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INDEX

SR NO CONTENTS PAGE NO1 Abstract 22 Introduction 33 History 4

4 Why Touch Screen 55 The Benefits of Touch Screen 56 How Does a Touch Screen Work? 67 Technologies

1. Resistive8

2. 4-Wire Resistive Touch screens 103. 5-Wire Resistive Touch screens 114. Capacitive Touch screens 126. Surface Acoustic Wave Touch screens 147. Infrared Touch screens 158. Surface capacitance 16

9. Projected capacitance 1610. Near Field Imaging Touch screens 1611. Pen Touch Capacitive Touch screens 1712. Strain gauge 1713. Optical imaging 1714. Coded LCD: Bidirectional Screen 17

8 Table Comparing Various Technologies 189 Construction 1910 Ergonomics and usage 2011 What Are Touch Screen Used For ? 22

12 Application Touch screen Technology 2413 Advantages over other pointing devices 2814 Conclusion 2915 References 30


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Abstract:

A touch screen is a display that can detect the presence and location of a touch within the displayarea, generally refers to touch or contact to the display of the device by a finger or hand touch

screen is also an input device. The screens are sensitive to pressure; a user interacts with thecomputer by touching pictures or words on the screen, Touch screens can also sense otherpassive objects, such as a stylus, The touch screen has two main attributes. First, it enables one tointeract with what is displayed directly on the screen, where it is displayed, rather than indirectlywith a mouse or touchpad. Secondly, it lets one do so without requiring any intermediate device,again, such as a stylus that needs to be held in the hand. Such displays can be attached tocomputers or, as terminals, to networks. They also play a prominent role in the design of digitalappliances such as the personal digital assistant (PDA),satellite navigation devices, mobilephones, and video games


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Introduction

A touch screen is computer display screen that is sensitive to human touch, allowing a user tointeract with the computer by touching pictures or words on the screen. Touch screen are usedwith information kiosks (an interactive computer terminal available for public use, as one withinternet access or site specific information), computer based training devices, and systemdesigned to help individuals who have difficulty in manipulating a mouse or keyboard. Touchscreen technology can be used as an alternative user interface with application that normallyrequires a mouse, such as a web browser. Some applications are designed specifically for touchscreen technology, often having larger icon and link than typical PC application. Monitors areavailable withbuilt in touch screen kit. A touch screen kit includes a touch screen panel, a controller, and asoftware driver. The touch screen panels are is a clear panel attached externally to the monitorsthat plug in to a serial or a universal serial Bus (USB) port a bus Card installed inside thecomputer. The touch screen panel registers touch event and passesthese signal to controller. The controller then processes the signals and sends the data to theprocessor. The software driver translates the touch events into mouse events. Driver can beprovided for both Window and Macintosh operating systems. Internal touch screen kits areavailable but require professional installation because the must be installed inside the monitors.


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HISTORY

Dr. Sam Hurst, founder of Elographics, developed the first touch screenwhile he was aninstructor at the university of Kentucky in 1971. Ten stockholders founded Elographics, Inc. inMarch 1971, to produce Graphical data Digitizers for use in research and industrial application,with the, principal being Dr. Sam Hurst. He was on leave from the Oak Ridge NationalLaboratory to tech at the University of Kentucky for two years, where he was faced with a needto read a huge stack of strip chart data. Itwould have taken two graduate students approximately two month to do the task. He started tothinking of a way to read the and during the process, the Elograph (Electronic graphics)coordinate measuring system and Elographics the company were born. The University Kentuckyresearch foundation applied for and was granted a patent on the Elograph. The foundationgranted an exclusive license to Elographics.

Touchscreens emerged from corporate research labs in the second half of the 1960s. Oneof the first places where they gained some visibility was in the terminal of a computer-assistedlearning terminal that came out in 1972 as part of the PLATO project. They have subsequentlybecome familiar in kiosk systems, such as in retail and tourist settings, on point of sales systems,on ATMs and on PDAs where a stylus is sometimes used to manipulate the GUI and to enterdata.

The popularity of smart phones, PDAs, portable game consoles and many types of information appliances is driving the demand for, and the acceptance of, touch screens. The HP-150 from 1983 was probably the world's earliest commercial touch screen computer. It did notactually have a touch screen in the strict sense, but a 9" Sony CRT surrounded by infraredtransmitters and receivers which detect the position of any non-transparent object on the screen.Until the early 1980s, most consumer touch screens could only sense one point of contact at atime, and few have had the capability to sense how hard one is touching.

