SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK PLAN - · PDF fileparticular all lifting appliances and lifting gear....

SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK PLAN(SSWP)

WORKING ON ROADS

PICTOGRAMS

© Copyright The Health and Safety Authority March 2008. All Rights Reserved. “The Health and Safety Authority”, the “HSA” and associated logos are trade marks of The Health and Safety Authority.

Contents

Pictograms Explained...........................4-78

Working on Roads Index ...................79-81

Pictograms ExplainedBefore Work Starts the Following Must Be in Place per the Key Pictures document

SUPERVISIONSupervision, generally by the person in charge (e.g.the General Services Supervisor/Town Foreman), isessential to ensure the activity is completed asplanned, and to a safe system of work.

SAFE PASSAs identified in the Construction Regulations, allpeople engaged in construction work must possessa current Safe Pass card, having successfullycompleted the one-day safe-pass training. SafePass cards must be renewed as appropriate. Proofof such training should be available on site.

PLANT/EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATIONIt is a legal requirement for most constructionplants to be tested and examined regularly, inparticular all lifting appliances and lifting gear.The certificates relating to these must be kept up to date.

CSCSThe Construction Skills Certification Scheme, asprescribed in the Construction Regulations,identifies certain skills on construction sites thatrequire mandatory training. On successfulcompletion of this training, persons are given aCSCS card. CSCS cards must be renewed asappropriate. Proof of such training should beavailable on site.

SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK PLAN (SSWP)

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FÁS

COMMUNICATION/INDUCTIONEvery new contractor or new employee on a siteshould undergo an induction when they first arriveon site. This induction should inform the attendeesabout: site rules and procedures; the arrangementsfor their safety and welfare on site; and who thekey responsible persons (duty holders) are.Emergency plans/procedures should be explainedat inductions (they must also be available inwriting), so that if an incident occurs on site therisk of injury to workers and people in the vicinityis minimised. These measures must also deal withrescue. When developing the emergency plans, it may be necessary to liaise with the localemergency services.Timely and good communication is essential at all times. Clear communication helps to ensurethat tasks are understood and completed in asafe manner.

WC & WASHINGArrangements must be made to provide toiletsand hand-washing facilities on all sites. Thefacility must include a sufficient supply of hot orwarm water and cold running water, toilet tissue,soap and towels. The facility must be convenientlyaccessible and be kept clean and hygienic. Inaddition, it is recommended that anti-bacterialwipes be provided on all sites.For exceptionally short duration work (3 days orless), a nearby convenient facility must be identifiedand the location communicated to the personnelon site. Such facilities may include: local depot;mobile welfare unit (under the control of thecontractor); use of public toilets where it is

WORKING ON ROADS – PICTOGRAMS

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impractical to return to other facilities; and – inlimited circumstances – pre-arranged (preferablyin writing) use of private facilities. Where publicand private toilets are used they need to bereadily accessible to the site, be open at allrelevant times, be at no cost to the employee, beof an acceptable standard in terms of cleanlinessand be provided with hand-washing facilities.Depending on the number of persons at thework place and the duration and nature of thework activity, further arrangements may apply asprescribed in the Construction Regulations.

CANTEEN & SHELTERArrangements must be made to provide a facilityfor workers to take breaks. Minimumrequirements include: a facility for boiling water,seats with backs and tables with impermeablesurfaces. It must be kept in a clean, hygieniccondition, have adequate light, be properlyventilated and not be used for storing buildingmaterials or plant equipment.Depending on the number of persons at thework place and the nature of the work activityfurther arrangements may apply as prescribed inthe Construction Regulations.

DRYING/CHANGINGArrangements must be made to provide an area,separate from the canteen facility, where workerscan change and dry clothes. Depending on the number of persons at thework place and the nature of the work activityfurther arrangements may apply as prescribed inthe Construction Regulations.


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DRINKING WATERAn adequate supply of wholesome drinkingwater must be provided at a convenient point (or points).

FIRST AIDFirst-aid equipment must be provided andmaintained, and be easily accessible. At least onefirst aider should be available if the site-specificRisk Assessment shows that this is necessary. Atrained first aider should generally be availableto all road workers.

PPEThe primary means of protecting the safety andhealth of employees must be measures toeliminate work place risks at source: firstly bytechnical means; secondly by organisationalprovision; and thirdly by collective protectionmeasures. Where these measures are not sufficient,Personal Protective Equipment (additionalprotection to the individual) must be used toprotect against hazards which are unavoidable.


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LIVE TRAFFICThis section deals with some of the key controlsassociated with managing and controlling trafficflow to safeguard workers and members of thepublic from road works. When any work activitynear or on a public road is being planned, trafficand pedestrian (members of the public)management must be considered as part of thedetailed Risk Assessment. As part of thisassessment, where other controls are identified,these must also be planned for and implemented.

LIAISON/GARDAÍAll road activity resulting in road diversions or laneor road closures or changes to road junctions orroad layout may impact on the safety of road userssuch as the emergency services, local residents,farmers and traders. All of these should be madeaware of how the works may affect them. Inparticular the Gardaí must be fully informed ofany intended changes to traffic flows etc. Allarrangements should form part of the site’s trafficmanagement plan.Similarly, in urban areas where construction-related activity is being carried out on or nearexisting street furniture or street lighting,including activity in connection with pavementsetc, the relevant Local Authority, utility companyor responsible company must be made aware ofthe works. Detailed risk assessments – takingaccount of the proximity of live traffic, ofassociated services, and of instability andfoundations, etc – must be carried out. Workpermits outlining necessary safety controls to beused may also be required.


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DIVERSIONA road diversion may be needed so that membersof the public and related traffic do not come closeto the road works. This control should first beconsidered during the design process inconjunction with the Gardaí. A road diversion maysolve some problems, but care needs to be takento ensure that it does not create greater problems.Road diversions need to be meticulously plannedto ensure that the volume and size of trafficdiverted can safely navigate the alternative road.Possible issues include bridge clearances, safepublic/local access, road markings, road surfacesand road width. Adequate road markings,warning signs, etc, should be provided.Arrangements for road diversions should bedetailed in the site’s traffic management plan.

ROAD SIGNAGEChapter 8 of the Department of Transport's TrafficSigns Manual must be referred to. This manualprovides the guiding principles on the use of cones,lane tapering, lane widths, markings, safety zones,signals, signs, etc, for a variety of roadworkscenarios. The guidelines should be implementedsensibly, taking account of special issues at eachwork site (e.g. prevailing sight lines, road surfaces,etc). It is required that the signing, lighting andguarding-works be supervised by a competentperson who has been issued with a valid CSCS card.


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FLAGMAN/STOP-GO MANWhere roadwork activities require the managingof traffic or pedestrians in nearby public areas,trained flagmen (to slow down traffic) or trainedstop-go men (to halt traffic) can be used to ensuresafety. Stop-go men and flagmen must wear high-visibility vests and use approved stop-go signs orflags. Where two stop-go men are required, theymust be able to see each other clearly or be ableto communicate with each other by voice and asnecessary with the appointed works contact man,e.g. use of two-way radio etc.

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PLANWhen planning any roadwork activity on or near apublic road, traffic and pedestrian managementmust be considered as part of the detailed RiskAssessment. As part of this assessment, whereother controls are identified, these must also beplanned for and implemented.All works on public roads have the potential toinvolve a high degree of risk: therefore anappropriate Traffic Management Plan is essential.Where a Traffic Management Plan has beenprepared, the controls detailed in the Plan must beimplemented and monitored, e.g. guarding,lighting and signage.In preparing the Plan, Chapter 8 of theDepartment of Transport’s Traffic Signs Manualmust be referred to.


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TRAFFIC/SPEED CONTROLTraffic-control plans must be prepared to help planand control traffic movement. Measures to controltraffic may include: bollards, flagmen, ramps, stop-go men, stop-go systems, temporary traffic lightsand warning signs. Liaison with local Gardaí maybe necessary. The activity of installing and removing cones, signsand traffic-control systems, should be plannedwith the same care and attention as other aspectsof road works. In carrying out these activities, it isessential to ensure that you can see the traffic andthe traffic can see you.Vehicular speeds must be controlled when passingthrough or in the vicinity of roadwork activities.Speed signs advising drivers of permitted speedsmust be erected and displayed appropriately.Road surfaces and prevailing sight lines must beconsidered when deciding appropriate speeds.

VEHICLE CRASH BARRIERSWhere everyday transport moves close to roadworks, careful segregation must be planned,including the use of vehicle bollards, crash barriers,guardrails, signs, etc. The choice of the appropriateVehicle Crash Barrier must be based on a RiskAssessment. This Risk Assessment should take intoaccount the type and extent of work activity,including construction plant in use, duration ofworks, lines of sight, location, road surface, trafficspeed, traffic volumes, width of road, etc.


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CRASH CUSHION LORRYWhere everyday public transport moves close toroad works, construction personnel and traffic,careful segregation must be planned. The optionof using a Crash Cushion Lorry should beconsidered as part of the Risk Assessment. ThisRisk Assessment should take into account the typeand extent of work activity, including constructionplant in use, duration of works, lines of sight,location, road surface, traffic speed, trafficvolumes, width of road, etc.

SITE/PRIVATE PARKINGVehicles unrelated to construction must be parkedin designated areas away from site traffic.

ERECTING TRAFFIC-CONTROL SIGNSBefore road works or road-related activity isundertaken, traffic-control signs must be erected.These should alert the public to the works aheadand to any change of road layout or diversions.The signage work (erecting a single movable sign,constructing a base and installing, commissioningof large signs, etc) must be carefully planned.Detailed risk assessments should be carried out toensure that adequate controls are implemented(e.g. so that passing vehicles do not pose a risk to workers).


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The activity of installing and removing cones,signs and traffic-control systems should beplanned with the same care and attention asother aspects of road works. In carrying out theseactivities, it is essential to ensure that you can seethe traffic and the traffic can see you.

