SAARS2013 Abstract Proceeding-June2013

7/28/2019 SAARS2013 Abstract Proceeding-June2013

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Copyright 2013 by UTM Razak School, All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any

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prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical

reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission requests,

write to the publisher, addressed Attention: Permissions Coordinator, at the address below.

Dean

UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala LumpurLevel 7, Razak TowerJalan Semarak

54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

www.razakschool.utm.my

June 2013


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Seminar on Advanced Active Remote Sensing (SAARS 2013), UTM Kuala Lumpur

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Contents

L iDAR data Validation and Quali ty Assurance

Nathan Quadros

6

Biomass of Forests in Peninsular M alaysia f rom L-Band ALOS PALSAR

Hamdan Omar, Khali Aziz Hamzah, Mohd Hasmadi Ismail

7

Urban Features Extr action f rom L iDAR and Hyperspectral data fusion: A

Comparison of Dempster-Shafer Theory and Hue, Saturation, I ntensity (HSI )

Technique

Vahideh Saeidi, Mohammed O. Idrees, Biswajeet Pradhan, Helmi Zulhaidi M.

Shafri

8

Oil Spil l Automatic Detection f rom Envisat Satell ite Data using Generic Algori thm

Maged Marfghany

9

Towards Understanding of the Seismo-Tectoni c Processes from Space

Rabieahtul Abu Bakar, Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin, Khamarrul A. Razak

10

Estimation of Composite Hydrodynamic Roughness Over land in Tropical

Envir onment using Ai rborne L iDAR; A Case Study in H utan Rekreasi Ayer Keroh

Melaka

Siti Idayu Mohamad Aseham, Muhammad Zulkarnain Abd Rahman, Abd

Wahid Rasib and Azman Ariffin

11

Detection of Tropical L andsli des using Airborne L iDAR Data and Mul ti -Imagery:A Case Study in Genting H igh lands, Pahang

Irhamilla Khamsim, Muhammad Zulkarnain, Khamarrul A. Razak

12

Mapping Coastal Area Based on Simulation Model Using Calibrated H igh

Resolu tion Digi tal Camera and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System

Othman Zainon, Nurul Farhah Abdul Hamid, NorHadija Darwin, Anuar

Ahmad

13

Phase Unwrapping of I nter ferometry Synthetic Apertu re Radar (inSAR) using

Thr ee-Dimensional Sorti ng Reli abili ty Algorithm

Maged Marghany

14

Buil ding Roof Top Segmentation of L iDAR Data Based Upon Slope and Aspect

Analysis

Noraain Mohamed Saraf, Juazer Rizal Abdul Hamid, Mohammad Halmi

Kamaruddin

15

Sustainable City Compactness Assessment using ALOS PALSAR I magery

Saleh Abdullahi, Biswajeet Pradhan, Mustafa Naemah Jebur

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I ncoming Solar Radiation Map on 3D L iDAR Model

Nurhafiza Md Saad, Juazer Rizal Abdul Hamid, Azman Mohd Suldi

17

Land Use Forecasting Impact to Hydrological Responses in a Monsoon Catchment

Area

Noor Syafiqah Che Omar, Nor Aizam Adnan

18

Estimation of Timber Volume in Tropical Rainforest using Airborne L iDAR

Fatehah Abdul Latip, Muhammad Zulkarnain Abd Rahman, Wan Hazli Wan

Kadir, Shahabuddin Amerudin, Ab Latif Ibrahim

19

The Use of Radar ALOS PALSAR and the Prospective Use of Air borne L iDAR for

Studying the Age of Oi l Palm Trees

Kasturi Devi Kanniah, Kian Pang Tan and Arthur Philip Cracknell

20

Crop Surveil lance with On Board Processing Capabil i ties using DSP Techn iques on

FPGA PlatformZainab Rasol, Mohd Fauzi Othman

21

The Problem and Potential of SAR Data for F orest Biomass Estimation

Md Latifur Rahman Sarker

22

Extracting Topographic I nformation in Tropical Rain F orest Using I fSAR

Suraya Jamaluddin, Abd Wahid Rasib, Wan Hazli Wan Kadir, Abdul Razak

Abdul Yusuf

23

Digital Elevation Model (DEM ) and Orthophoto Production of Coastal Area for 3D

Moni tori ng Using Close Range Photogrammetry Approach

NorHadija Darwin, Othman Zainon, Anuar Ahmad

24

Landscape Mapping of Golf Course using L iDAR and mul tispectral I magery

Zulkiflee Abd Latif, Siti Nor Hikmiah Bahari, Siti Nur Afiqah, Biswajeet

Pradhan

25

H igh Defini tion Survey (HDS)New Tools for Tangible Asset Data Capture

Lee Szue Yann, Mohd Azwan Abbas, Zulkepli Majid, Halim Setan and Albert

Chong

26

Long Range Terrestr ial Laser Scann ing of Complex Landsli des I nvestigation: A

Technological Perspective

Anomath, Khamarrul A. Razak, C S Lim, Rozaimi Che Hasan, Othman

Zainon, Wan Abdul Aziz Wan Mohd Akib

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LiDAR DATA VALIDATION AND QUALITY ASSURANCE

Nathan Quadros

Cooperative Research Centre for Spatial Information CRCSI, Australia

[email protected]

AbstractValidation is vital in ensuring that LiDAR data meets the requirements of its intended application. It

is especially important to perform the validation, or obtain a validation report, before using the data.

Discovering short comings in the data during later analysis can cause significant setbacks for projects.

The most thorough checks must be performed directly post-acquisition, or on receiving a dataset

from the acquisition provider. If the end user is the first person to analyse the LiDAR data there is a

great risk of discovering an error which will cause significant setbacks. If obtaining data from a

second party who has already performed some validation steps, users should only have to performadditional checks within the context of the experience and thoroughness of the previous validation.