This is starting to change with the commercialization of multi-touch technology. Touchscreens are popular in heavy industry and in other situations, such as museum displays or roomautomation, where keyboard and mouse systems do not allow a satisfactory, intuitive, rapid, oraccurate interaction by the user with the display's content. Historically, the touch screen sensorand its accompanying controller-based firmware have been made available by a wide array of after-market system integrators and not by display, chip or motherboard manufacturers. Withtime, however, display manufacturers and chip manufacturers worldwide have acknowledged thetrend toward acceptance of touchscreens as a highly desirable user interface component and havebegun to integrate touchscreen functionality into the fundamental design of their

products.


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Why touch screen?

User interface PCs are quickly becoming the control device of choices forthe plant floor, machine control and any application where the user interface is important. Thischange has not been without its difficulties. One challenge industrial PC manufacturers havefaced is simplifying the human machine interface while maintaining accuracy of input. Industrialgrade touches Screen system have quickly become the input device of choice for several reasons.Touch systems generally have no additional hardware to mount and protect, such as a mouse orkeyboard. A flat panel display can also be sealed by the factory to prevent damage from dust andwater. The ultra thin nature of a touch screen on a LCD saves critical space, which is a vital formost application.Durability is tested to over 35 million finger touches with no over performancedegradation. 1 million-touch life max.

The Benefits of Touch Screen

Touch screen system are far easier to learn then traditional keyboard based. Everyday retailfunction like Selection tender, editing and voiding line items and capturing customerdemographic information are made intuitive by virtue of the touch screen- and the right touchscreen software. Many retailers, especially those in the service sector, sell items that cannot beeasily bar coded. Touch system make it easy to ring up these items and of course, still to allowthe use of all standard bar coded technologies. Studies show reduction in training time in excessof 50% can be expected.Enhanced POS function can be added with the knowledge that employees will be able to utilizesthem quickly and easily.

Improve customer Service

If your customer have to wait for your empl oyees to figure out how to use the storessystem , you are going lose costumer. Touch screen systemeliminate this embarrassing and all too common, problem. Todays retailers need to learn as much as possible about their customers needs and buying habits. Capturingcustomers information is a snap with touch screen POS systems.

Reduce Transaction TimesStudies show touch screen systems process transactions up to 60% faster than traditional

keyboard POS systems. One info touch customer has clocked in wit h a traction rate of over 60per Hrs. per register, over 20,000per day-with volunteers.

In a touch screen POS system, the lay out of the color coded keys is stored in file onyour hard drive. Change to the layout can be accomplished during the nightly poll of store datathe time and expense of changing hardware key caps is eliminated.


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How Does a Touch Screen Work?

A basic touchscreen has three main components: a touch sensor, a controller, and asoftware driver. The touchscreen is an input device, so it needs to be combined with a displayand a PC or other device to make a complete touch input system.

1. Touch Sensor A touch screen sensor is a clear glass panel with a touch responsive surface. The touch

sensor/panel is placed over a display screen so that theresponsive area of the panel covers the viewable area of the video screen.

There are several different touch sensor technologies on the market today,each using a different method to detect touch input. The sensor generallyhas an electrical current or signal going through it and touching the screencauses a voltage or signal change. This voltage change is used to determine the location of thetouch to the screen.

2. Controller The controller is a small PC card that connects between the touch sensor and the PC. It

takes information from the touch sensor and translates it into information that PC canunderstand. The controller is usually installed inside the monitor for integrated monitors or it ishoused in a plastic case for external touch add-ons/overlays. The controller determines what type

of interface/connection you will need on the PC. Integrated touch monitors will have an extracable connection on the back for the touchscreen. Controllers are available that can connect to aSerial/COM port (PC) or to a USB port (PC or Macintosh). Specialized controllers are alsoavailable that work with DVD players and other devices.


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3. Software Driver The driver is a software update for the PC system that allows the touchscreen and

computer to work together. It tells the computer's operating system how to interpret the touchevent information that is sent from the controller. Most touch screen drivers today are a mouse-emulation type driver. This makes touching the screen the same as clicking your mouse at thesame location on the screen. This allows the touchscreen to work with existing software andallows new applications to be developed without the need for touchscreen specific programming.Some equipment such as thin client terminals, DVD players, and specialized computer systemseither do not use software drivers or they have their own built-in touch screen driver.

Touch screens Add-ons and Integrated Touchscreen Monitors we offer two main types of touchscreen products, touchscreen add-ons and integrated touchscreen monitor. Touchscreen

add-ons are touchscreen panels that hang over an existing computer monitor. Integratedtouchscreen monitors are computer displays that have the touchscreen built-in. Both


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Technologies

Each type of screen has unique characteristics that can make it a better choice for certainapplications.