SURVEYINGBefore any surveying or related type of work isundertaken on live roadways, detailed riskassessments must be prepared to ensure thatadequate controls are implemented (e.g. so thatpassing vehicles do not pose a risk to workers).Suitable warning signs and the use of flagmenshould be considered. Appropriate PPE must beused.

EXAMINATION & INSPECTIONA competent person is required to regularlyexamine and inspect the effectiveness of thecontrols associated with managing and controllingtraffic flows to safeguard workers and members ofthe public at road works. If defects are identifiedor selected controls deemed inadequate, theymust be noted and any resulting remedial worktake place immediately.


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WORKING CLOSE TO THE PUBLICWhere work activity is carried out close to membersof the public, measures should be taken to protectthem.

LIAISONSubject to risk assessment, the safe coordination of site-related and public traffic requires directcommunication between the relevant contractorand local authorities, and where necessary, theemergency services and Gardaí. This liaison in mostcases continues for the duration of the works sothat any changes can be highlighted and knock-onsafety effects can be dealt with in advance. Thesite’s traffic management plan should includethese arrangements.

FENCING/HOARDINGConstruction activity should not present an unduerisk to members of the public, especially to children.Suitable fencing must be used to secure sites. Particularly on street-side works, adequatelydesigned and constructed hoardings should beerected to secure the site work. Arrangementsmust be put in place to ensure that normalpedestrian and public vehicular traffic are not putat undue risk as a result of any changes made.

BARRIERSAll ongoing works – in particular exposedmanholes, street-related activities, openexcavations, etc – must be protected with barriers and identified with warning signs.


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PEDESTRIAN ROUTESWhere members of the public have to access closeto, or around construction work, suitable saferoutes must be provided to protect them.Consideration must also be given to people withdisabilities. Construction debris must be kept clearfrom such public areas. Dust, muck, objects likelyto fall, protruding puncture objects, trip hazards,etc, must be removed. Where reinstatement isrequired, it must be completed without delay.Chapter 8 of the Department of Transport's TrafficSigns Manual should be referred to.

SECURITYOnly authorised people should be allowed ontoconstruction sites. Trained security personnel canhelp to control access.

TRAFFIC CONTROLTraffic-control plans must be prepared, to helpcontrol traffic movement, especially at theentrance and exit of any construction site. Thecontrols required may include the use of: bollards,flagmen, ramps, stop-go men, stop-go systems,temporary traffic lights and warning signs. Liaisonwith local Gardaí may also be necessary. TheDepartment of Transport’s Traffic Signs Manualmust be referred to.


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FLAGMAN/STOP-GO MANWhere construction activity requires the managingof traffic or pedestrians in nearby public areas,trained flagmen (to slow down traffic) or trainedstop-go men (to halt traffic) can be used to ensuresafety. Stop-go men and flagmen must wear high-visibility vests and use approved stop-go signs orflags. Where two stop-go men are required, theymust be able to see each other clearly or be ableto communicate with each other by voice andwhere necessary with the appointed works contactman, e.g. using two-way radio etc.

VEHICLE/PLANT CONTROLLERWhere safe direction is required to be given tooperators of construction and road vehicles,operatives must be appropriately trained, wear the appropriate PPE so that they are readilyidentifiable and as required use only approvedflags, hand signals, signs, etc.

LIGHTINGAdequate lighting must be provided in darkenedareas to prevent people from falling, slipping ortripping or being hit by projecting objects.


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DUST/MUCKExcessive amounts of dust can cause eye andrespiratory irritation, especially in dry conditions.In general, dust and muck represent a nuisance toboth workers and others in the vicinity. All trafficroutes in public areas near construction worksshould be kept clear of muck. To reduce theeffects of air-borne dust, water spraying isrecommended. Where water bowsers drawn bytractors are used, a power-take-off (PTO) guardmust be fitted.

PEDESTRIAN CONTROLLERWhen pedestrians are required to pass adjacentto roadwork activities, the public should beaccompanied or escorted in a safe manner by acompetent person wearing the appropriate PPEthrough the site works to a safe area off site.


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LIFTING OPERATIONS

SELECTION/SUITABILITYBefore any piece of plant is selected and used tocarry out an activity, it must be checked for itssuitability for the task (e.g. accessories available,reach capability, safe working load (SWL), etc).

PLAN LIFT/SWLLifting appliances and lifting gear should never beused to lift beyond their stated safe working load(SWL). This, as assessed by a competent person, isthe maximum load that an item of liftingequipment may raise, lower or suspend under theparticular service conditions.

All lifting operations should be planned to ensurethat they are carried out in a safe manner.Generally a method statement should be preparedin advance of the operation.

LORRY-MOUNTED CRANE/GRABGrab lorries and lorry loaders are increasingly usedon construction sites. Typically the operatorworking the controls of the crane will be standingon a platform directly behind the cab or standingon the ground at the side of the lorry between the


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cab and the lorry body. Many controls are fitted tosafeguard the operator, including emergencystops, stabiliser feet and a fixed guarding placeabout the crane’s control levels to preventinadvertent operations. Sensors may also be fittedto prevent the bucket with load coming into theworking area of the operator. Before liftingoperations, all controls should be checked toensure that they are in place. Should any controlbe malfunctioning or where the controls, includingactuators, do not follow the manufacturer’sspecification, the machine must not be used. Lorryloaders must always stand on firm level ground.Working on sloping ground should be avoided.Grab lorries must only be used to lift bulkmaterials such as earth, gravel and sand. Lift gearmust not be attached unless certified and testedlifting points are provided. All crane operatorsmust be fully trained.

Particular attention must be paid to overhead lineswhen operating grabs or lifting equipmentmounted on lorries.

SLINGER & SIGNALLERA certified slinger and signaller must always beused where loads are lifted and safe direction isgiven to operators of lifting appliances. The slingerand signaller directing a crane’s movements shouldbe easily identifiable to the crane driver (e.g. bythe wearing of uniquely identifiable high-visibilityclothing, and/or the use of radio call signs).


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CHECK LIFTING GEARLifting gear means any gear or cable by which aload can be attached to a lifting appliance. Itincludes chain sling, rope sling, hook, shackle oreye bolt. Before lifting gear is used, it must beexamined to check for safe working load (SWL)and so that defects, which may reduce its capacityto function safely, are repaired. Lifting gear mustbe appropriately certified prior to use.

EXCLUSION ZONEAs a general rule, persons should not be workingunder an area where loads are being lifted orwithin the working radius of the jib. People shouldbe kept a safe distance from working plant;barriers should be used where possible.

EXAMINATION & INSPECTIONA competent person is required to examine andinspect statutory plant and equipment. Defectsmust be noted and, if defective, plant should berepaired immediately, or be replaced. A report ofthe inspection/examination must be recorded.Refer to the Safety Health and Welfare at Work(General Application) Regulations.


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PLANT & EQUIPMENT

SELECTION/SUITABILITY Before any piece of plant is selected and used tocarry out an activity, it must be checked for itssuitability for the task, e.g. accessories available,boom length, reach capability, safe working loads(SWLs), etc.

VIBRATION CONTROLS/SERVICE/DURATIONWhen construction plant such as bulldozers,dumpers, rollers, etc are being bought or used,consideration must be given to the potential risksto workers from vibration emissions. Whole-bodyvibration means that type of mechanical machinevibration which, when transmitted to the wholebody, entails risk to the safety and health ofemployees – in particular lower-back morbidityand trauma of the spine. Where there is or there islikely to be exposure to mechanical vibration asuitable and appropriate Risk Assessment must becarried out. Measures that may be taken to reducesuch exposure might include: provision of auxiliaryequipment (handles, seats etc); clothing to protectagainst cold and damp; selection of alternativeequipment and methods; equipment maintenanceprogrammes; information; training; limitation ofduration; rest periods; and work design.


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REVERSE WARNING DEVICES With plant that has restricted visibility, andparticularly during reversing operations, suitablewarning devices or sight-seeing devices – such asan audible warning, CCTV, convex mirrors, flashingbeacons, etc – must be fitted in compliance withcurrent legislation, typically to allow vision fromthe driver’s seat of all points more than 1 metrehigh and 1 metre from the machine at each sideand to the rear of the driver.

LOCKING ATTACHMENTSAncillary equipment used in connection with anyconstruction plant must be secured at all times(e.g. quick hitch with bucket or rock breaker toexcavator etc). This may require the insertion oflocking pins, to prevent inadvertent dropping ofthe attachment.

ROLL OVER PROTECTION/NO PASSENGERS A Roll Over Protection System (ROPS) is designedto reduce the possibility of a seat-belted operatorbeing crushed should the machine roll over. Failureto provide a ROPS on earth-moving machinery canlead to serious injury or death for the operator. Allroll over protection must be manufactured to therecognised European Standard, with the Standardnumber clearly marked and prominently locatedon the roll-over bars. This label should be of apermanent type and permanently attached to thestructure. The label should hold the followingdetails: name and address of ROPS manufacturer;


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ROPS Identification number (if any); MachineMake/Model that ROPS is suited to; Machine Massthat ROPS is designed for; and other informationas deemed appropriate. If your ROPS does nothave this label and information attached youshould contact the supplier immediately.

Generally, only the person who controls thevehicle should occupy construction plant, i.e. oneseat fitted by the manufacturer, one person. Suchplant must not be used to give lifts about the siteto others.

SEAT BELTS Where seat belts are fitted they must be worn. In the event of an overturn they can save lives.

PTO GUARD & ACCESS STEPS Agricultural tractors are often used on site. Wherethe power-take-off (PTO) shaft is used to transmitpower to a towed accessory, the joining PTO shaftand its couplings must be fully guarded. The operating cabs of most construction plant arein a raised position. Where access is by a series ofsteps, with handhold points, such steps should bekept in good condition (e.g. a build-up of dirt anddebris could cause tripping). Where damaged,steps should be repaired without delay.