The LiDAR validation concepts presented cover the most important compliance and quality

assurance checks. These validation checks are performed against an expected standard. The checks in

this presentation are in response to the Australian standards. More application specific checks maybe

performed above the standard depending upon the data use. Towards the end of 2013, the validation

steps outlined in this presentation are to be included in a publicly available, automated LiDAR

compliance and quality assurance tool developed in Australia. This tool is currently being developed

by the Cooperative Research Centre for Spatial Information (CRCSI), with the support of State and

Commonwealth Governments. The software tool is aimed at providing an easy to use mechanism for

contracting authorities, and data users to perform standard independent compliance testing on their

LiDAR data. LiDAR providers can also use the tool and supply the output report to users. The output

report will provide transparency to the end user on the quality of the LiDAR data.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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BIOMASS OF FORESTS IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA FROM L-BAND ALOS PALSAR

Hamdan Omara Khali Aziz Hamzaha and Mohd Hasmadi Ismailb

a Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 FRIM, Kepong, Selangor,b

Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, [email protected]

AbstractTropical forest biomass is one of the key parameters in addressing issues on carbon cycle related to

the climate change. Retrieving forest biomass over the large area has been challenging since decades

due to the limited data resource, accessibility, complex forest ecosystem and many technical issues.

Remote sensing has been used actively for forest biomass estimation since the last three decades and

it is proven to be effective, especially for large area coverage. Although there are issues and

arguments raised on the estimation accuracies and limitations, research are still continuously being

carried out. Recently, with enhanced methods and machinery applications, L-band synthetic apertureradar (SAR) systems revealed broader opportunities in estimating forest biomass as it has the

capability to interpret forests better than the other space borne radar systems. This study -which was

implemented under JAXAs Kyoto & Carbon (K&C) Initiative- is carried out to retrieve biomass of

forests in Peninsular Malaysia by using L-band SAR satellite data. Dual-polarization 25 m resolution

data acquired in 2010 from Phase Array Type L-Band SAR (Palsar) onboard Japanese Advanced

Land Observing Satellite (Alos) was used in the study. Lowland (


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URBAN FEATURES EXTRACTION FROM LIDAR AND HYPERSPECTRAL DATA

FUSION: A COMPARISON OF DEMPSTER-SHAFER THEORY AND HUE SATURATION

INTENSITY (HSI) TECHNIQUE

Vahideh Saeidi, Mohammed O. Idrees, Biswajeet Pradhan, Helmi Zulhaidi M. Shafri

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM,

Serdang, Selangor Darul-Ehsan, Malaysia

[email protected],[email protected]

AbstractThis paper compares two multi-sensor data fusion techniques Dempster-Sharfer Theory (DST) and

Hue Saturation Intensity (HSI). The objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of the methods interm

in space and time and quality of information extraction. LiDAR and hyperspectral data were fused

using the two methods to extract urban land scape features. First, digital surface model (DSM),

LiDAR intensity and hyperspectral image were fused with HSI. Then the result was classified intofive classes (metal roof building, non-metal roof building, tree, grass and road) using supervised

classification (minimum distance) and the classification accuracy assessment was done. Second,

Dempster Shafer Theory (DST) utilized the evidences available to fuse normalized DSM, LiDAR

intensity and hyperspectral derivatives to classify the surface materials into five classes as before. It

was found out that DST perform well in the ability to discriminate different classes without expert

information from the scene. Overal accuracy of 87% achieved using DST. While in HSI technique,

the overal accuracy obtained was 74.3%. Also, metal and non-metal roof types were clearly

classified with DST which, does not have a good result with HSI. A fundamental setback of HSI is

its limitation to fusion of only two sensor data at a time whereas we could integrate different sensor

data with DST. Besides, the time required to select trainimg site for supervised classificition, the

accuracy of feature classification with HSI fused data is dependent on the knowledge of the analyst

about the scene with the other one. This study shows DST to be an accurate and fast method to

extract urban features and roof types. It is hoped that the increasing number of remote sensing

technology transforming to era of redundant data will make DST a desired technique available in

most commercial image processing software packages.

Keywords: Data fusion, Feature extraction, Urban mapping, Rroof type, Hyperspectral, LiDAR,

Dempster Shafer Theory, HSI, Remote Sensing
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OIL SPILL AUTOMATIC DETECTION FROM ENVISAT SATELLITEDATA USING

GENETIC ALGORITHM

Maged Marghany

Institute of Geospatial Science and Technology (INSTeG), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310UTM, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

[email protected]

AbstractThe main objective of this work is to design automatic detection procedures for oil spill in synthetic

aperture radar (SAR) satellite data. In doing so the genetic algorithm tool was designed to investigate

the occurrence of oil spill in Malaysian coastal waters using ENVISAT ASAR satellite data. The

study shows that crossover process, and the fitness function generated accurate pattern of oil slick in

SAR data. This shown by 85% for oil spill, 5% lookalike and 10% for sea roughness using the

receiveroperational characteristics (ROC) curve. It can therefore be concludedcrossover process,and the fitness function have the main role in genetic algorithm achievement for oil spill automatic

detection in ENVISAT ASAR data.