The most widely used touch screen technologies are the following:

1. Resistive

A resistive touchscreen panel is composed of several layers, the most important of whichare two thin, metallic, electrically conductive layers separated by a narrow gap. When an object,such as a finger, presses down on a point on the panel's outer surface the two metallic layersbecome connected at that point: the panel then behaves as a pair of voltage dividers withconnected outputs. This causes a change in the electrical current which is registered as a touchevent and sent to the controller for processing. In another way

The resistive system consists of a normal glass panel that is covered with a conductiveand a resistive metallic layer. These two layers are held apart by spacers, and a scratch-resistantlayer is placed on top of the whole setup. An electrical current runs through the two layers whilethe monitor is operational

.


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When a user touches the screen, the two layers make contact in that exact spot. Thechange in the electrical field is noted and the coordinates of the point of contact are calculated bythe computer. Once the coordinates are known, a special driver translates the touch intosomething that the operating system can understand, much as a computer mouse driver translatesa mouse's movements into a click or a drag.

Resistive this technology uses to layers of conductive material to create an X/Y grid(vertical lines on one surface, horizontal). When pressure is applied to the flexible top layer, thegrid surfaces come in contact and allow current to flow. The presence of current in a vertical andhorizontal line gives the X/Y coordinate of the touch. Because the screen itself supplies allcurrent, workers with heavy gloves can work this type of screen. The draw back to resistivescreen is that they are subject to scratches, burns and others type of damage to protect againstdamage, companies such as DynaPro apply and additional Mylar over laminate, which can bereplaced if damaged.

Advantages fingertip input. Costs low. Supports multi-touch input. Not affected by outside elements.

Disadvantages Offer only 75% clarity. The layer can be damaged. Cannot press hand down on the screen while writing.


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2. 4-Wire Resistive Touch screens

4-Wire Resistive touch technology consists of a glass or acrylic panel that is coated withelectrically conductive and resistive layers. The thin layers are separated by invisible separatordots. When operating, an electrical current moves through the screen. When pressure is appliedto the screen the layers are pressed together, causing a change in the electrical current and atouch event to beregistered.4-Wire Resistive type touch screens are generally the most affordable. Although clarity is lessthan with other touch screen types, resistive screens are very durable and can be used in a varietyof environments. This type of screen is recommended for individual, home, school, or office use,or less demanding point-of-sale systems, restaurant systems, etc.

Advantages Disadvantages High touch resolution Pressure sensitive, works with any stylus Not affected by dirt, dust, water, or light Affordable touchscreen technology 75 % clarity Resistive layers can be damaged by a sharp object Less durable then 5-Wire Resistive technology

Touchscreen SpecificationsTouch Type: 4-Wire ResistiveScreen Sizes: 12"-20" DiagonalCable Interface: PC Serial/COM Port or USB PortTouch Resolution: 1024 x 1024Response Time: 10 ms. maximumPositional Accuracy: 3mm maximum errorLight Transmission: 80% nominalLife Expectancy: 3 million touches at one pointTemperature: Operating: -10C to 70CStorage: -30C to 85CHumidity: Pass 40 degrees C, 95% RH for 96hours.Chemical Resistance: Alcohol, acetone, grease, and general household detergentSoftware Drivers: Windows XP / 2000 / NT / ME / 98 / 95, Linux, Macintosh OS


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4. Capacitive Touchscreens

Capacitive touchscreen panel consists of an insulator such as glass, coated with atransparent conductor such as indium tin oxide (ITO). As the human body is also a conductor,touching the surface of the screen results in a distortion of the local electrostatic field,measurable as a change in capacitance. Different technologies may be used to determine thelocation of the touch. The location can be passed to a computer running a software applicationwhich will calculate how the user's touch relates to the computer software. And in capacitivesystem, a layer that stores electrical charge is placed on the glass panel of the monitor. When auser touches the monitor with his or her finger, some of the charge is transferred to the user, sothe charge on the capacitive layer decreases.

This decrease is measured in circuits located at each corner of the monitor. The computercalculates, from the relative differences in charge at each corner, exactly where the touch eventtook place and then relays that information to the touch-screen driver software. One advantagethat the capacitive system has over the resistive system is that it transmits almost 90 percent of the light from the monitor, whereas the resistive system only transmits about 75 percentThisgives the capacitive system a much clearer picture than the resistive system

A capacitive touch screen consists of a glass panel with a capacitive (charge storing)material coating its surface. Circuits located at corners of the screen measure the capacitance of aperson touching the overlay.

Frequency changes are measured to determine the X and Y coordinates of the touchevent. Capacitive type touch screens are very durable, and have a high clarity. They are used in awide range of applications, from restaurant and POS use to industrial controls and informationkiosks.