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HEDGE/GRASS CUTTINGThis describes the cutting of hedges and grass.Hedge cutting may be done using a tractor-mounted trimmer, an electric hand trimmer or amanual shears. The hazards associated with eachmethod differ and the controls put in place witheach must be appropriate to the method used andthe location where the trimming is being done(e.g. on a narrow winding road with no verge or ina public park). Grass cutting may also beundertaken with a variety of equipment, includingan electric trimmer, an ordinary lawnmower, a ride-on mower or a tractor with a mower attachment,and again the controls must reflect the equipmentbeing used and the specific location.All cutting equipment and accessories must beattached by competent persons, must be free fromdefects and must be suitable for their purpose. Allmoving parts and blades must be suitably guarded.Persons must be excluded from the cutting anddebris fly area. Warning signs and, as required,traffic and pedestrian management measures mustbe implemented.

SAFE PARKINGAll construction plant and equipment should beparked in a safe area when not in use. The handparking brake must always be engaged when thecab of any site vehicle, including those of cementmixers, delivery lorries, etc, is vacated. Buckets,lifting gear, loads, etc should also be lowered tothe ground and keys should be removed from theignition and stored safely. If you have to park ona slope, additional precautions may be required,such as chocking the wheels.


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TRAFFIC/SPEED CONTROLTraffic-control plans must be prepared to helpplan, control and manage site traffic movement.Measures to control traffic may include: bollards,cordoning/taping off, flagmen, ramps,segregation, stop-go men, stop-go systems,temporary traffic lights and warning signs.

The activity of installing and removing cones,signs, and traffic-control systems should beplanned with the same care and attention as otheraspects of road works. In carrying out theseactivities it is essential to ensure that you can seethe traffic and the traffic can see you.

Site vehicle speeds must be controlled, especially inthe vicinity of other vehicles and pedestrians.Speed signs advising drivers of permitted speedsmust be erected and displayed appropriately.

For additional information refer to Chapter 8 of theDepartment of Transport's Traffic Signs Manual.

PEDESTRIAN ROUTEAll pedestrians – whether they are workers on siteor members of the public – should be kept awayfrom construction plant operations. Dedicated andclearly identified pedestrian routes should be usedwhere necessary and this measure should formpart of the site’s traffic management plan.

Chapter 8 of the Department of Transport’s TrafficSigns Manual should be referred to.


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ROAD PLANER Road Planers and all other civil engineering plantwith built-in elevated equipment that includesconveyors can be hazardous. Such plants requireon-going maintenance to ensure they are in a safeworking condition. Pinch, entrapment, fall pointsand any areas where materials can be ejected mustalways be protected by guarding to prevent injuryto users or people nearby. Ladders, walkways andsafety rails should be maintained in good conditionto eliminate the risk of falls. When operatingPlaners close to overhead lines, precautions mustbe taken to ensure that no part of the Planer orany person on the Planer comes within the arcingdistance. Personnel operating such plant mustreceive training in their use.

KERBING MACHINESlip kerbing machines with built-in conveyors canbe hazardous. Such plants require on-goingmaintenance to ensure they are in a safe workingcondition. Pinch, entrapment, fall points and anyareas where materials can be ejected must alwaysbe protected by guarding to prevent injury tousers or people nearby. Ladders, walkways andsafety rails should be maintained in good conditionto eliminate the risk of falls. All such vehicles mustbe fitted with adequate lights and appropriateemergency stop buttons. Personnel operating suchplant must receive training in their use.


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DUMPER All dumper trucks should possess side mirrors,flashing beacons and audible reversing alarms. Mostarticulated dumpers will require CCTV to the rear.

ROCK BREAKERRock breaking involves applying heavy blows to a point either hydraulically or pneumatically. To prevent flying debris entering the cab it isrecommended that the cab be fitted with aprotective cage. When this method is used,regular inspections must be carried out to ensurethat vibration has not caused deterioration instability in the surrounding areas. Prior to use,the assembled machine must be inspected by acompetent person, to ensure that the attachmentis secure and that all connections are fittedcorrectly and are free from defects.

360 EXCAVATOR Excavators can be used as cranes when liftinggear is attached to the machine at a specificallydesigned locating point. To carry out such tasks,the excavator will normally have check valves(non-return valves) fitted to the main boom anddipper arm’s lifting cylinders. This is to ensurethat in the event of a hydraulic or motor failureno part of the equipment will suddenly fall. TheSWL for the excavator-lifting gear configurationshould be the same at all radii, and should notexceed the load which the machine is designed tolift in its least stable configuration. Before theexcavator is first used as a crane, a competentperson must prepare a certificate.


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Inspect all quick-disconnect systems for buckets etcto ensure that all locking pins are in place. Prior toinitial use and at least once a day thereafter checkthat all machine systems and operating controlsare functioning correctly.

Where the operator’s visibility is restrictedappropriate auxiliary devices, which may includeCCTV, convex mirrors, flashing beacon andmovement alarm, must be fitted.

180 EXCAVATOR Operators must possess the appropriate trainingcertification as prescribed in the ConstructionRegulations. The machine must be set up safelywhen digging: the hand parking brake must beengaged, direction levers must be in neutral, frontbucket lowered, machine level, stabilizers droppedappropriately to the ground and all wheels mustbe off the ground.

Where the operator’s visibility is restrictedappropriate auxiliary devices, which may includeconvex mirrors, flashing beacon and reversingalarm, must be fitted.

VEHICLE RECOVERY If any vehicle gets into difficulty on site, backactors, excavator booms, lifting arms, etc, shouldnot be used to pull the vehicle free (unless thismight prevent injury or death). Only appropriateplant should be used to rescue vehicles, and itshould be done from an approved towing point.


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PROXIMITY TO PUBLIC Construction operations must not interfere with,or obstruct, members of the public. Securefencing (e.g. hoarding), and where necessarysecurity personnel, should be used.

ATV (ALL TERRAIN VEHICLES)All drivers of ATVs should be provided withadequate training. Training should emphasise thefact that the ATV is a piece of work equipment,and stress the importance of driver care andconcentration, awareness of dangerous drivingconditions and the factors that affect vehiclestability. Operators must take note ofmanufacturer’s instructions regarding the use ofATV’s both on and off road, particularly thoserelating to turning at speed as well as driving onslopes and rough terrain. Plan the use of ATVscarefully and take particular note of variations inground conditions and gradient. Head protectionmeeting the appropriate European Standard(open-face motorcycle/ATV helmet with half visor)should be worn by the operator. Remember thatincreasing the ATV road speed increases vehicleinstability and the risk of the ATV overturning.

EXCLUSION ZONE As a general rule, persons should not be workingwithin the working radius of an excavator boom.People should be kept a safe distance away fromworking plant and barriers should be used wherepossible.


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NO TIPPING/OH LINES (OVERHEAD LINES) The operation and movement of plant andequipment under and close to overhead lines canbe dangerous. Where the cables are live, suitableand appropriate measures must be put in place toensure that construction plant or loads do nottouch or come within the arcing distance of theoverhead lines. Typically, warning goal posts withassociated signs should be erected a safe distanceeither side of the lines. Any passing plant mustonly access under the lines via the goal posts. Theexposed lengths of the overhead lines must beguarded from unapproved access.

In circumstances where the erection of goal postsis not feasible, other equivalent measures basedon detailed specific written Risk Assessment carriedout by a competent person must be implemented.These measures may include a combination of:electronic or electromechanical limiters; linediversion; line insulation; line switch-out; No-Tipzones; warning notices; clear instruction of plantdrivers in parallel with supervision by a competentsignaller, etc. Refer to the ‘Code of Practice forAvoiding Danger from Overhead Electricity Lines’for further information.

The operators of tipping vehicles and high-reachmachines must pay particular attention tooverhead lines, and always remain at a safedistance from them.


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STRIMMINGThe area to be strimmed must be risk assessedprior to the work starting, taking into account allhazards present such as proximity to falls,services, traffic, trenches, water, etc. Slope of anybanks to provide adequate foot hold needs to beconsidered. The work area should be restricted sothat only authorised persons, wearing adequatePPE are present. Adequate lighting must beprovided and appropriate advance warning signsdisplayed.

BURNERS/BOILERSMany road coatings and materials such asasphalt, bitumen and macadam must be heatedor boiled before application. Care must be takento avoid breathing in the fumes released duringthe working of hot asphalt, bitumen andmacadam. Prolonged exposure to these fumesmay damage health. Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) forLiquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) and the coatingmaterials (e.g. asphalt, bitumen, line-markingmaterials, etc) should be available to eachcoatings crew. Handling and storage precautionsoutlined in these SDSs must be adhered to.Workers should be provided with coveralls,protective gauntlets and goggles to protect theirclothing, skin and eyes from splatter. Boots wornshould be resistant to bitumen penetration.


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The burners/boilers are normally vehicle-mounted,many on special-purpose vehicle carriers (e.g. forlaying a hot-rolled asphalt-wearing course). Theboilers and LPG cylinders must at all times besecured. All associated controls, pipework, valvesand gas-burner heating units should be regularlyinspected and maintained in good working order.Only one person should be permitted to operatethe spray bar during operations. The gas systemon bitumen sprayers should have a built-in flame-failure device to ensure that gas is automaticallycut off if the flame is extinguished. Bitumenboilers should be kept at least three metres fromthe cylinders. A suitable fire extinguisher must beavailable on each machine.

The sprayer driver and spray-bar operator shouldbe aware of how to cut off the gas supply in theevent of an emergency. Smoking must beprohibited in the working area. Lance operators,particularly in windy conditions, should wear faceprotection.

Operators involved in burning off road markingsmust wear the appropriate PPE for the task. Highpressure water jetting may be considered as analternative to Hot Compressed Air Lance for lineremoval.