Keywords: Oil spill, ENVISAT ASAR data, Crossover process, Fitness Function Genetic

algorithm


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UNDERSTANDING THE SEISMOTECTONIC PROCESSES FROM THE SPACE

Rabieahtul Abu Bakar1, Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin2 Khamarrul Azahari Razak3

1Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia2Faculty of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia3Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Jalan Semarak, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

[email protected],[email protected],[email protected]

AbstractGeophysical related natural disaster in particular the seismic activity has affected about 174 million

people globally in the last 113 years. Despite remarkable efforts of mapping, monitoring and

modelling of such great events at the regional, national or global scale, the understanding of theprocesses in the Earths dynamic system remains a subject of research particularly in the equatorial

regions. Although the degree of risks to seismically-induced disasters (earthquake and tsunamis) is

relatively low in Malaysia, recent geodynamic activity indicates the need of advanced mapping and

monitoring to continuously provide reliable spatial and temporal information of the events. The

reliability of the space-based dataset for quantifying the geodynamic activities in the tropics is not

fully investigated. In this paper, we provide an overview of past and current research on seismo-

tectonic activity as revealed from the space. Integral modern space borne remote sensing data

coupled to historical or archived images are used to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate

landforms-related to geodynamics activity. Satellite positioning and Earth observation data acquired

from passive and active sensor images are intensively used to retrieve geo- and seismo-indicators.

The Advanced Visible and Near-Infrared (AVNIR-2) ALOS images coupled to historical images (e.g.

ASTER, SPOT, IKONOS, QUICKBIRD, LANDSAT and LAGEOS) are analyzed to identify the

coastal and landform changes and quantify them as part of the large scale mapping and monitoring of

landforms induced by geodynamic activities. Small and large scales of terrain data, e.g.

ASTERGDEM, photogrammetry-derived map and LiDAR become such important and valuable to

support the aforementioned research activity. This exploratory research also aims to outline the

standard operating procedures (SOP) for disaster and mitigation purpose in Malaysia. In this study,

seismo-tectonic database (STDB) is intensively updated from historical records, USGS archives and

recent occurrences of geophysical-related disasters (e.g., earthquake and tsunami) that effect

Malaysia directly or indirectly. The density and frequency analyses of these events are among the

quantitative way of abstracting the data. Expert knowledge in particular the result interpretation onthe Earths processes seeing the event as a whole and complex system, has play crucial role in

bridging the knowledge gaps between the geomorphology, geophysical and geomatics fields. As a

conclusion, we carefully addressed the status and future use of advanced geoinformation tools for

mapping and monitoring geodynamic activity in Malaysia. We highlight the spatiotemporal analyses

of geodynamic events are of pivotal importance in assessing the Earth surface and tectonic processes

particularly in the regions with high anthropogenic activities and susceptible to the hazard and risk

related to seismotectonic-catastrophic events. Also the limitation of the current methods is

accordingly discussed and followed with some practical recommendations in Malaysia.
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ESTIMATION OF COMPOSITE HYDRODYNAMIC ROUGHNESS OVERLAND IN

TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT USING AIRBORNE LIDAR; A CASE STUDY IN HUTAN

REKREASI AYER KEROH MELAKA

Siti Idayu Mohamad Aseham, Muhammad Zulkarnain Abd Rahman, Abd Wahid Rasib and Azman

Ariffin

Tropical MAP RESEARCH GROUP, Department of Geoinformation

Faculty of Geoinformation Science and Real Estate,

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Baharu, Johor, Malaysia,

[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected]

AbstractParameterization of flood modeling overland has benefited from Airborne LiDAR technologies in

many ways and one of the prominent examples is the estimation of hydrodynamic roughness. Low

density airborne LiDAR with relatively low penetration over vegetation canopy under leaf-oncondition further complicate the estimation of hydrodynamic roughness in tropical zone. This paper

will present a detail investigation on the capability of airborne LiDAR data for hydrodynamic

roughness estimation over tropical region in Air Keroh, Melaka, Malaysia. The study area is divided

into four landcover classes i.e. building, forest, grassland and paved road. The airborne LiDAR data

was obtained using the Optech ALTM 3100 in 2009 with a posting density of about 0.69 point per

meter squared. The estimation of composite hydrodynamic roughness consists of four processing

stages namely 1) landcover classification, 2) estimation of parameters as required by the

hydrodynamic roughness, 3) estimation of hydrodynamic roughness of individual landcover class

and 4) estimation of composite hydrodynamic roughness with different spatial resolutions. In the first

stage, the landcover classification is performed by using Support Vector Machine (SVM) on the

aerial photo of the study area obtained simultaneously with the airborne LiDAR. Estimation of

hydrodynamic value for each landcover class requires different hydrodynamic models expressed by

Mannings (n), Chezy (c), and Darcy (f) coefficients. The calculation of hydrodynamic roughness for

each landcover class should be done separately, in which finally will be merged at specific spatial

resolution to produce composite hydrodynamic roughness map represented by the Mannings n

coefficient. In the stage of hydrodynamic roughness estimation building, forest, grassland and paved

road require estimation of momentum absorption area, tree density, height of grass and area

classified as road respectively. These parameters will be estimated by using airborne LiDAR data

and aerial photograph. Estimation of tree density requires delineation of individual trees in forest

area. Tree density and diameter at breast height (DBH) of individual tree is then estimated for each

tree based on allometric equation. The overall accuracy for landcover classification is 96% with userand producer accuracies more than 80%. The results show that based on the airborne LiDAR data,

the height of grass and tree DBH can be estimated with about 0.33m and 0.22m RMSE respectively.

Finally, the composite hydrodynamic roughness is calculated based on the conventional averaging

concept, which integrates different landcover types in a specific piece of land (spatial resolution).