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Advantages Disadvantages High touch resolution High image clarity Not affected by dirt, grease, moisture. Must be touched by finger, will not work with

any non-conductive input

Touch screen Specifications

Touch Type: CapacitiveCable Interface: PC Serial/COM Port (9-pin) or USB PortTouch Resolution: 1024 x 1024Light Transmission: 88% at 550 nm wavelength (visible light spectrum)Durability Test: 100,000,000 plus touches at one pointTemperature: Operating: -15C to 50CStorage: -50C to 85CHumidity: Operating: 90% RH at max 40C, non-condensingChemical Resistance: The active area of the touchscreen is resistant to all chemicals that do notaffect glass, such as: Acetone, Toluene, Methyl ethyl ketone, Isopropyl alcohol, Methyl alcohol,Ethyl acetate, Ammonia-based glass cleaners, Gasoline, Kerosene, VinegarSoftware Drivers: Windows XP, 2000, NT, ME, 98, 95, 3.1, DOS, Macintosh OS, Linux, Unix(3rd Party)


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6. Surface Acoustic Wave Touchscreens

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sumit technology uses ultrasonic waves that pass over thetouchscreen panel. When the panel is touched, a portion of the wave is absorbed. This change inthe ultrasonic waves registers the position of the touch event and sends this information to thecontroller for processing. Surface wave touch screen panels can be damaged by outside elements.Contaminants on the surface can also interfere with the functionality of the touchscreen,an dinsurface acoustic wave system, two transducers (one receiving and one sending) are placed alongthe x and y axes of the monitor's glass plate. Also placed on the glass are reflectors -- they reflectan electrical signal sent from one transducer to the other.

The receiving transducer is able to tell if the wave has been disturbed by a touch event atany instant, and can locate it accordingly. The wave setup has no metallic layers on the screen,

allowing for 100-percent light throughput and perfect image clarity. This makes the surfaceacoustic wave system best for displaying detailed graphics (both other systems have significantdegradation in clarity). When a finger touches the screen, the waves are absorbed, causing atouch event to be detected at that point. Because the panel is all glass there are no layers that canbe worn, giving this technology the highest durability factor and also the highest clarity. Thistechnology is recommended for public information kiosks, computer based training, or otherhigh traffic indoor environmentsAdvantages

Not affected by outside elements. High clarity. Multi touch support available.

High touch resolution.Disadvantages All glass panel, no coatings or layers that can wear out or damage Must be touched by

finger, gloved hand, or soft-tip stylus. Something hard like a pen won't work Not completely sealable, can be affected by large amounts of dirt, dust, and / or water in

the environment.


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7. Infrared Touchscreens

Conventional optical-touch systems use an array of infrared (IR) light-emitting diodes(LEDs) on two adjacent bezel edges of a display, with photosensors placed on the two oppositebezel edges to analyze the system and determine a touch event. The LED and photosensor pairscreate a grid oflight beams across the display. An object (such as a finger or pen) that touches thescreen interrupts the light beams, causing a measured decrease in light at the correspondingphotosensors.The measured photosensor outputs can be used to locate a touch-point coordinate.Widespread adoption of infrared touchscreens has been hampered by two factors: the relativelyhigh cost of the echnology compared to competing touch technologies and the issue of performance in bright ambient light. This latter problem is a result of background lightincreasingthe noise f oor at the optical sensor, sometimes to such a degree that the touchscreensLED light cannot be detected at all, causing a temporary failure of the touch screen.

This is most pronounced in direct sunlight conditions where the sun has a very highenergy distribution in the infrared region. However, certain features of infrared touch remaindesirable and represent attributes of the ideal touchscreen, including the option to eliminate theglass or plastic overlay that most other touch technologies require in front of the display. Inmany cases, this overlay is coated with an electrically conducting transparent material such asITO, which reduces the optical quality of the display. This advantage of optical touchscreens isextremely important for many device and display vendors since devices are often sold on theperceived quality of the user display experience. Another feature of infrared touch which hasbeen long desired is the digital nature of the sensor output when compared to many other touchsystems that rely on analog-signal processing to determine a touch position. These competinganalog systems normally require continual recalibration, have complex signal-processingdemands (which adds cost and power consumption), demonstrate reduced accuracy and precisioncompared to a digital system, and have longer-term system-failure modes due to the operatingenvironment. Infrared touch screen monitors are based on light-beam interruption technology.

A frame surrounds the displays surface. The frame has light sources, or light -emittingdiodes (LEDs),on one side, and light detectors on the opposite side. This design creates anoptical grid across the screen. When any object touches the screen, the invisible light beam isinterrupted, causing a drop in the signal received by the photo sensors. One concern with thistechnology is that it might respond to a very light touch, even that of an insect crossing themonitor, making unwanted system adjustments. This is the only type of touch technology that areavailable for large displays such as 42-inch Plasma screens. It is a durable technology that offershigh image clarity. Responds to any input device or stylusAdvantages:

Military applications. Have the most durable surfaces.

Disadvantages: Relatively high cost. Issue of performance in bright ambient light.