Measures must be put in place to ensure that allvehicles not involved in the work activity are kepta safe distance from this work.


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HOT COMPRESSED AIR LANCEPersons operating this equipment must be fullytrained and be familiar with its operation and thepotential hazards. When in operation these unitsmaintain very high temperatures, so extremecaution must be used as severe burns can result ifused improperly. The Lance must not be leftunattended or left running and must not be setdown or placed on flammable materials until ithas cooled down. Regular checks must be carriedout to ensure that the units are assembledcorrectly and maintained regularly. Because of the heat and noise of the hot air lance,eye and hearing protection are advised.

SLINGER & SIGNALLERA certified slinger and signaller must always beused where loads are lifted and safe direction isgiven to operators of lifting appliances. The slingerand signaller directing a crane’s movements shouldbe easily identifiable to the crane driver (e.g. bythe wearing of uniquely identifiable high-visibilityclothing, and/or the use of radio call signs).

SAFE DRIVINGDriving and using construction plant safely requiresoperators who are competent and trained for thetask. Any lapse in concentration could cause anaccident. Drivers and operators must not bedistracted from their task: thus anyone operatingplant should not use a mobile phone. Similarly,where a seat with seat belt is provided for safeoperation of plant, drivers should not drive oroperate the plant from a standing position.Operators should only operate plant as trained and as specified by the manufacturers.


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COMPOUND/PLANT SECURITY A designated area should be fenced off for storingconstruction plant and materials, and for parkingvehicles. At the end of the day the compoundmust be secured to prevent unauthorised access.Where plant is remote from a secured compound,alternative measures must be put in place toprevent unauthorised access.

NUCLEAR DENSITY TESTINGThe Nuclear Density Test is used in the qualitycontrol of road building and road repair, andmeasures the moisture and density of thematerials used. Prior to using the gauge you mustassess the risks of exposure to ionizing radiationboth to employees and other people: this is toensure that all radiation exposure is kept withinthe limits allowable. Establish a controlled area inwhich to carry out the test. Ensure all users areadequately trained in the use of the gauge. It isalso important to ensure that the gauge and itsfeatures are properly maintained and tested asappropriate. After use, the gauge should be storedin a secure location.

EXAMINATION & INSPECTION A competent person is required to examine andinspect statutory plant and equipment. Defectsmust be noted and, if defective, plant should berepaired immediately, or be replaced. A report ofthe inspection/examination should be recorded.Refer to the Safety Health and Welfare at Work(General Application) Regulations.


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HAND TOOLS

SELECTION/SUITABILITY Before any electrically powered hand-operatedtool or other hand-held equipment is selected andused to carry out a work activity, it must be checkedfor its suitability for the task, e.g. condition, size,voltage rating, etc. When hand-operated powertools such as drills, grinders and saws are beingbought or used, consideration must be given to thepotential risks to workers from vibration emissions.

VOLTAGEAll portable electric tools must be rated at 110V orless, unless its rating exceeds 2 kilovolt amperes.

CABLE CHECK/PROTECTION Before using any electric appliance on site,including use of transformers and extension reels,the cables and connectors attached must beexamined to ensure that such components arenot damaged as regards conductance, insulation,mechanical strength, protection, etc, so as toprevent danger.Trailing electric cables, which would be at risk ofbeing damaged because of their position, must beprotected from such damage, or else should beplaced in a safe location.


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GUARDS Many hand/portable tools have rotating shafts andcomponents, while because of their applicationothers will emit fragments, including dust andsparks. Such tools must have suitable guards fitted,e.g. circular saw guards, PTO shaft guards etc.

GENERATORS OUTSIDE Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colourless, odourless,toxic gas which interferes with the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood; it is non-irritatingand can overcome persons without warning.Many people die from CO poisoning while usinggenerators in buildings or semi-enclosed spaceswithout adequate ventilation. To avoid the ‘silentkiller’, petrol and diesel-driven generators mustalways be used outdoors to avoid the deadlyeffects of the build-up of CO from exhaust gases,e.g. in site offices and depots. Ensure thegenerator has at least 1 metre of clear space onall sides and 1 metre above it to ensure adequateventilation. If you experience symptoms of COpoisoning get to fresh air right away and seekimmediate medical attention. Also, all otherpetrol and diesel driven vehicles must not beallowed to run in enclosed spaces. Similarly, it isrecommended that flame heaters, e.g. Superser-type gas heaters, should not be used on site.


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COMPRESSOR & WHIP CHECKS Compressors must be maintained and servicedregularly. All connections and flexible hosing mustbe in good condition and replaced if damaged. Allguards must be secured before starting, so that norotating pulleys or belts are exposed. ‘Whipchecks’ (safety clips) should be used at connectionson all pneumatic hose lines. This control preventsthe hose from ‘whipping around’ in the event ofthe connection failing. The safety clips must all beinspected prior to the compressor being turned on.Alternatively, automatic cut-off valves may be used.

JACK HAMMER/VIBRATION CONTROLSHand-arm vibration means that type of mechanicalvibration which, when transmitted to the humanhand-arm system, entails risk to the health ofemployees, in particular of vascular, joint,neurological or muscular disorders. Where there isor there is likely to be exposure to mechanicalvibration from compactor plates, jack hammers,kangos, etc, a suitable and appropriate RiskAssessment must be carried out. Measures thatmay be taken to reduce such exposure may includeselection of clothing to protect against cold anddamp, alternative equipment and methods,equipment maintenance programmes, information,limitation of duration, rest periods, training andwork design.


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DUST SUPPRESSION Tools and equipment which generate dust or fumeclouds should be fitted with appropriate extractionand/or wetting aids.

CHAIN SAW Chain saws must only be used by trained people.The saws must be regularly maintained and keptin good working order. The many safety featuressuch as guards and chain brake should be checkedbefore each use. All guards must be in place at alltimes. Appropriate PPE must be used.

CON SAW/ABRASIVE WHEELS Only trained persons must use abrasive wheelssuch as con saws and road saws. Before use, avisual check on the machine or tool should becarried out, the guard must be properly adjustedand the appropriate PPE must be used. Themaximum operating speed marked on the wheelmust not be exceeded. Only a trained andappropriately nominated person can changewheels.


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EXCAVATIONExcavations and trenches more than 1.25m deepcan cause serious accidents in the event of one orboth sides collapsing. This can result in burial orcrushing of workers.

BATTER BACK‘Battering back’ means that the sides of thetrench are sloped back to a safe angle. Thismakes the sides of the excavation stable andprevents collapse.

TRENCH BOXA Trench Box is a proprietary support system.Trench supports can be put in place withoutpeople having to enter the excavation. When it is in place, people can work safely inside theTrench Box.

SHEET PILINGSteel sheet piles are widely used for bothtemporary works (e.g. excavations and cofferdams)and permanent works (e.g. supporting ground orwater loads by use in retaining, quay and riverwalls). Designed to resist lateral loading, they arenormally driven to form a set of interlocking pilesin a panel. Pile driving and pile extraction areboth hazardous. Only competent and experiencedcontractors should undertake such work. Specialisthammers used must be inspected before use andbe maintained in good order. Sheet piles are usedparticularly for deep excavations where space isrestricted (e.g. on or close to streets and busyroads).


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SHORINGShoring gives temporary support to the walls of atrench. Sheeting is placed along the walls of thetrench; both vertical and horizontal props supportthe length of the excavation exposed. Severaltypes of proprietary shoring systems are available,including hydraulic waling frames, manholeshores, slide-rail systems and trench/drag boxes(see above). Traditional ground-support systems –timber boards supported by timber waling andstruts or by steel trench sheeting, or sheet piling(see above) supported by timber or steel walingsand struts – can also be used. Only a competentperson who has completed a thorough RiskAssessment should choose the system to use.

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSIf contaminated water, sewage or any othercontamination has to be removed from anexcavation or similar, an Environmental RiskAssessment should be carried out to ensure that,during the pumping process, untreated orcontaminated material does not re-enter theground water. This assessment should assess thelikelihood of such harmful emissions or dischargesso that suitable controls may be implemented toeliminate the risk.

BACK FILLBack Filling is the re-instatement and making safeof the excavation. It must be carried outimmediately after the support systems are removed.Stop blocks should be used to alert drivers ofvehicles (dumpers, lorries, teleporters, etc) whenthey are approaching the side of the excavation.


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If such vehicles come too close to the excavation,they could roll into it or undermine its bank.

SPOIL BACKAll material removed from an excavation shouldbe stored away from the excavation to preventloose materials falling back in.

CHOCKA chock or a stop block is a block (e.g. sleeper)that prevents a vehicle from approaching too closeto the side of an excavation, which otherwisecould cause the sides of the excavation to collapseor itself roll into the excavation.

NO UNDERMININGBefore excavating, the adjacent area should bechecked to ensure that the excavation work willnot cause other structures to become unstable orcollapse. Underpinning and propping may berequired to stabilise such structures beforeexcavation work begins.

The relevant Local Authority, utility company orresponsible company must be made aware of theworks, particularly in urban areas whereexcavation related activity is being carried out onor near existing street furniture, street lighting orboundary walls, including activity in relation tothe maintenance and upgrading of pavements


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etc. Detailed risk assessments, taking account ofthe proximity of any anchoring, foundations,structural instability, etc, must be carried out.Resulting controls may include: getting detaileddrawings from the utility company or LocalAuthority to include services; using props andsupports; segregating the street furniture from thesite and the public; ensuring that working plantis kept away from the protected structure, etc.

LADDERS/ACCESS/EGRESS Workers must be able to get in and out ofexcavations safely. Generally, ladder access is used.Landing areas should be kept free of obstruction.All ladders must be secured to prevent slipping orsliding, and must allow for safe access and egress.

Designated pedestrian walkways must be in placeto separate site traffic from people entering orleaving excavations.