Keyword: Composite hydrodynamic roughness, Airborne LiDAR, Allometric, Tropical environment
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DETECTION OF TROPICAL LANDSLIDE USING AIRBORNE LiDAR DATA AND

MULTISPECTRAL IMAGE: A CASE STUDY IN GENTING HIGHLAND, PAHANG

Irhamillah Khamsin1, Muhammad Zulkarnain Abd Rahman1, Khamarrul Azahari Razak2, Shahrul

Rizal Abd Rahman3

1Fakulti Geoinformasi dan Harta Tanah, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor,2UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Jalan Semarak, 54100 Kuala Lumpur3RS & GIS Consultancy Sdn Bhd, A4-2-3A Solaris Dutamas, Jalan Dutamas, 50480 Kuala Lumpur

[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected]

AbstractLandslide geomorphology system in a tropical region remained complex, and its understanding often depends

on the completeness and correctness of landslide inventorization. In mountainous regions, landslides pose a

significant impact and known as an important geomorphic process in shaping major landscape in the tropics.

Modern remote sensing based approach has revolutionized the landslide investigation in a forested terrain.

Optical satellite imagery, aerial photographs and synthetic aperture radar images are less effective to create

reliable tropical DTMs for landslide recognition, and even so in the forested equatorial regions. Airborne laser

scanning (ALS) data have been used to construct the digital terrain model (DTM) under dense vegetation, but

its reliability for landslide recognition in the tropics remains surprisingly unknown. The present study aims at

providing better insight into the use of airborne laser scanning (ALS) data: i) to investigate qualitatively the

performance the performance of different LiDAR filtering approaches in removing non-ground point clouds,

ii) to generate different parameters layers suitable for landslide recognition in tropical region, iii) to evaluate

the capability of object-oriented approach to detect different types of landslides in a lowland evergreen

rainforest region. The methodology was developed over the forested landslides characterized by tropicalregime in Genting Highlands, Pahang and supported by field evidences. By using the Optech ALTM 3100

sensor flying on 3rd of August 2007, 728 412 million points with a mean density of 0.66 points per meter

squared is obtained. For the bare-earth extraction, the qualitative evaluation of several prominent filtering

algorithms and surface interpolation methods are used: i) progressive TIN densification, ii) morphological,

and iii) command prompt from Lastool with aims in removing non-ground points while preserving important

landslide features. For automatically identification of landslides, a series of topographic-, hidro-topographic-,

geological structures-, and antropogenic factor maps were used which is purely derived from ALS data as

input dataset for object-oriented landslide detection. Qualitative assessment is illustratively presented and

critically discussed. As a result, progressive TIN densification filter algorithms able to extract ground points

and Kriging surface interpolation method had a better strategy of producing reliable terrain models for tropicallandslides. Derivative of DTM production: flow accumulation and hill shading are the best layer to classify

the landslide in tropical region. By using OOA, three out of five landslides are correctly classified; debris

flow; debris slide and rotational landslides, however small landslide remains unrecognized. The results are

promising given the complexity of the terrain and difficulty of generating precise terrain information in the

tropics. This paper also addresses the limitation of the methods and highlights the research challenges in

making reliable landslide inventory maps and subsequently used for assessing landslide hazard and risks in

such environment. The method of the present study is recommended for all forested mountainous terrain

affected by landslides in the tropics.

Keywords: Landslide, Airborne LiDAR, Tropical, Object oriented classification
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MAPPING COASTAL AREA BASED ON SIMULATION MODEL USING CALIBRATED

HIGH RESOLUTION DIGITAL CAMERA AND UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE

SYSTEM

1Othman Zainon, 2Nurul Farhah Abdul Hamid, 2Norhadija Darwin & 2Anuar Ahmad

1UTM SPACE, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia International Campus

54100 Jalan Semarak, Kuala Lumpur2Institute for Science and Technology Geospatial (INSTEG), Faculty of Geoinformation Science &

Real Estate Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Skudai, Johor

Abstract

This paper aims to demonstrate the potential use of a high resolution digital camera and unmanned

aerial vehicle (UAV) system for mapping coastal area based on a simulation model. In this study, a

strip of serial images of a simulation model of coastal area were captured using a calibrated high

resolution compact digital camera known as Canon Power Shot SX230 HS and it has 12 megapixelimage resolution. The digital camera was calibrated in the laboratory and field. For laboratory

calibration, a 3D test field in form of calibration plate was used. The dimension of the calibration

plate is 0.4m x o.4m and consists of 36 grid targets at different height. For field calibration, a 3D test

field was constructed which comprise of 81 target points at different heights and located on a flat

ground with dimension of 9m x 9m. In the laboratory calibration, a scale bar was placed in the test

field for scaling the image and approximate coordinates were used for calibration process. Similar

method was utilized in the field calibration. For both test fields, the digital images were acquired

using convergent configuration. For the field calibration, additional aerial digital images were

acquired using a UAV system. Different calibration results were obtained for both laboratory and

field calibrations. For laboratory calibration, the achievable accuracy is 0.000m while for field

calibration the achievable accuracy is 0.000m. The best result is from the field calibration method.

For most photogrammetric and non-photogrammetric applications, the digital camera must be

calibrated in the field or on site. In this study, after the digital camera was calibrated using field

calibration method, it was attached to a rotary wing UAV to acquire a strip of aerial images of a

simulation model of coastal area for the purpose of mapping. In the simulation model, ground control

points (GCP) and check points (CP) were established using total station for the purpose of processing

the digital aerial images. Results showed that the digital terrain model (DTM) and orthophoto were

successfully produced using a digital photogrammetric software. In conclusion, accurate mapping

results could be obtained using a calibrated high resolution compact digital camera attached to the

UAV and it has great potential to be used in various applications.