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8. Surface capacitance In this basic technology, only one side of the insulator is coated with a conductive layer. A smallvoltage is applied to the layer, resulting in a uniform electrostatic field. When a conductor, suchas a human finger, touches the uncoated surface, a capacitor is dynamically formed. The sensor'scontroller can determine the location of the touch indirectly from the change in the capacitanceas measured from the four corners of the panel. As it has no moving parts, it is moderatelydurable but has limited resolution, is prone to false signals from parasitic capacitive coupling,and needs calibration during manufacture. It is therefore most often used in simple applicationssuch as industrial controls and kiosks.

9. Projected capacitanceProjected Capacitive Touch (PCT) technology is a capacitive technology which permits moreaccurate and flexible operation, by etching the conductive layer. An XY array is formed either byetching a single layer to form a grid pattern of electrodes, or by etching two separate,perpendicular layers of conductive material with parallel lines or tracks to form the grid(comparable to the pixel grid found in many LCDdisplays).Applying voltage to the array creates a grid of capacitors. Bringing a finger or conductive stylusclose to the surface of the sensor changes the local electrostatic field. The capacitance changeatevery individual point on the grid can be measured to accurately determine the touch location.The use of a grid permits a higher resolution than resistive technology and also allows multi-touch operation. The greater resolution of PCT allows operation without direct contact, such thatthe conducting layers can be coated with further protective insulating layers, and operate evenunder screen rotectors, or behind weather and vandal-proof glass. PCT is used in a wide range of applications including point of sale systems, smartphones, and public information kiosks. VisualPlanet's ViP Interactive Foil is an example of a kiosk PCT product, where a gloved hand canregister a touch on a sensor surface through a glasswindow. Examples of consumer devices usingprojected capacitive touchscreens include Apple Inc.'s iPhone and iPod Touch, HTC's HD2, G1,and HTC Hero, Motorola's Droid, Palm Inc.'s Palm Pre and Palm Pixi and more recently the LGKM900 Arena, Microsoft's Zune HD, SonyWalkman X series, Sony Ericsson's Aino and nowVidalco's Edge, D1 and Jewel, and the Nokia X6 phone.

10. Near Field Imaging Touchscreens

NFI is one of the newest technologies. It consists of two laminated glass sheets with a patternedcoating of transparent metal oxide in between. An AC signal is applied to the patternedconductive coating, creating an electrostatic field on the surface of the screen. When the finger or

glove or other conductive stylus comes into contact with the sensor, the electrostatic field isdisturbed. It is an extremely durable screen that is suited for use in industrial control systems andother harsh environments. The NFI type screen is not affected by most surface contaminants orscratches. Responds to finger or gloved hand.


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11. PenTouch Capacitive Touchscreens

PenTouch Capacitive touchscreen technology works with the CRT and LCD touch monitors.This screen combines durable Capacitive technology with a tethered pen stylus. The screen canbe set to respond to finger input only, pen input only, or both. The pen stylus is a good choice forsignature capture, on-screen annotations, or for applications requiring precise input

12 . Strain gauge In a strain gauge configuration, also called force panel technology, the screen is spring-mountedon the four corners and strain gauges are used to determine deflection when the screen istouched. This technology has been around since the 1960s but new advances by Vissumo and F-Origin have made the solution commercially viable. It can also measure the Z-axis and the forceof a person's touch. Such screens are typically used in exposed public systems such as ticketmachines due to their resistance to vandalism.

13. Optical imaging A relatively-modern development in touchscreen technology, two or more image sensors areplaced around the edges (mostly the corners) of the screen. Infrared backlights are placed in thecamera's field of view on the other sides of the screen. A touch shows up as a shadow and eachpair of cameras can then be triangulated to locate the touch or even measure the size of thetouching object (see visual hull). This technology is growing in popularity, due to its scalability,versatility, and affordability, especially for larger units. Dispersive signal technology Introducedin 2002 by 3M, this system uses sensors to detect the mechanical energy in the glass that occursdue to a touch. Complex algorithms then interpret this information and provide the actuallocation of the touch. The technology claims to be unaffected by dust and other outside elements,including scratches. Since there is no need for additional elements on screen, it also claims toprovide excellent optical clarity. Also, since mechanical vibrations are used to detect a touchevent, any object can be used to generate these events, including fingers and stylus. A downsideis that after the initial touch the system cannot detect a motionless finger

14. Coded LCD: Bidirectional Screen A new system that turns LCD displays into giant cameras that provide gesturalcontrol of objects on-screen [12] was introduced by MIT Media Lab in December, 2009.Instead of an LCD, an array of pinholes is placed in front of sensors. Light passingthrough each pinhole strikes a small block of sensors producing a low-resolution image.Since each pinhole image is taken from a slightly different position, all combined imagesprovide a good depth information about the sensed image.Pinholes are problematic because theyallow very little light to reach the sensors, requiring impractically long exposure times. Instead of pinholes, an array of liquid crystals could work similarly but more effectively: The LCD's panelis composed of patterns of 19-by-19 blocks, each divided into a regular pattern of differently

sized black-and-white rectangles. Each white area of the bi-colored pixels allows light to passthrough. Background software uses 4D light fields to calculate depth map, changes the scene,and collects gesture information.