EXCLUSION ZONE As a general rule, people should not work withinthe working radius of an excavator boom. Theyshould be kept at a safe distance from workingplant. Barriers should be used where possible.


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BARRIERSSuitable barriers should be placed aroundexcavations when work is in progress; typically, thebarrier should be set and secured a safe distancefrom the crown (leading edge) of the excavation,e.g. 2 metres (decided on by a competent person). At the end of each day, these barriers shouldcompletely surround the excavation and be strongand high enough to prevent people falling intothe excavation.

COVERS Generally in combination with barriers, covers (e.g.steel plates) should be placed over excavations.These should be appropriately secured and strongenough to prevent persons from falling through.

PUMPING Water build-up in excavations should be removedwith pumps to prevent flooding. Such pumps mustbe maintained in good working order, and besited on firm ground at a safe distance from thecrown of the excavation, so that they will notundermine the banks of the excavation or put theperson operating the pump at risk from fallinginto the excavation.


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SAFE STACKINGPipes and other materials should be stacked in asafe manner, with wedges, to prevent pipes andother materials from falling or rolling on topeople. Large circular sections (such as manholesections) should be stored on the flat and not ontheir circular sides.

PROPPINGExcavations should be adequately propped toprevent the collapse of the walls or ceiling of the excavation.

LIGHTINGAdequate lighting must be afforded to personsaccessing and working in darkened areas toprevent workers falling, slipping, tripping, orbeing hit by projecting objects.

EXAMINATION & INSPECTIONA competent person should inspect excavationsat least once a day. The support systems andground conditions should be examined and anyremedial work should take place immediately. A report of the inspection must be recorded andsubsequently stored.


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FALLS & FALLING OBJECTS

RISK ASSESS Every work activity on site needs to be riskassessed, to identify potential hazards (e.g. workat height, work with live electricity, hazardouschemicals or at height manual handling, etc). Ifthere is risk of injury, appropriate controls must beput in place. If the hazard cannot be eliminated,the risk must be reduced as far as possible.

SCAFFOLDING Where it is possible, scaffold platforms should beused as working platforms for all work at height.The scaffold platform must be designed, plannedand subsequently erected by fully trainedpersonnel, in accordance with all relevantLegislation, Codes of Practice and manufacturer’sinstructions. Scaffolds should include dedicatedladder-access bays, and where required, properlyconstructed loading bays. Hand-Over Certificatesand the use of relevant signage (e.g. capacity ofloading bays), are recommended.


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WORKING PLATFORMWorking platforms are locations and areas forcarrying out construction at height safely. It istaken to mean a work area that providesprotection and prevents the worker falling to alower level. Generally, the term ‘working platform’is used to refer to scaffold platforms, but wherescaffolds cannot be erected, it can also refer toother safe platforms such as Mobile ElevatingWork Platforms (MEWPs), scaffold towers etc.

In considering whether a platform is suitable forwork at height, employers need to ensure that itis: wide enough to allow safe passage and safe useof equipment and materials; free from trip hazardsor gaps through which persons or materials couldfall; fitted with suitable toe-boards and handrailsunless it is not reasonably practicable to use themand the risk of injury from a fall is low; kept cleanand tidy (e.g. do not allow mortar and debris tobuild up on platforms); and not loaded so as togive rise to a risk of collapse or to any deformationthat could affect its safe use. This is particularlyrelevant to blockwork loaded on trestles: erect onfirm level ground to ensure equipment remainsstable during use.

TRESTLE PLATFORM Trestle platforms are work platforms generallyused for work at lower levels than scaffolds.While taking into account the scope and durationof low level works, to prevent falls from trestleplatforms likely to result in personal injury,measures must be put in place to avoid such falls.


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Generally, such measures will include: securedefect free structure; firm, level footings; fullyboarded, handrails, mid-rails and toe-boards; safeaccess/egress; no overloading; and reasonablestandards of cleanliness and tidiness. Othermeasures include the requirement of competentpersons to erect them and the training andinstruction of users.

Trestle platforms should not be used close toleading edges or to span open holes.

EDGE PROTECTION Persons must not be at risk from falling throughopenings or over edges. All persons accessing orworking at or close to openings that could lead tosuch falls must be protected and guarded fromfalls, including protection from falling off stairs.Such measures must include barriers, handrails,mid-rails, toe-boards, etc.

MEWP (Mobile Elevating Work Platform) A boom hoist, which has an extendable foldingboom with cage attached, can be used for work atheight if the ground conditions are suitable. Boomhoists can also be used to enable access to remoteareas. Selection must be based on suitability forthe task. The manufacturer’s guidelines for safeuse must be followed fully. Only competent andtrained operators should control the movement ofthese hoists. Other vehicles should be strictlycontrolled in the vicinity of hoists.


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Scissors Lifts, which can extend to significantheights using hydraulic scissors movement, may beused where scaffold platforms are not possible.Selection must be based on suitability for the task,with particular attention given to the groundconditions and the assessment by a competentperson that manufacturer’s guidelines for safe usecan be followed fully. Only competent and trainedoperators should operate them.

SAFE LADDER All ladders, including step ladders, must be:carefully selected for each task: carefully tied; ofcorrect length; free from patent defects; set atthe correct angle; and, where necessary, footed.Ladders must be controlled and checkedfrequently to ensure they are fit to use.

TIE LADDER All ladders must be tied or footed so that, when inuse, they will not slip or slide.

OPEN HOLES All ground openings, manhole openings, etc, assoon as they are created, must be guarded toprevent falls. Usually the opening is surroundedwith visible guard rails and toe-boards that areanchored and fixed securely. Where openings are covered, the covers (e.g.manhole covers) must be of adequate strength


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and size and be firmly fixed in position. Thesecovers may also identify what they are covering(e.g. a floor opening) so they will not beinadvertently removed. Excavated openingsshould be backfilled as soon as possible.

PROPPING Propping is any temporary structure used tosupport a permanent structure while it is not self-supporting. Propping is required during theconstruction stages of a project to give temporarysupport to prevent collapse due to overloading ofstructural components during the building andinstallation works. The responsible contractormust ensure that the correct number of props isinstalled and each correctly done, and that theunits are supported as indicated on theconstruction drawings. Load bearing connections,including use of angle brackets and bolts, mustbe as specified by the design with regard to themanufacturer’s specifications, and bolts must beof suitable size and inserted to the requireddepth to the designed centre distances.

WEATHER Adverse weather, such as high winds and ice, canlead to unsafe working conditions. In high windsor icy weather, it may be necessary to cease workat height in exposed areas. Also, in high windconditions loose materials may need to be removedor tied down, to prevent them blowing or falling. In hot sunny weather, sun protection must beconsidered, as well as the provision of drinkingwater to prevent dehydration.


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WARNING SIGNSWarning signboards must be used across the siteto alert workers or others when they areapproaching high-risk areas (e.g. exclusion zones,leading edges and openings). Supplementarysignboards should also be used to convey safetyinformation (e.g. deep excavation). Signs must beplaced at an appropriate location, and be assufficiently clear and unambiguous as to make itpossible for all workers and people on site tounderstand them. Signs should always be compliedwith. Members of the public approachingconstruction work must be given advance warning,particularly where specific hazards exist. Refer tothe Safety Health and Welfare at Work (GeneralApplication) Regulations.

SEWERS/CULVERTS/MAINS ELECTRICITY & GASBefore any road works commence, it is necessaryto ensure that existing services such as sewers,electricity and gas are secured, so that they donot pose a risk to workers or people in thevicinity as a consequence of the works beingundertaken. Adequate measures must be takento protect workers.

SERVICE SUPPLIER (e.g. ESB, Bord Gáis)Where road works are to begin, and services areunknown, the relevant utility company must becontacted to obtain drawings and advice on theposition of underground and overhead services.


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DIVERT/OFFBefore work begins near overhead lines,underground cables, gas services or otherunderground services, the relevant utilitycompany must be asked to divert the serviceaway from the work zone, or if necessary toswitch off or stop the service temporarily, toallow work to proceed safely.

SURVEY MAPBefore work is to commence, a drawing of theunderground services should be procured andtheir positions then marked out to identify themto personnel on the road works.

DETECT & MARKBefore the ground is broken, the area should bescanned with a detector to verify the position ofany services. Any variations identified should benoted on the drawings. The position of theservice must be carefully marked, to ensure thatsubsequent work does not come into contactwith it.

PERMIT TO WORKTo ensure that appropriate controls are rigidlyadhered to when high-risk work (e.g. enteringconfined spaces) is being carried out, a permit-to-work system should be used. This ensures that works do not begin until all the safety andenvironmental controls are in place, and signed off.


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HAND DIGMechanical cutting or digging at or close tounderground services is generally not permittedexcept in limited circumstances and only under strictsupervision. Such services are normally uncovered ormade visible by controlled hand digging, tominimise the risk of cutting or puncturing theservice. However, care should be taken during handdigging, as this can also result in cutting servicesand exposing live conductors. Normally, only whenall lines are clearly visible should mechanicaldigging commence. Consideration may also begiven to having a representative of the relevantutility company present when work takes placeclose to underground services.

OVERHEAD LINES The operation and movement of plant andequipment under and close to overhead lines canbe dangerous. Overhead conductors shouldalways be considered to be live unless there isboth written and physical proof to the contrary.Where the cables are live, suitable andappropriate measures must be put in place toensure that construction plant or loads do nottouch or come within the arcing distance of theoverhead lines. Typically, warning goal posts withassociated signs should be erected a safe distanceeither side of the lines. Any passing plant mustonly access under the lines via the goal posts. Theexposed lengths of the overhead lines must beguarded from unapproved access. In circumstances where the erection of goal postsis not feasible, other equivalent measures basedon detailed specific written Risk Assessment carried


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out by a competent person must be implemented.Only a competent person can decide on thesemeasures, which may include a combination of:electronic or electromechanical limiters; linediversion; line insulation; line switch-out; No-Tipzones; warning notices; clear instruction of plantdrivers in parallel with supervision by a competentsignaller, etc. Refer to the ‘Code of Practice forAvoiding Danger from Overhead Electricity Lines’for further information. The operators of tipping vehicles and high-reachmachines must pay particular attention tooverhead lines, and always remain at a safedistance from them.