Keywords: Mapping, Coastal Area, Digital Camera, Calibration, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle


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PHASE UNWRAPPING OF INTERFEROMETRY SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR

(INSAR) USING THREE-DIMENSIONAL SORTING RELIABILITIES ALGORITHM

Maged Marghany

Institute of Geospatial Science and Technology (INSTeG), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310UTM, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia,

[email protected]

AbstractThe paper is focused on three-dimensional (3-D) coastline deformation from interferometry

synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). In doing so, conventional InSAR procedures are implemented to

three repeat passes of ENVISAT ASAR data. Further, three-dimensional sorting reliabilities

algorithm (3D-SRA) is implemented with phase unwrapping technique. Consequently, the 3D-SRA

is used to eliminate the phase decorrelation impact from the interferograms. The study shows the

performance of InSAR method using the 3D-SRA is better than InSAR procedure which is validatedby a lower range of error (0.060.32 m) with 90% confidence intervals. In conclusion, integration of

the 3D-SRA with phase unwrapping produce accurate 3-D coastline deformation.

Keywords: InSAR, Fringe, Interferogram, Three-dimensional sorting reliabilities algorithm (3D-

SRA), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Coastline deformation, ENVISAT ASAR


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BUILDING ROOF TOP SEGMENTATION OF LiDAR DATA BASED UPON SLOPE AND

ASPECT ANALYSIS

Noraain Mohamed Saraf, Juazer Rizal Abdul Hamid, Mohammad Halmi Kamaruddin

Centre for Geospatial Technology (CGT)Centre of Studies for Surveying Science & Geomatics

Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam,

Selangor, MALAYSIA


Abstract

Building segmentation and 3-D models of LiDAR data have been tremendously useful especially in

3-D city mapping, 3-D simulation, urban planning, infrastructure development and disaster

monitoring. In order to increase the 3-D model accuracy, providing precise building information

such as building roof top segmentation is vital for 3D modelling and city mapping.This paper aims tosegment the roof top of the building based on the slope and aspect analysis of the urban study site in

Ampang, Kuala Lumpur. LiDAR data were used for that purpose. The data were initially checked

and verified accordingly. Digital models (DEM and DSM) were generated based on this LiDAR

data involving classification, filtering and masking. A normalised DSM was generated to separate

the buildings from other spatial features. The height of the building is that height taken without the

roof top. Those LiDAR points that are representative of the height of building were removed leaving

only the points representing the roof top. Slope and aspect analysis were conducted based upon

segmentation on the roof top. Hence, an error assessment was done and findings were highlighted

and documented. 3-D building reconstruction can be carried out using the analysis clarified in this

paper. The result of LiDAR verification certifies that the data is reliable and useable where the Root

Mean Square (RMS) error obtained is within the tolerance value of vertical accuracy (z) with 0.091m.

Roof top segmentation based on slope and aspect analyses indicate that the approach can derive the

reliable and accurate 3-D building roof top. The finding from this study demonstrates the capability

and the effectiveness of LiDAR data.

Keywords: 3-D LiDAR, Building segmentation, Building roof top, Slope, Aspect


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SUSTAINABLE CITY COMPACTNESS ASSESSMENT USING ALOS PALSAR IMAGERY

Saleh Abdullahi, Biswajeet Pradhan, Mustafa Neamah Jebuv

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering

University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, [email protected];[email protected];[email protected]

AbstractIn recent decades, attaining urban sustainability is one of the primary goals in urban development

processes. Current urban development patterns such as urban sprawl in which, plenty of lands are left

abandoned inside the cities and subsequent conversion of valuable agricultural lands into built-up

area is against the concept of urban sustainability. These kinds of dispersion urban development

cause various environmental, economical and social issues. In this context, compact development,

smart city and or TOD (Transit Oriented Development) are recognized as best type of urban form to

achieve urban sustainability. The rationale behind the compact development is, to protect naturalenvironment, decrease car dependency, support public transportation and existing community

facilities, increase walking and cycling behavior etc. Kajang city (Malaysia) in recent years has faced

large urban sprawl development due to its proximity to three main cities of this country. This paper,

analyzed urban sustainability of Kajang city through city compactness assessment. Generally in

traditional mapping, city compactness are studied more qualitatively, however, this research tried to

investigate this theory in quantitative manner. Urban density, mixed development and intensification

processes were the main indicators to evaluate the city compactness. Various parameters such as

population, landuse, land-cover, road network and other information regarding city planning were

collected from local planning authority. However, for extraction of the built up areas density, SAR

(Synthetic Aperture Radar) imagery was used. Subsequently, built-up areas were extracted using

both pixel based supervised classification (Decision Tree) as well as object oriented classification of

ALOS PALSAR image (2010) with 12.5 m spatial resolution. Overall results of object-oriented

classification had higher accuracy than DT, however, both outputs were used for built-up density

indicator. For compactness assessment, the study area was divided into cells according to districts

defined by local government. Each cell was then evaluated based on the predefined compactness

indicators. For the final judgment and overlay analysis, multicriteria decision analysis and statistical

approaches were utilized. The results demonstrated that, urban densities and existence of public

transportation and community facilities are the key factors to develop the city in more compact and

sustainable manner. Furthermore, southeastern zones of Kajang city that are more intensified with

higher density are determined as compact zones. The results obtained in this paper can be helpful for

town planning in order to design in a compact form and sustainable manner. The local government ofKajang city also can take advantage of this research, to improve the most compact zones and plan

new developments for least compact zones to make Kajang city more sustainable.

Keywords: Sustainable development, City compactness, SAR imagery, Urban density, Mixed

development


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Page | 17

INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION MAP ON 3D LiDAR MODEL

Nurhafiza Md Saad, Juazer Rizal Abdul Hamid, Azman Mohd Suldi

Centre of Studies Surveying Sciences & Geomatics

Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying,Universiti Teknologi MARA,40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, MALAYSIA


AbstractA proper planning, design and development of built structures towards sustainable practices of green

building technology, for instance, is a key for todays built environment practice. The Suns radiated

energy is an important source in realizing this green technology concept in building reconstruction.