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Table Comparing Various Technologies

Technology 4-Wire SAW 5-Wire Infrared Capacitive

Durability: 5 year 5 Year 3 Year 3 Year 2 Year

Stability: High Higher High High Ok

Touch: Anything Finger/Pen Anything Sharp Conductive

Response time:


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Construction

There are several principal ways to build a touchscreen. The key goals are to recognizeone or more fingers touching a display, to interpret the command that this represents, and tocommunicate the command to the appropriate application.In the most popular techniques, the capacitive or resistive approach, there are typically fourlayers;

1. Top polyester layer coated with a transparent metallic conductive coating on the bottom2. Adhesive spacer3. Glass layer coated with a transparent metallic conductive coating on the top4. Adhesive layer on the backside of the glass for mounting.When a user touches the surface, the system records the change in the electrical current thatflows through the display.

Dispersive-signal technology which 3M created in 2002, measures the piezoelectriceffect the voltage generated when mechanical force is applied to a material that occurschemically when a strengthened glass substrate is touched.There are two infrared-based approaches. In one, an array of sensors detects a finger touching oralmost touching the display, thereby interrupting light beams projected over the screen. In theother, bottom-mounted infrared cameras record screen touches.In each case, the system determines the intended command based on the controls showing on thescreen at the time and the location of the touch.


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Ergonomics and usage

Finger stressAn ergonomic problemof touchscreens is their stress on human fingers when used for

more than a few minutes at a time, since significant pressure can be required for certain types of touchscreen. This can be alleviated for some users with the use of a pen or other device to addleverage and more accurate pointing. However, the introduction of such items can sometimes beproblematic depending on the desired use case (for example, public kiosks such as ATMs). Also,fine motor control is better achieved with a stylus, because a finger is a rather broad andambiguous point of contact with the screen itself.

Fingernail as stylusThese ergonomic issues of direct touch can be bypassed by using a different technique,

provided that the user's fingernails are either short or sufficiently long Rather than pressing withthe soft skin of an outstretched fingertip, the finger is curled over, so that the top of the forwardedge of a fingernail can be used instead. The thumb is optionally used to provide support for thefinger or for a long fingernail, from underneath.

This method does not work on capacitive touch screens, as fingernails lack the electricalproperties required to be sensible by capacitive sensing. The fingernail's hard, curved surfacecontacts the touchscreen at a single very small point. Therefore, much less finger pressure isneeded, much greater precision is possible (approaching that of a stylus, with a little experience),much less skin oil is smeared onto the screen, and the fingernail can be silently moved across thescreen with very little resistance allowing for selecting text, moving windows, or drawing lines.

The human fingernail consists of keratin which has a hardness and smoothness similar tothe tip of a stylus (and so will not typically scratch a touchscreen). Alternately, very short stylustips are available, which slip right onto the end of a finger; this increases visibility of the contactpoint with the screen.

FingerprintsTouchscreens can suffer from the problem of fingerprints on the display. This can be

mitigated by the use of materials with optical coatings designed to reduce the visible effects of fingerprint oils, such as the oleophobic coating used in the iPhone 3G S, or by reducing skincontact by using a fingernail or stylus.


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Combined with hapticsThe user experience with touchscreens without tactile feedback or haptics can be difficult

due to latency or other factors. Research from the University of Glasgow Scotland [Brewster,Chohan, and Brown 2007] demonstrates that sample users reduce input errors (20%), increaseinput speed (20%), and lower their cognitive load (40%) when touchscreens are combined withhaptics ortactile feedback, [vs. non-haptic touchscreens].

"Gorilla Arm"The Jargon File dictionary of hacker slang defined Gorilla Arm as the failure to

understand the ergonomics of vertically mounted touch screens for prolonged use. Theproposition is that human arm held in an unsupported horizontal position rapidly becomesfatigued and painful, the so-called "gorilla arm". It is often cited as a prima facie example of what not to do in ergonomics, despite contrary evidence.]

Vertical touchscreens still dominate in applications such as ATMs and datakiosks inwhich the usage is too brief to be an ergonomic problem. Discomfort might be caused byprevious poor posture and atrophied muscular systems caused by limited physical exercise . Fineart painters and draughstmen have worked in similar postures with vertically mounted surfaces todraw on for millennia


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What Are Touch Screen Used For ?