BARRIERSWhere services have been uncovered or made visible,and remain visible or are insufficiently backfilled,suitable barriers should be erected at a sufficientdistance around the service area to protect and warndrivers of plant and others of the danger.

NO FLAMESGas is highly flammable. Flame or any sources ofignition (sparks, static electricity etc) must be keptaway from live gas.

GAS BOTTLE STORAGEGas bottles must always be stored upright andchained to prevent inadvertent falling.


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WORKING CLOSE TO WATER

EDGE PROTECTIONSuitable handrails must be provided whereappropriate if work close to water takes place.

WORKING PLATFORMWhen work is taking place in or over water, asuitable working platform must be provided. Such platforms must be secured, be fully boarded,have edge protection and safe means of accessand egress.

SAFETY LINE/GRAB LINEWorkers who need to go close to the edge ofwater may be attached to a safety line.Safety ropes and lines may be erected close to theshore and downstream so that if anyone falls intothe water he or she can grab the line and pullhimself or herself to the shore.

PERSONAL FLOTATION DEVICEAnyone working close to or over water shouldwear personal flotation devices such as aninflatable life jacket. Such devices should beproperly stored, inspected and serviced.


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LIFE RINGIf work takes place near water, workable liferings must be available at the water’s edge.

BOATA rescue boat should be readily available if workover water takes place.

FALL ARREST & RESCUEFall-arrest harnesses with lanyards or retractablereel systems used with suitable anchorages mayhelp protect workers who go over or close towater. A rescue plan must accompany any use offall-arrest equipment.

DIVINGDiving at work covers a wide range of activitiesincluding: diving instruction by a professionalinstructor; deep saturation diving in the offshoreoil and gas industry; and underwater inspection orrepair (e.g. harbour works, laying pipelines orcables). Divers may perform a variety of tasksincluding: carpenting, cleaning, cutting, guniting,repairing and welding work. Diving is a high-hazard activity but the risk can be significantlyreduced if regulations are adhered to and goodwork practices are adopted.


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Divers and the diving crew must be fullycompetent, by way of recognised training, toundertake particular work activities. Divers shouldhave a suitable commercial diving qualificationand current diving medical certificate. Allassociated equipment must be regularly inspected,tested and maintained, to strict schedules.Standards governing diving and diving equipmentmust be used, together with any relevant codes ofpractice. Relevant laws must be complied with.Recognised diving controls include having theappropriate: dive plan, dive team, adequateemergency plans (incorporating access torecompression facilities), full face mask, lifeline,availability of medical oxygen, secondary supply ofbreathing air and voice communication.

COFFERDAMA cofferdam is a temporary dam formed usingsheet piles, which enables construction on the dryside below water level. For work below 10 metresa caisson may be needed. Detailed methodstatements and risk assessments must be preparedand communicated to all workers involved.

PLATFORM & CRANE (PONTOON)A pontoon is a floating vessel, usually flat-bottomed, used as a working platform on water.All plant and equipment carried on pontoons mustbe adequately secured, to prevent inadvertentmovement. A crane should have its tracks securelylashed with chains or equivalent. At the end of ashift the crane’s jib should be dropped and lashed.As a working platform it must be completed withedge protection and adequate welfare facilities, etc.


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SUBSTANCES

STORAGE/LABELSDangerous substances are used on a daily basis inconstruction work and come in many forms (e.g.fuels, weedkillers etc). Some of these substancesare more toxic than others, but all of them, ifmishandled, consumed or crossed into the bodywill cause harm, serious illness or worse. Safetyinformation is contained on the label ofdangerous substances. It is important to read thelabel. If you cannot understand the languageused, ensure that the relevant safety informationis fully explained to you.

When transferring chemicals from one containerto another, it is very important to ensure that bothcontainers are labelled correctly, stating what is init. This ensures that the next person who picks upthe container is fully aware of what it contains.

Dangerous substances should not be leftunlabelled, lying around or exposed, but must besecured correctly in appropriately labelled,approved containers and immediately stored incontrolled storage lock ups, in accordance withmanufacturer’s instructions (storage informationon the Safety Data Sheet (SDS)).

Appropriate PPE must be worn when handlingdangerous substances.


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SAFETY DATA SHEET A Safety Data Sheet (SDS) must be madeavailable by the manufacturer/supplier of adangerous substance or preparation of anyprofessional user. The SDS contains prescribedand detailed information relating to a chemicalproduct in an internationally recognised anduniform layout. It must list the followingproperties of the particular substance:identification of the substance; composition/ingredients; physical/chemical properties; stabilityand reactivity; first-aid measures; spillagemeasures; fire-fighting measures; exposurecontrols/PPE; storage and handling; ecologicalinformation; toxicological information; transportinformation; disposal considerations and supplyand labelling information.

All persons using or handling a dangeroussubstance must be familiar with and aware of therelevant contents of its SDS.

HAND WASHHand washing is a vital control in reducing therisk of infection, ingestion and crosscontamination, especially after handling or usingany chemical product.

Use of substances such as degreasers, thinners,etc can cause skin disorders.

Generally, appropriate gloves must be worn.


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NO EATINGWork activity may involve possible exposure tochemical, bacterial and viral risks (e.g. spray-painting, work with contaminated ground,working close to sewers, culverts and drains etc).Persons involved in such activities should only eat,drink or smoke after thoroughly cleaning theirhands and must not eat food whilst working asinfection can very easily pass from the hands tofood whilst eating.

BIOLOGICAL AGENTSExposure to micro-organisms such as bacteria,viruses, parasites and fungi may cause an allergy,infection, poisoning or toxic effect. If it issuspected that biological agents are present, acontrolled thorough examination of the area mustbe carried out to identify these agents. It will benecessary to seek medical advice, and to vaccinatethose likely to be exposed (e.g. for Hepatitis A,Hepatitis B and tetanus). Weil’s disease is a severeform of leptospirosis with fever, jaundice andmuscle pain, transmitted by rats via contaminatedwater and is a potential risk for anyone workingclose to sewers and waterways. Appropriate PPEshould be worn.

SURVEY/RISK ASSESSPrior to entering a confined space to carry outwork activity, a full survey of the work area mustbe carried out in advance, to identify all thehazards that may exist within, particularly thepresence of biological agents and harmful gases.


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Based on the identification of the hazards, a fullassessment of the associated risks must be carriedout in writing with all the necessary controlsidentified and be communicated to the relevantpersons who could be exposed to such risks. Thesecontrols may include the need for air monitoringowing to the presence of air-borne exposures (e.g.biological agents, chemicals, dust, etc).

PERMIT TO WORKA Permit to Work is a system used to ensure that asafe system of work is in place. Generally, they areonly used for activities where high levels of riskexist and to ensure that only authorised personscan enter the work area under very controlledconditions that are very clearly defined andsupervised. An example of the circumstancesrequiring a Permit to Work would be entering aconfined space. Only persons trained in theprocedures for which the Permit to Work is to beused may prepare and sign off on the permit, andonly personnel who have received specialisedtraining may enter the work space covered by thepermit.

LITTER PICKERLitter picking is defined as the collection of loosewaste and litter from an area or from the side of aroadway. It is generally carried out by one personusing a long grab and a plastic bag for thecollection of litter. Personnel involved in litterpicking must wear safety gloves and boots in orderto avoid cuts and puncture wounds such as needle-


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stick injuries. They must also wear a high-visibilityvest and ensure that all open cuts are covered.Used syringes should be disposed of in theappropriate manner using designated containers.

COVER CUTSExposure to micro-organisms such as bacteria orviruses through open cuts is one of the mostcommon routes of infection for many commonand serious diseases. It is essential therefore thatall personnel properly cover all open cuts withwaterproof bandages prior to commencing work.This requirement is in addition to the normalrequirement to wear safety gloves and standardwork cloths. Hands should be thoroughly washedprior to removing and replacing any bandages.

WASH HANDS Washing hands is the thorough cleaning of one’shands. This is normally achieved using soap andrunning water. In remote short-term locations analternative method is the use of biological handwash solutions in accordance with themanufacturer’s instructions. It is criticallyimportant that all personnel understand theimportance of thoroughly washing their handsprior to eating, drinking or smoking so as toavoid infecting themselves with any bacteria orviruses that their hands may have come incontact with during the course of their work.


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ASBESTOS CEMENT WATER PIPESAsbestos is a hazardous material. Work involvingasbestos-containing materials may expose workersto asbestos fibres that can cause harm byinhalation. Prior to work commencing it will benecessary to survey the works to assess whethersuch health hazards exist. Where health hazardsare identified, adequate controls must be put inplace to protect workers and others in the vicinity,including: air monitoring and waste removal,permit-to-work systems, meticulous planning, useof appropriate PPE, surveys and ventilation.

IDENTIFY/SURVEYPrior to any work on asbestos-containingmaterials, whether altering, cutting, drilling,repairing or removing, etc, it is vital to identify thelocation, the extent and types of asbestos presentin advance of the works, so that all appropriatecontrols can be implemented. Three types ofsurvey can be undertaken:

Asbestos Survey Type 1 A very basic survey where asbestos-containingmaterials may be located and identified. When amaterial cannot be confirmed as asbestos-free, it ispresumed to be an asbestos-containing material.This type of survey is also known as a ‘location andassessment survey’ or ‘presumptive survey’.