The incoming solar radiation (insolation) when interact with the atmosphere and objects on the

Earths surface would create some insolation pattern that are ambiguous and as result need to be

investigated further. This paper explores on the insolation pattern and ambiguities towards the 3Dreconstructed building and topographic surfaces in urban area in the context of direct, diffuse, and

reflectance irradiance. Within this context, this research focuses on several issues including the

selection of appropriate algorithm to generate the insolation map on Digital Elevation Model and

Digital Surface Model. The Digital Elevation Model and Digital Surface Model generated by points

cloud data from LiDAR images and the information of coordinates and heights of the points cloud

enable triangular irregular network to be generated in ArcGIS environment. From the TIN produced,

the pattern of incoming solar radiation can be visualized using area insolation map which indicates

the maximum and minimum solar irradiance on the surfaces. The final product is area insolation map

on polyhedral surface which consist of topographic and buildings 3D model. The significance of

this study are, the result in insolation pattern for difference surface would hold opposing views on

the subject of 3D reconstructed buildings. The optimum direction of buildings allocation can be

predicted to assist passive solar design strategies which used broadly in energy efficiency to increase

occupant comfort.

Keywords: Insolation, 3D Building reconstruction, Solar radiation


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Page | 18

LAND USE FORECASTING IMPACT TO HYDROLOGICAL RESPONSES IN A

MONSOON CATCHMENT AREA

Noor Syafiqah Che Omar and Nor Aizam Adnan

Centre of Study Surveying Science & Geomatics, Faculty of Architecture,Planning and Surveying,UiTM, Shah Alam, Malaysia

[email protected],[email protected]

AbstractThe increases of urban development drastically affect the nature of land sustainability, thus, in order

to sustain the development of land, the development planning should follow the guideline derived by

authority. Any land area left behind can be modeled its future development based on previous years

data (i.e. population, employment and etc.) and factors of development (i.e. soil condition, terrain,

river, road, urban growth pattern and etc.) in systematic planning. As urban land development

increase, the condition of land surface may changes. This research is carried out in order to projectfuture land use development of Kelantan with the aid of the GIS planning support system software

(i.e. What if? 2.0) and its effect on hydrologic responses (i.e. runoff volume & peak discharge). The

expected outputs of this research is to apply that remote sensing and GIS provide a means for

performing land use land cover development assessment and its effect on hydrological responses in

Kelantan. As a result, a map of future land development planning and its effect on hydrological

responses in Kelantan can be established.

Keyword: Urban, Land use, Land cover, Land development, Land surface, Remote sensing,

Geographical information system (GIS), Hydrological responses
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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ESTIMATION OF TIMBER VOLUME IN TROPICAL RAINFOREST USING AIRBORNE

LiDAR

Fatehah Abdul Latip, Muhammad Zulkarnain Abd Rahman, Wan Hazli Wan Kadir, Shahabuddin

Amerudin & Ab Latif Ibrahim

TropicalMAP RESEARCH GROUP, Department of Geoinformation, Faculty of Geoinformation

Science & Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA.

[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],

[email protected]

Abstract

Airborne Laser Detention and Ranging (LiDAR) has been used extensively for timber volume

estimation especially in temperate region. Application of such technology in tropical region

specifically in developing countries faces several challenges due to low penetration of laser pulses

over tree canopy and relatively low density of point clouds due to the cost constraint. This paperpresents a thorough investigation on the capability of ALS data in estimating density of vegetation

over Ayer Keroh recreational forest, Melaka, Malaysia. The study area covers about 2 hectare and

consists of more than 30 tree species, which dominated by Merawan Siput Jantan (Hopea odorata).

The airborne LiDAR data was obtained using the Optech ALTM 3100 in 2009 with a posting density

of about 0.69 point per meter squared. The estimation of forest timber volume involves five main

processing stages, i.e. 1) delineation of individual trees, 2) estimation of individual tree diameterat

breast height (DBH) based on allometric equation, 3) estimation of crown diameter, 4) estimation of

tree height and 5) estimation of timber volume. Individual tree crown segmentation is based on the

inverse watershed (IW) segmentation routine and local maximum (LM) filtering in TreeVaw. Tree

height and crown diameter of individual trees are calculated by using canopy height model (CHM)

and crown segments. These parameters will be used as input in the allometric equation that is

specially developed over tropical region to estimate tree DBH. Based on the estimated DBH, tree

height and crown diameter, the timber volume will be calculated at a certain unit area by using a

multiplicative method. The final timber volume map is validated using field collected data. In this

study, the results are presented as a map of average of timber volume for every one acre in the study

area. Correlation between field collected tree height, DBH, crown diameter and timber volume with

values extracted based on the ML individual tree delineation are 0.59, 0.72, 0.72 and 0.79

respectively. On the other hand for IW segmentation, the correlation values for tree height, DBH,

crown diameter and timber volume are lower than the ML approach with 0.26, 0.03, 0.16 and 0.05

respectively. The root mean square (RMSE) value for timber volume estimation by using IW

segmentation capable of producing timber volume map with the accuracy about 111.31m

3

/acre.Whereas for LM filtering capable of estimating timber volume with RMSE of 73.62m3/acre.

Keyword: Timber volume, airborne LiDAR, allometric, tropical rainforest.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Page | 20

THE USE OF RADAR ALOS PALSAR AND THE PROSPECTIVE USE OF AIRBORNE

LIDAR FOR STUDYING THE AGE OF OIL PALM TREES

Kasturi Devi Kanniah1, Kian Pang Tan1 and Arthur Philip Cracknell2

1

Department of Geoinformation, Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate, Universiti TeknologiMalaysia, UTM Skudai, 81310 Johor, Malaysia.

2Division of Electronic Engineering and Physics, University of Dundee, Dundee DDI 4HN, Scotland,

UK.