The touch screen is one of the easiest PC interfaces to use, making it the interface of choice for awide variety of applications. Here are a few examples of how touch input systems are being usedtoday:

Public Information DisplaysInformation kiosks, tourism displays,

trade show displays, and other electronic displays areused by many people that have little or no computingexperience. The user friendly touch screen interface canbe less intimidating and easier to use than other inputdevices, especially for novice users. A touch screen canhelp make your information more easily accessible byallowing users to navigate your presentation by simply

touching the display screen.

Retail and Restaurant SystemsTime is money, especially in a fast paced retail or

restaurant environment. Touch screen systems are easyto use so employees can get work done faster, andtraining time can be reduced for new employees. Andbecause input is done right on the screen, valuablecounter space can be saved. Touch screens can be usedin cash registers, order entry stations, seating andreservation systems, and more.

Control and Automation SystemsThe touch screen interface is useful in systems ranging

from industrial process control to home automation. Byintegrating the input device with the display,Valuable workspace can be saved. And with agraphical interface, operators can monitor and controlcomplex operations in real-time by simply touching thescreen


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Customer self-serviceIn today's fast pace world, waiting in line is one of

the things that has yet to speed up. Self-service touchscreen terminals can be used to improve customerservice at busy stores, fast service restaurants,transportation hubs, and more. Customers can quicklyplace their own orders or check themselves in or out,saving them time, and decreasing wait times for othercustomers. Automated bank teller (ATM) and airline e-ticket terminals are examples of self-service stations thatcan benefit fromtouch screen input

.

Computer Based Trainingbecause the touch screen interface is user-friendlierthan other input devices, overall training time forcomputer novices, and therefore training expense,can be reduced. It can also help to make learningmore fun and interactive, which can lead to a morebeneficial training experience for both students andeducators.

Assistive Technologythe touch screen interface can be beneficial tothose that have difficulty using other input devicessuch as a mouse or keyboards. When used inconjunction with software such as on-screenkeyboards, or other assistive technology, they can helpmakecomputing resources more available to people that have

And many more uses...The touch screen interface is being used in a widevariety of applications to improve human-computerinteraction. Other applications include digital jukeboxes,computerized gaming, Student registration systems,multimedia software, financial And scientific applications,and more.


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Application Touch screen Technology

Information Kiosk Systems

A Kiosk (pronounced key-osk) is a computer based terminal or display that is used to provideinformation or services, typically in a public place. Kiosk systems are being used in a variety of applications, including information directories, customer self-service terminals, electroniccatalogs, internet access terminals, tourism guides, and more.Complete Kiosk Systems

Several affordable and easy to use kiosk enclosures are available with integrated touch screenmonitors. Available with several of the leading touchscreen technologies and with a variety of laminate, stained oak, and painted metal finishes.

Mountable Monitors for Kiosk SystemsA variety of mountabledisplays that can be used in kiosk applications, including mountable CRT monitors and severaltypes of mountable flat panel monitors are available.

Other Components for Kiosk SystemsA variety of hardwarecomponents that can be used in information kiosk systems, including mountable printer, fan, andspeaker grills are available.

Software for Kiosk SystemsSeveral software packages canbe used in a kiosk environment, including a presentation development package and an on-screenkeyboard package.

Software, Cables, and Accessories

Software:Touchscreen related software, including presentation development software and other utilities

1. MYTSOFTMy-T-Soft On-Screen Keyboard Software

2. RIGHTTOUCHRightTouch Right-Click Utility Software


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MYTSOFTMy-T-Soft On-Screen Keyboard Software

My-T-Soft is an On-Screen keyboard utility that works with any Windows 95 / 98 / Me / NT / 2000 / XP software. It provides on-screen keyboards and user programmable buttons that allowusers to enter data using a touchscreen display.

My-T-Soft can be used by itself in home or workplace applications, and it includes a developer'skit that allows the keyboard to be called up from Web pages and other programs.

By allowing systems to operate without the need for a physical keyboard, external templates,membranes, or buttons, My-T-Soft can provide the finishing touch on sealed systems that onlyrequire a touchscreen for user input.

My-T-Soft uses a concept called "Heads Up Display" technology and its principal objective is tokeep the users focus and concentration centered in one place. My-T-Soft uses that concept toreduce the visual re-focusing and re-positioning caused by thehead's up and down motion of going from screen to keyboard to screen.

Features:Over 40 "Heads-Up Display" Keyboards with 12 basesizes and infinitely larger sizes

ABCD Alphabetical, QWERTY, 3 DVORAK's, and over 40International (German, Spanish, French, etc.) with Edit and Numeric panels.

Store up to 2000 keystrokes/menu selections (or the applications macro scripts) on each button.Up to 15 buttons can be grouped on individual Panels, which auto-open when their assignedapplication becomes active.