Asbestos Survey Type 2 A more detailed survey which involves thecollection of representative samples from thestructure in order to carry out laboratory analysis


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so that the location and quantity of the mostreadily accessible asbestos-containing materials can be determined.

Asbestos Survey Type 3 Survey performed where the possibility exists thatasbestos-containing materials may be present in abuilding due for demolition or majorrefurbishment. In line with current best practice itis a requirement that all asbestos-containingmaterials be removed from a building or structure,as far as reasonably practicable, before such workscommence. Type 3 is the most detailed andthorough of all the surveys. This type of survey isused to locate, describe and quantify, so far as isreasonably practicable, all asbestos-containingmaterials in the building, and will usually involvedestructive inspection so that all areas may beaccessed, even those that may be difficult to reach.A full sampling programme must also be carriedout so that all possible asbestos-containingmaterials in the building are identified, locatedand quantified. This information is necessary sothat the appropriate removal techniques may beselected and implemented.

Each of the above survey types must be carriedout in accordance with a recognised standardsuch as Methods for the Determination ofHazardous Substance: surveying, sampling andassessment of asbestos-containing materials(MDHS 100) or other suitable equivalent.


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RISK ASSESSBased on the identification of the hazards, a fulldocumented Risk Assessment must be carried outwhich identifies all necessary control measures. Theassessment must be communicated to the relevantpersons who could be exposed to such risks.

REMOVAL PROCEDURESThe method of removal of asbestos or asbestos-containing materials depends on the type ofmaterial being removed and the risk associatedwith the asbestos-containing materials. Thisinformation must be based on an adequate surveyconducted by a competent person in accordancewith a recognised standard (such as MDHS 100). Itis essential that, depending on the nature of thematerials present, adequate precautions are takento ensure that personnel are not exposed toasbestos fibres during such activities. The generalprecautions to minimise exposure and control thespread of asbestos fibres are:

• Where possible remove the asbestos-containingmaterials intact.

• Keep the material dampened when working on it.

• Do not use power tools as they generate dustwhich could contain asbestos fibres.

• Remove waste and debris from the site as soonas possible to minimise the risk of it beingcrushed or broken.

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SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK PLAN (SSWP) – PICTOGRAMS

DUST/WETTINGWetting/damping down areas prevents dust frombeing dispersed into the air.

WASTE REMOVALPrior to the removal of any asbestos-containingmaterials, a suitable facility for waste disposalmust be identified. Asbestos waste is a hazardouswaste which must be disposed of properly. InIreland, asbestos cement waste can only bedisposed of at a waste facility licensed by theEnvironmental Protection Agency. Asbestoscement waste can also be accepted at a hazardouswaste transfer station licensed by theEnvironmental Protection Agency. Hazardouswaste transfer stations accept asbestos waste andthen arrange to have the waste disposed of at anappropriate facility either in Ireland or abroad.Asbestos cement waste must only be surrenderedto local authority waste collectors or to a wastecollection permit holder authorised under therelevant Waste Management (Collection Permit)Regulations to collect this type of waste. Allasbestos-containing waste materials must bedouble bagged using high gauge polyethyleneand be clearly labelled as asbestos waste. Contactthe Environmental Protection Agency for furtherinformation on waste legislation and the disposalof asbestos-containing materials.


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EXAMINATION & INSPECTIONA competent person is required to examine andinspect the effectiveness of the controlsassociated with removing any asbestos-containingmaterials. In circumstances where, based on riskassessment, air monitoring is required, this shouldbe conducted by a competent person usingspecialised equipment. It may be required for oneor more of the following reasons:

a) to confirm that airborne concentrations ofasbestos fibres are as low as reasonably practicableand that the correct choice of Respiratory ProtectiveEquipment has been made

b) to confirm that there has been no measurablespread of airborne fibres to areas adjacent towhere work with asbestos cement has taken place

c) to confirm that the work area has beenadequately cleared of asbestos, so that wherenecessary a Clearance Certificate can be issuedbefore normal work can be resumed.

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SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK PLAN (SSWP) – PICTOGRAMS

CONFINED SPACE‘Confined space’ refers to any place – includingbund, cellar, chamber, container, pit, tank, vessel or similar space – which, by virtue of its enclosednature, creates conditions that could cause anaccident, harm or injury that would requireemergency action.

RISK ASSESSBased on the identification of the hazards, a fullRisk Assessment must be carried out in writingwith all the necessary controls identified and becommunicated to the relevant persons who couldbe exposed to such risks.

SURVEYBefore entry to a confined space to carry outwork, a full survey of the work area must becarried out to identify any hazards, particularly thepresence of harmful gases.

PERMIT TO WORKThis system ensures that a safe system of work is inplace. It is generally used for activities with highlevels of risk. Only authorised people can enter thework area, under controlled conditions.


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DETECT/MONITORWhere harmful gases are likely to exist, gasdetectors must be used to give an alert if aharmful level is approached.

TRIPODA tripod is a standard piece of rescue equipmentfor people working in confined space. With atripod, a person can be lowered into the confinedspace by a ‘buddy’ and, more importantly, beraised out of it.

COMMUNICATIONAnyone inside the confined space must at all timesbe in verbal contact with those outside. It is crucialthat the equipment used to communicate is spark-free, to prevent it from providing a source ofignition.


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OTHER ITEMS

HOUSEKEEPINGAll slip, trip and fall hazards must be removed sothat people can get safely to their place of work.A good housekeeping system must be adopted, sothat everything has a place and is in its place.Measures should include keeping access ways andpassage ways clear of rubbish and materials; puttingrubbish into designated bins; removing protrudingnails in wood; storing materials safely; etc.

Excessive amounts of dust can cause eye andrespiratory irritation. Dust and muck present anuisance to both workers and others in thevicinity. All traffic routes in public areas nearconstruction works should be kept clear of muck.During dry periods the routes should bedampened to keep dust down.

LIGHTINGAdequate lighting must be provided in darkenedareas to prevent people from falling, slipping,tripping, or being hit by projecting objects.


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GROUND CONDITIONSThe ground area close to or over undergroundservices/ducts and surrounding excavations shouldbe inspected to ensure that it is capable of takingthe weight of any load applied, such as plant orequipment.

Before scaffolding is erected, or where otherexternal access equipment is used, the ground mustbe prepared so that it can support the safe use ofsuch equipment and any other loads applied.

DEGASSING/PURGINGDecommissioning, removal or any work involvingthe dismantling of storage tanks may involve thepurging of such tanks to remove any trace ofresidual gases and/or hazardous liquids, so that therisk of fire or explosion is eliminated. This workcan be a specialised activity and will require theassistance of a competent specialised contractor.

STREET STRUCTURESParticularly in urban areas where paving orexcavation related activity is to be carried out onor near existing street furniture, street lighting orboundary walls, including activity in relation to themaintenance and upgrading of pavements etc, therelevant Local Authority, utility company orresponsible company must be made aware of theworks. Detailed risk assessments, taking account ofthe proximity of any anchoring, foundations,structural instability, etc, must be carried out.Resulting controls may include; getting detailed


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drawings from the utility company or LocalAuthority to include services; using props andsupports; segregating the street furniture from thesite and the public; ensuring that working plant iskept away from the protected structure; etc.

FIRE CONTROL/ASSEMBLYThe risk of fire is generally ever present onconstruction sites. Fire prevention has to beconsidered at the various levels of constructionplanning. Consideration should be given toproviding means of escape and installingtemporary alarm systems, emergency lighting and fire-detection. Bar heaters should not beused on site and use of all naked flames must betightly controlled.

Flammable materials must be stored separately ina well-ventilated lockable location, away from anylikely ignition sources, and such liquids should beremoved from site when no longer required.

After hot-works have taken place, the area shouldbe revisited to ensure that fires have not developed.

Sand and fire blankets can be used in certain cases,such as a small smouldering fire, to eliminate thechances of fire developing.

To prevent injury from fire all employees must beinstructed what to do in the event of a fire, whatthe approved escape route is and where theassembly points are located. Fire drills should beheld regularly.


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Fire Extinguishers: people need to be trained howto operate them. They should only be used forsmall fires. The following types maybe used:

Water fire extinguishers: suitable only to put outfires involving cloth, paper and wood.

Foam extinguishers: suitable for most firesinvolving flammable liquids.

Carbon-dioxide extinguishers: suitable for firesinvolving flammable liquids or electrical apparatus.

Dry-powder extinguishers: suitable for use onmost fires, including electrical fires.

There should be no bonfires on site.

EMERGENCY PROCEDURESIn the event of an unplanned event occurringinvolving risk to persons or property the writtenemergency response procedures must be followedimmediately. These procedures will normally dealwith: area evacuation; notifying the appropriateemergency services; ensuring safe access route foremergency services (may involve the use of two-way radio system); provision of first aid; stayingout of the area unless you’ve been assigned;training and properly dressing for a responseactivity (emergency response and rescue team);removing ignition source; (where chemicals areinvolved) keeping spilled materials out of drainsand water supply; when it is safe to return tonormal work activity; etc.


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HEALTH

ASSESS HEALTH EFFECTSAny work activity involving or likely to involvepossible exposure to biological, chemical or physicalagents must be risk assessed prior to the workcommencing. In deciding on the controls to beimplemented the Principles of Prevention shouldbe applied, particularly to the materials andprocesses used, to identify whether safer alternativescan be found. Biological agents and chemicals canenter the body in several different ways: througheyes or skin; in inhaling and swallowing. Thisexposure may result in conditions that include:allergies; asphyxiation; burns; dermatitis; nausea;occupational asthma; poisoning; zoonoses(infections such as leptospirosis transmitted fromanimals); etc. Measures to protect from biological,chemical and physical hazards include: airsampling, use of alternative materials, informationand training, PPE, use of processes and equipmentthat reduce dust and vapours, ventilation, etc.