AbstractIt is important to study the age of oil palm trees (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) which is one of the

important factors influencing oil palm productivity, biomass, the production of fruit bunches, and the

age information is useful for the application such as precision farming. Oil palms age mapping using

remote sensing would be useful for inferring old oil palm trees (above or at 25 years old) that are

likely to need to be replanted and this kind of mapping is also valuable in monitoring productivity orbiomass of oil palm trees at a regional scale. This paper investigated the age of oil palm trees using

Advanced Land Observing Satellite Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (ALOS

PALSAR) radar remote sensing data at a private oil palm estate in southern Peninsular Malaysia. The

correlation of the polarisations i.e. horizontal transmitting and horizontal receiving (termed HH

polarisation), horizontal transmitting and vertical receiving (termed HV polarisation), and the ratio of

these polarisations with the age of oil palm trees were investigated. The results showed that the

backscatter coefficient of HH polarisation and the age of oil palm correlate moderately strongly

(R2=0.49) while HV polarisation has weak correlation (R2=0.27). The ratio of the polarisations does

not show any improvement on the correlation with the age of oil palm trees. The ratio of HH over

HV demonstrated R2=0.26. This study classified the age of oil palm trees by using HH polarisation

with the Random Forest classification. The accuracy of the age classification was moderate, the

overall accuracy and kappa coefficient obtained were 49.4% and 0.48 respectively. It is suggested in

future study that one should focus on monitoring changes in height as the canopy level monitoring

efforts will be limited for oil palm trees of after 10 years old. Mapping the age of oil palm trees at a

regional scale has become possible with the existing of airborne LiDAR. Apart from the fact that the

costing of airborne LiDAR data is rather expensive, it is generally difficult to map the height of oil

palm trees at a very large scale like Malaysia as the absence of routine airborne LiDAR data

collection.


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Page | 21

CROP SURVAILLANCE WITH ON BOARD PROCESSING CAPABILITIES USING DSP

TECHNIQUES ON FPGA PLATFORM

1Zainab Rasol and 2Mohd Fauzi Othman

1

UTM SPACE, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia International Campus,54100 Jalan Semarak, Kuala Lumpur

2Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics (CAIRO),Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan

Semarak, 54100 Kuala Lumpur

[email protected]

AbstractThe utilization of UAV for various applications such as crop surveillance, mapping, military, etc.

purposes is getting more popularity since it offers simplicity in terms of operational. As the

technology for UAV and image scanning advances more images could be produced in a single flight.The next step is, how to process these data in a more intelligent and competent manners. In this

paper a cheaper on board data processing method using DSP techniques on FPGA platform is

proposed so that the diseased palm oil crops could be isolated from the rest. The main aim is to

process these data in real time scale and the position of the diseased crops could be reported back to

the base via GPS facilities. This would allow the diseased crops to be treated accordingly as soon as

possible in order to avoid further damage to the plants.

Keywords: FPGA, DSP, Crop surveillance, UAV, Data processing technique


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Page | 22

THE PROBLEM AND POTENTIAL OF SAR DATA FOR FOREST BIOMASS

ESTIMATION

Md. Latifur Rahman Sarker

Department of Geoinformation, Uinversiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Baharu, Johor,Malaysia

[email protected]/[email protected]

AbstractSynthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is still one of the best choices for the estimation of forest biomass

but the accuracy of the biomass estimation is low especially in tropical and sub-tropical regions due

to the saturation problem of SAR data. However, the saturation problem of SAR can be minimized

by using spatial image processing techniques of recent high resolution and dual polarization SAR

data. Therefore, this research investigated the potential of recent SAR data (C-band Radarsat and L-band PALSAR) for the estimation of forest biomass using spatial image processing techniques i.e.

texture processing and texture polarization indices along with original backscattering data. Results

indicate that raw backscattering data , whether it is C-band or L-band, is unable to provide a better

forest biomass estimation accuracy because of the saturation problems. However, texture processing

of SAR data provides a better estimation accuracy although it varied based on the polarization and

spatial resolution of the SAR data. This research found that further improvement of the forest

biomass estimation can be achieved using texture polarization indices of both SAR data. The

accuracy of 0.02 (r2) was obtained from the raw backscattering data, while the accuracies (r2) of 0.85

and 0.90 were obtained from the texture parameters and texture polarization ratio respectively for the

biomass level up to 500t/ha. This research also found that the performance of C-band SAR texture is

better than the L-band SAR probably because of the higher spatial resolution of C-band SAR which

has the ability to provide a better texture on the SAR image. However, the accuracy of the L-band

SAR can supersede the accuracy of the C-band SAR if multi-data can be used in the processing

algorithm.

Keywords: Forest biomass; SAR; Saturation; Texture polarization indices
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Page | 23

EXTRACTING TOPOGRAPHIC INFORMATION IN TROPICAL RAIN FOREST

USING IfSAR

Suraya Jamaluddin, Abd Wahid Rasib, Muhammad Zulkarnain Abd Rahman,

Wan Hazli Wan Kadir and Abdul Razak Mohd Yusuf

Tropical MapResearch Group, Department of Geoinformation, Faculty of Geoinformation and Real

Estate, UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 81310 Johor Malaysia.

[email protected]

AbstractRecently, low-cost information from Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IfSAR) is widely

used for the purpose of creating topographic information such as landforms map. Theoretically, the

synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images with 32-bit floating number are using a different phase of

waves so that the deformation of surface (digital elevation) can be generated. However over high

density vegetation coverage, this data has limitation to produce a better accuracy of terrain elevationsuch as in Tropical Rain Forest. Thus, this study is attempted to analyze the topographic information

at Pasoh Forest Reserve such as contour extraction and tree height from correlation of two IfSAR

products namely digital surface model (DSM) and digital terrain model (DTM). Tree height patterns

which calculated from isometric allometric equation is also been used to gain the digital elevation

accuracy of the study. The outcomes of the study is then can be used in enhancing further analysis in

forest ecosystem conservation studies such as extraction of tree biomass from remote sensing

satellite data.