Developer friendlyShow & Hide keys, program keys in Key Options, Custom logo display, Operator mode, on-demand functionality. The Developer's Kit comes with all kinds of utilities, source code, samplecode, and a wealth of information for integrating My-T-Soft with your own application.Assignable Functions for Pointing Device Buttons

RIGHTTOUCHRightTouch Right-Click Utility Software

An easy interface to bring Right Click capability to any touchscreen.

Most touchscreens work by emulating left mouse button clicks, so that touching the screen is thesame as clicking your left mouse button at that same point on the screen. But what if you need to


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right click on an item? Some touchscreens do include right click support, but many do not. TheRight Touch utility provides an easy way to perform right clicks with any touchscreen.

The Right Touch utility places a button on your desktop that allows you to switch thetouchscreen between left and right clicks. When the screen is emulating left clicks, simply touchthe Right Touch button to change to right click mode. Touch again, and you're back to thestandard left click.

Software RequirementsWindows95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP

Please Note: Many of the touchscreen systems include a similar right-click tool with theirsoftware driver. The Right-Touch software is useful for touchscreens that do not have anincluded right click utility.

Cables:Cables for use with the touch monitors, includes video and serial port extension cables.

Serial CablesSERIAL25: 25-Foot Serial Extension CableSERIAL50: 50-Foot Serial Extension CableSERIAL100: 100-Foot Serial Extension

VGA Video CablesVGA25: 25-Foot VGA Extension CableVGA50: 50-Foot VGA Extension CableVGA100: 100-Foot VGA Extension CableVGA-Y: VGA Video Y-Splitter Cable

Accessories:

Stylus PensA stylus pen can be used along with our touchscreen systems for precise input.

STYLUS1

Stylus Pen for Resistive Touchscreens

STYLUS2

Stylus Pen for Surface Acoustic Wave Touch screens

Touch Screen Drivers

UPD Driver 3.5.18


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These drivers are for 3M Dynapro SC3 and SC4 ControllersThe new UPD Driver will work for the following controllers: SC3 Serial, SC4 Serial, SC4 USB.Supported platforms are Win2000/WinNT/Win9x/Me/XP. DOS and other drivers

Linux Drivers for SC3 and SC4 ControllersLinux drivers for SC3 and SC4 were developed by a third party, not 3M Touch Systems, and areprovided for our customers convenience. 3M Touch Systems cannot offer any warranty ortechnical support for them.

Linux Drivers

TouchWare Driver, Release 5.63 SR3These drivers are for MicroTouch Touch Controllers (EXII, SMT3, MT3000, MT410, MT510)

This release improves performance for Windows XP drivers. It provides multiple monitorsupport, including dual head video adapters, from TouchWare 5.63. Supported platforms areWinXP/Win2000/WinNT/Win9x/Me.This service release also corrects known problems with silent installation.Microcal 7.1Use this utility to modify controller settings and to calibrate the sensor at different resolutionsunder DOS. Microcal is compatible with fully-integrated ClearTek capacitive and TouchTek resistive touchscreens. This release supports any serial and PS/2 SMT controller, PC BUScontrollers and the MT400 controller.Near Field Imaging OEM DriversUse the OEM drivers below with Near Field Imaging touch screen products.For Windows NT/9X:8.4-inch Near Field Imaging touch screens (approx. 2.5MB)For Windows NT/9X/3.1 and MS-DOS:10.4-inch and larger Near Field Imaging touch screens (approx> 3.6MB)

For Windows XP/2000 for 10.4-inch and larger Near Field Imaging touch screensLinux Drivers for NFILinux drivers for NFI were developed by a third party, not 3M Touch Systems, and are providedfor our customers' convenience. 3M Touch Systems cannot offer any warranty or technicalsupport for them.


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ADVANTAGES OVER OTHER POINTING DEVICES

Touch screens have several advantages over other pointing devices:

Touching a visual display of choices requires little thinking and is a form of directmanipulation that is easy to learn.

Touch screens are the fastest pointing devices.

Touch screens have easier hand eye coordination than mice or keyboards.

No extra work space is required as with other pointing devices.

Touch screens are durable in public access and in high volume usage.

Disadvantages

Users hand may obscure the screen.

Screens need to be installed at a lower position and tilted to reduce arm fatigue.

Some reduction in image brightness may occur.

They cost more than alternative devices.


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References

1. www.touchscreen.org 2. www.touchscreen.com 3 . www.google.com 4. www.wikipedia.org
http://www.touchscreen.org/http://www.touchscreen.org/http://www.touchscreen.org/http://www.touchscreen.com/http://www.touchscreen.com/http://www.touchscreen.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.google.com/http://www.touchscreen.com/http://www.touchscreen.org/

Date post:	07-Apr-2018
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