HEALTH SURVEILLANCEHealth surveillance appropriate to the health risksthat may occur at the work place and as identifiedin the Risk Assessment must be made available toemployees. Health surveillance can take manyforms, including: audiometry; completion ofquestionnaires; measuring hand/arm vibration;spirometry; etc.


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MANUAL HANDLING Manual handling means more than just lifting orcarrying something. It describes a range ofactivities, including carrying, holding, lifting,lowering, moving, pushing, pulling or supportingan object or person. Up to one-third of all workinjuries are caused by manual handling activity.The manual handling regulations require thatmanual handling activities should be assessed,taking account of risk factors (unfavourableergonomic conditions), and that appropriatecontrol measures should be put in place to avoidor reduce the risk of injury.

RISK ASSESS Each activity on site needs to be risk assessed toidentify whether there is a manual handlinghazard. If there is an identified risk of injury thenappropriate controls must be put in place toeliminate the risk. If the hazard cannot beeliminated then the risk must be reduced to aslow a level as possible by means of mechanicalaids, team lifting and individual safe manualhandling practices.

MECHANICAL AIDS Mechanical aids are devices used to lift, pull orpush objects which either eliminate the need tomanually handle the object or reduce the manualhandling required.


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WORK ORGANISATION Work organisation requires that the physical workmethod be assessed to see whether the work canbe organised in such a way as to minimise oreliminate the need for manual handling.

TRAINING Manual handling training is a legal requirementfor anyone required to carry out manual handlingoperations at work. This training involves learninghow to move loads in a manner which will lessenthe risk of injury.


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PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)Personal Protective Equipment protects individuals from harmwhen all other methods employed to eliminate risk havefailed to do so completely. PPE is a last resort. PPE acts as abarrier between individuals and potentially hazardous chemicals,machines, tools and processes. To be effective, PPE must becarefully selected to protect against the particular hazardsindividual’s face. When workers use the right PPE – and use itproperly – they greatly reduce the risk of job related injuryand illness. PPE should be maintained at all times in goodworking order. The PPE listed below must conform to therelevant Irish Standard.

SAFETY HELMETSafety helmets/hard hats are used to protect thehead from falling objects and to prevent the headfrom striking off objects. They should be replacedperiodically.

Workers using safety harnesses should wear ahelmet with a secure chin strap to keep it on thehead in the event of a fall.

SAFETY BOOT/HI-VISSafety boots are required on all construction sites.They should have steel toecaps and sole protectionto prevent the toes from being crushed and anyobject from penetrating the sole.

High-visibility vests and high-visibility jackets helpto ensure that a worker can be seen by drivers andoperators of plant and other vehicles.


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EYE PROTECTIONEye protection in the form of glasses/goggles/visorsprotects the eyes from dust, flying objects, andsplashes (e.g. when cutting and grinding).

SAFETY GLOVESSafety gloves protect the hands from cuts andfrom contact with harmful substances, sharpobjects, etc.

EAR PROTECTIONEar protectors help to protect hearing from loudsudden noise or from continuous loud noise. Thereare two action levels. Where noise exposure is ator exceeds 80 dBA (decibels), individual hearingprotectors must be made available. Where noiseexposure is at or exceeds 85 dBA, individualhearing protectors must be made available andmust be used. There is also a limit value set at 87dBA, which must not be exceeded. The limit valuetakes account of the attenuation provided byhearing protectors worn by the worker. The actionvalues do not take account of the effect of suchprotectors. Where Risk Assessment reveals a risk tothe worker’s health as a result of noise exposure,audiometric testing (hearing check) will have to bemade available.

In dirty and dusty environments, earmuffs are therecommended form of ear protection.


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DUST MASKSDust masks protect workers from inhaling harmfuldusts.

RESPIRATORY EQUIPMENT Respiratory equipment protects workers byfiltering out harmful substances from the airbreathed in. To work effectively, they must be wellmaintained.

FACE PROTECTION Face-protection visors protect the face from flyingobjects, sparks, and splashes from hot or harmfulsubstances.

SAFETY HARNESS Safety harnesses with a fall-arrest system(including other parts such as lanyard, shockabsorber and suitable anchors) prevent peoplefrom hitting the ground if they fall from a height.Fall-arrest systems should be used in conjunctionwith a rescue plan. Safety harnesses and personalfall-arrest equipment are not a substitute for safeworking platforms or collective protection such assafety nets.


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WORKING ON ROADS INDEX

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ACCESS ROUTE, 9ACCESS/EGRESS, 35AIR SUPPLY, 35BACK FILL, 31BANKSMAN, 23, 54BARRIERS, 13, 53BARRIERS/COVERS, 33BATTERING BACK, 30BEARINGS AND FIXINGS, 43BIOLOGICAL AGENTS, 60BOAT, 56BULLDOZER, 16BURNERS/BOILERS, 46CANTEEN, 5CHAIN SAW, 29CHECK CABLE, 26CHECKING OF LIFTING GEAR, 23CHOCK, 32COFFERDAM, 58COMMUNICATION, 62COMPETENCE, 51COMPOUND/PLANT SECURITY, 21COMPRESSOR & WHIP CHECKS,

27CONCRETE POUR, 43CONCRETE PUMP, 17CONCRETE SKIPS, 24CRANE COORDINATION, 22CSCS, 4DEAD MAN’S HANDLE, 20DELIVERY/TRANSPORT, 20DETECTION, 62DETECTOR AND MARK, 12

DIVERSION, 48DIVERT/OFF, 11DIVING, 57DRAWINGS, 7DREDGER, 58DRINKING WATER, 6DRYING/CHANGING, 6DUMPER, 16DUST MASKS, 64DUST/MUCK, 55DUST SUPPRESSION, 28EAR PROTECTION, 64EDGE PROTECTION, 36, 56ENVIRONMENTAL RISK

ASSESSMENT, 34ERECTING TRAFFIC-CONTROL

SIGNS, 45EXAMINATION & INSPECTION,

25, 35EXCLUSION ZONE, 23, 33EXCLUSION ZONE (DANGER

ZONE), 52EYE PROTECTION, 63FACE PROTECTION, 65FALL ARREST AND RESCUE, 44, 56FENCING/HOARDING, 53FIRE CONTROL/ASSEMBLY, 10FIRST AID, 6FLAGMAN/STOP-GO MAN, 49, 54FORKS CLAMP/EXTENSION, 17GAS BOTTLE STORAGE, 13GENERATORS OUTSIDE, 27GRAB LORRY, 18


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GROUND CONDITIONS, 9GUARDS, 27GUARD ALL OPES, 42HAND DIG, 12HARMFUL GASES & DUSTS, 60HOT WORKS, 28HOUSEKEEPING, 8INDUCTION, 5ISOLATION/LOCK OUT, 13JACK HAMMER/KANGO, 28LADDER ACCESS, 33LIAISON, 48, 52LIFE RING, 55LIFTING REBAR, 40LIGHTING, 9, 55LOCKING ATTACHMENTS, 17MAN CRADLE, 24MECHANICAL AIDS, 59METHOD STATEMENT, 8MEWP (Mobile Elevating Work

Platforms), 38MOBILE SCAFFOLD, 38NETS/BEAN BAGS, 39NO FLAMES, 13NO UNDERMINING, 32OPEN HOLES, 37OTHER, 29OVERHEAD LINES/

NO TIPPING, 47PALLETS/SECURE LOADS, 25PEDESTRIAN ROUTES, 25, 53PERMIT TO WORK, 12, 62PERSONAL FLOTATION DEVICE, 55

PILE DRIVING, 14PLANT/EQUIPMENT

CERTIFICATION, 4PONTOON & CRANE, 58PRIVATE PARKING, 21PROPPING, 35, 39PROPRIETARY EDGE

PROTECTION, 41PROPRIETARY WORKING

PLATFORM, 41PROP SUPPORTS, 43PTO GUARD & ACCESS STEPS, 19PUMPING, 34PUMP CONNECTIONS, 18REBAR, 40RESPIRATORY EQUIPMENT, 65REVERSE WARNING DEVICES, 20RISK ASSESSMENT, 7ROAD SWEEPER, 19ROAD PLANER, 16ROAD SIGNAGE, 49ROCK BREAKER, 15ROLL-OVER PROTECTION/

NO PASSENGERS, 16SAFE ACCESS, 44SAFE DRIVING, 21SAFE LADDER, 37SAFE PASS, 4SAFE STACKING, 34SAFETY HARNESS, 65SAFETY HELMET/BOOT/HI-VIS, 63SAFETY GLOVES, 64SAFETY LINE/GRAB LINE, 56

WORKING ON ROADS INDEX (cont’d)


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WORKING ON ROADS INDEX (cont’d)

SAFETY OVERALLS, 65SCAFFOLDING/WORKING

PLATFORM, 36SEAT BELTS, 21SECURITY, 54SELECTION OF CRANE TYPE, 22SELECTION/SUITABILITY, 14, 26SERVICE SUPPLIER e.g. ESB, Bord

Gais, Local Authority etc., 11SHEET PILING, 30SHORING, 31SMOKING CONTROL, 6SPOIL BACK, 31STEEL FIXING, 40SUPERVISION, 4SURVEY, 61SURVEYING, 45SWL (SAFE WORKING LOAD)/

PLAN LIFT, 22TAG LINES, 44TELEPORTER, 17TEMPORARY WORKS, 42TRAFFIC/SPEED CONTROL, 20,

50, 54TRAINING, 59TRENCH BOX, 30TRIPOD, 62TYPES OF PROP, 43UNDERPINNING, 32VOLTAGE, 26VEHICLE CRASH BARRIERS, 50VEHICLE MOVEMENT, 19VEHICLE RECOVERY, 15

WARNING SIGNS, 9WARNING/SEQUENCE, 51WATER BOWSER, 19WC & WASHING, 5WEATHER, 11WORKING ORGANISATION, 59180 EXCAVATOR, 14360 EXCAVATOR, 15


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