Keywords: Topographic, Tropical Rain Forest, IfSAR


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Page | 24

DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL AND ORTHOPHOTO PRODUCTION OF COASTAL

AREA FOR EROSION MONITORING USING CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY

APPROACH

Norhadija Darwin1, Anuar Ahmad1 & Othman Zainon2

1Institute for Science and Technology Geospatial (INSTEG), Faculty of Geoinformation & Real

Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor2 UTM SPACE, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia International Campus, 54100 Jalan Semarak, Kuala

Lumpur


AbstractClose range photogrammetry technique can be employed to achieve high accuracy measurement for

topographic applications where images are taken close to the object within the range of 300 meters.

Compact digital camera has the potential for acquiring high resolution digital images forenvironmental hazards such as coastal erosion, landslide, and others. By using the Unmanned Aerial

Vehicle (UAV) platform, coastal evolution and digital elevation model (DEM) production for 3D

monitoring of coastal morphology can be done. This paper highlights the study carried out using

UAV system and close range photogrammetry technique for the production of DEM and orthophoto.

The first objective is to investigate the use of digital aerial images captured using fixed wing UAV

for DEM and orthophoto production of simulated coastal area for 3D monitoring. The second

objective is to evaluate the accuracy of the DEM. A fixed wing UAV was used to acquire the digital

aerial images of the coastal area at low altitude. A compact digital camera was attached to the UAV

for acquiring a strip of digital aerial images. In digital image processing, minimum of two digital

aerial images of the simulated coastal area are required. For accurate measurement, the high

resolution digital camera was calibrated and output of the camera parameters were used for interior

orientation in digital image processing. The ground control points (GCPs) and check points (CPs)

were established using total station. The results comprised of DEM and orthophoto of the simulated

coastal area. The digital aerial images of the simulated coastal area were acquired at two epochs for

the purpose of erosion monitoring. As conclusion, the study carried out proved that UAV can be used

for production of photogrammetric output and environmental modeling and has great potential for

implementation of real coastal area. It also has great potential to be used for diversified applications.

Keywords: UAV, Close range photogrammetry, DEM, Coastal area


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Page | 25

LANDSCAPE MAPPING OF GOLF COURSE USING LiDAR AND MULTISPECTRAL

IMAGERY

Zulkiflee Abd Latif, Siti Nor Hikmiah Bahari, Siti Nur Afiqah, Biswajeet Pradhan


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Page | 26

HIGH DEFINITION SURVEY (HDS) NEW TOOLS FOR TANGIBLE

ASSET DATA CAPTURE

Lee Szue Yann, Mohd Azwan Abbas, Zulkepli Majid, Halim Setan and Albert Chong

Photogrammetry and Laser Scanning Research GroupINFOCOMM Research Alliance, Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)

[email protected]

AbstractHigh Definition Survey (HDS) is a new era in the field of measurement requires a fast data capture

and high level of resolution and accuracy. Currently, HDS-based measurement technology was

incorporated in the laser-based measurement equipments that can provide high resolution

measurement and accuracy up to millimeter level in a short measurement time. This paper shows the

use of HDS technology as a new approach for collecting spatial data of tangible assets in the building.Terrestrial laser scanner Leica C10 was placed at several scanning stations to collect point cloud data

of tangible assets. The collected point cloud data was then registered, merged and modeled by using

Cyclone and Sketch-up software. The 3D model of each tangible asset was then classified as

individual entity and exported to GIS software for asset management application development. The

findings in this research show that the HDS technology is suitable for collecting indoor asset data

due to advantages of the technology which offers fast, high resolution, high accuracy and safety in

capturing the data. This technology is less work when confronted with the assets that made using

glass and dark material. However, this technology is founded to be very effectively used in dark

situations.


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Page | 27

LONG RANGE TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING OF COMPLEX LANDSLIDES

INVESTIGATION: A TECHNOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Khamarrul Azahari Razak1, C S Lim2, Anomaht Aitin2, Rozaimi Che Hasan1, Othman Zainon3, Wan

Abdul Aziz Wan Mohd Akib4

1UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Jalan Semarak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia2GPS Lands (M) Sdn Bhd, Subang Jaya, Selangor

3UTM SPACE, Jalan Semarak, Kuala Lumpur4Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia

AbstractDespite tremendous capability of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has been used in Earth system

sciences, few studies have been carried out to investigate its potential in characterizing the complex

landslides in a tropical environment. This paper provides an overview of modern terrestrial laserscanning covering the planning, data collection and post-processing stages to investigate the complex

landslides in the Gunung Pass, Cameron Highlands. Some functionalities of long range RIEGL

product are critically discussed. Remarkably, this mapping system is superior to the existing

mapping technique implemented in the susceptible areas. We performed an experimental assessment

of terrain data collected by TLS system and reflectorless Total Station at particular location to

quantitatively evaluate the reliability of topographic data across the landslides with an active rate of

activity. As a result, we listed out some recommendations of TLS campaign for tropical landslide

mapping and extended it into a standard operation procedure of ground-based laser scanning system

for acquiring high, accurate and reliable TLS data across the complex tropical landscape in particular

in the rugged mountainous region. We also highlighted the potential of TLS system to be utilized as

major source of geospatial data for mapping, monitoring and modeling of complex tropical

landslides in the near-future.

Keywords: TLS system, SOP TLS campaign, tropical landslides, Gunung Pass


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