
ing
Sea
10–3
0 cm
, Oct
, Ber
ing
Sea
20–4
0 cm
, Feb
-Mar
, SAF
20–4
0 cm
, Mar
-Apr
, SAF
20–4
0 cm
, Apr
, SAF
30–6
0 cm
, Jun
, NW
PO
30–6
0 cm
, Jun
-Jul
, NW
PO
30–6
0 cm
, Jun
-Jul
, Ber
ing
Sea
30–6
0 cm
, Jul
-Aug
, Ber
ing
Sea
Body size, month and region
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
FSI
Mean Mean±0.95 Conf. Interval Raw Data
The feeding intensity (ISF o/ooo) of pink salmon in the different seasons: during the fall (juvenile pink salmon 10–30 сm)
during the winter and spring (juvenile and immature pink salmon; 20–40 сm) during the summer (mature pink salmon 30–60 сm)
(Naydenko and Kuznetsova, 2011, 2013)
Summer 30-60 cm
Fall 10-30 cm
20
Winter-Spring 20-40 cm I’m
hungry!
I’m fine!!
The function of
prey quantity
and quality ??????
21
Average Total Lipid content of juvenile pink salmon muscle tissue in August and October in the Okhotsk Sea and in March-April in the
western part of Subarctic zone The differences lipid signatures between summer-fall and winter-spring (ocean) juvenile pink salmon
Lazhentsev, A.E. and O.A. Maznikova. 2014. Juvenales of pink and chum salmon in the Okhotsk Sea in their late stage (Aug-Oct 2012). Distribution, feeding, patterns of growth. Izv. TINRO 176: 51-61. (In Russian with English abstract)).
Yerokhin, V. G. and A.V. Klimov. 2011. About dependence of juveniles pink and chum salmon migrations from their physiological condition. Bulletin of Pacific salmon studies in the Russian Far East 6: 271–274. (In Russian).
0
2
4
6
8
10
5 ию
н
5 ав
г
5 ок
т
5 де
к
5 фе
в
5 ап
р Lipi
d, %
from
wet
wei
ght
Data
5 Feb 5 Mar 5 Apr 5 Sept 5 Okt 5 Nov
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
00,5
11,5
22,5
33,5
44,5
55,5
66,5
77,5
8
I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III
July August September October November December January February March April
%, p
rote
ins
%, l
ipid
spink chum sockeye coho chinook pink chum sockeye coho
LIPIDS
PROTEINS
adaptation to marine habitat
adaptation to ocean habitat
The low energy of prey items ore
Temperature ore
The physiological phase of pink salmon ??????
Klimov, A.V., A.P.Lazovoy, I.V. Zhiganova. 2013. Behavioral and biochemical adaptaion of juvenile Pacific salmon in the Okhotsk Sea and Northwester Pacific Ocean. Tech. Report 9: 131-135 (Available at www.npafc.org).
2013. "The researches of the aquatic biological resources of Kamchatka and the north–west part of the Pacific ocean" 30: 89–99. (In Russian with English abstract).
Fat acid Chum Pink
October- November
February-March
October- November
February-March
14:0 4,2±0,2*** 1,6±0,1 4,3±0,3*** 1,2±0,1 15:0 0,6±0,02 0,5±0,03 0,6±0,02 0,5±0,05 16:0 17,7±0,4*** 22,9±0,5 18,8±0,6*** 25,9±0,4 16:1ω-7 2,3±0,1*** 0,7±0,07 4,0±0,7*** 1,0±0,2 17:0 0,5±0,02 0,4±0,02 0,4±0,02 0,4±0,01 18:0 2,4±0,1 2,7±0,2 1,9±0,1*** 2,7±0,1 18:1ω-9 8,2±0,4*** 4,5±0,2 8,5±0,4*** 5,7±0,2 18:1ω-7 1,7±0,1** 1,3±0,1 2,0±0,2* 1,5±0,1 18:1ω-5 1,0±0,1*** 0,5±0,04 1,0±0,1*** 0,6±0,03 18:2ω-6 1,3±0,04*** 0,8±0,06 1,3±0,1* 0,9±0,07 18:3ω-3 1,2±0,1*** 0,7±0,06 1,1±0,1*** 0,5±0,01 18:4ω-3 2,6±0,2*** 0,5±0,09 2,8±0,2*** 0,6±0,09 20:1ω-11 5,8±0,5*** 0,6±0,1 4,9±0,6*** 1,2±0,1 20:1ω-9 1,3±0,1*** 0,3±0,06 1,5±0,1*** 0,5±0,01 20:1ω-7 0,2±0,02*** Следы 0,3±0,02*** Следы 20:4ω-6 0,6±0,1 0,6±0,05 0,4±0,03*** 0,6±0,06 20:4ω-3 1,6±0,1*** 0,9±0,08 1,3±0,1*** 0,6±0,03 20:5ω-3 8,3±0,2 8,6±0,3 9,8±0,6** 7,5±0,3 22:1ω-11 4,7±0,4*** 0,3±0,04 5,0±0,6*** 0,7±0,04 22:1ω-9 0,6±0,1*** Следы 0,4±0,04 Следы 22:5ω-3 1,7±0,1 1,8±0,1 1,4±0,1 1,4±0,3 22:6ω-3 24,3±1,3*** 45,9±1,0 20,5±1,5*** 43,3±1,0 ∑ saturated 27,8±0,5* 29,3±0,5 27,4±0,8*** 31,9±0,5 ∑ monounsaturated 27,5±1,1*** 9,8±0,7 29,0±1,0*** 12,3±0,9 ∑ polyunsaturated 43,3±1,1*** 60,5±0,9 40,9±1,7*** 55,6±1,4 ∑ω3 40,1±1,2*** 58,8±0,9 36,7±1,7*** 53,9±1,5 Number of fish, spc. 19 10 11 5
Note: (ω-3) — fat acid family α-linolenic acid (ALA), (ω-6) — linoleic acid (LA), (ω-7) — palmitoleic acid, (ω-9) — oleic acid. Trace concentrations — concentrations fat acid less 0,1%. * — significance level for juvenile salmon in autumn and winter period: * — p<0,05, ** — p<0,01, *** — p<0,001
Same characteristic fat acid composition total lipids in muscle tissue of juvenile
chum and pink salmon in the fall (October-November) 2009 and winter and spring (February-March) 2010 (in % of
total fatty acids)
22
23
horizontal and vertical distribution, abundance and composition of zooplankton, abundance and composition of nekton, fish diet spectrums, feeding activity, feeding selectivity, food plasticity ratio of the biomasses of forage plankton and nekton estimates of zooplankton daily consumption by all nekton, biochemical composition of tissue of juvenile chum and pink salmon during fall and winter .
In conclusion: What we have
the factors affecting salmon mortality during winter
Stock-specific composition and migrations
zooplankton caloric content (energy of prey items)
the strategy of biochemical adaptation of salmon to winter ocean conditions
reasons of changing profiles of biochemical composition in salmon tissue in winter
The future researches:
Thank you very much for your
attention 24