Satu selvinen 2011

• Finnish Riding Therapy

• Perception

• Sensory processing

• Body schemas

• Neuronal Group Selection Theory

• Central Pattern Generators

• Multisensory processing

• Postural Balance

• Mirror neuron mechanism

Gent 12.3.2011

Neurophysiological background for the effects of EAT based on studies in brain research

[email protected]

Monday, March 21, 2011


Riding therapy is functional in its nature. It exposes the patient as a whole person to a total experience. This experience includes the entire body, its feelings, thoughts into a continuous sensory and motor experience. An experience shared by the rider, the horse and the total environment. A truly holistic experience.

FINNISH RIDING THERAPY


FINNISH RIDING THERAPY


Horse in therapy

Written study work

RIDINGTHERAPIST

Physiotherapeutic and occupational use of horse in

therapy

ORIENTATION

PRACTISE + SEMINAR

Educational, developmental and psychological use of horse in therapy

ORIENTATION

PRACTISE + SEMINAR

PRACTISE + SEMINAR

ORIENTATION




PERCEPTION

Perception refers to the person’s ability to understand, or make meaning out of the sensory input received through the sensory organs (such as the eyes and ears).

The perceptual process occurs through mechanisms in the brain that link the current sensory information with memories and past experiences with similar sensory information.

Kandel, E., Schwartz, J. & Jessell, T.(2000)


PERCEPTION

STIMULUS

SENSATION

INTERPRETATION

COMPREHENSION


PERCEPTION

Perception depends on both learning and maturation. Babies are not given the perceptual world with all its categories at birth. They actively create it through they experiences, memories and cognitive processes.

We have to learn how to see and hear with meaning. We develop our sensory processing skills and achieve the comprehension through interaction with the enviroment.

Bogdashina 2003


Human development is a blend of nature and nurture, genes and environment.

There is no cognitive, perceptual, emotional, or motor skill that is not influenced by both of these factors.

Brain development is "activity-dependent," meaning that the electrical activity in every circuit--sensory, motor, emotional, cognitive--shapes the way that circuit gets put together.



The brain is made of nerve cells or neurons, which are

specialized to carry messages in our body.

The human brain has about 100 milliard neurons.

NEURONS


SYNAPSE

Information from one neuron to another flows

across a synapse.

Every neuron has thousands of connections

with other neurons.

Every synapse is able for hundreds of operations.




ENTEROCEPTORS/ FAR SENSESseehearsmelltaste

EXTEROSCEPTORS/ NEAR SENSEStouch

pressuretemperature

pain

INTEROCEPTORS/INNER SENSESproprioception

vestibular

SENSORY SYSTEMS


TACTILE SYSTEM

MECHANORECEPTORS OF THE SKIN


VESTIBULAR SYSTEM


RECEPTORS OF VESTIBULAR SYSTEM

SEMICIRCULAR CANALS AND OTOLITH ORGANS


PROPRIOCEPTION

GOLGI TENDON ORGAN MUSCLE SPINDEL


Sense organs start to work when something stimulates receptors.

Once stimulated, the receptors send nerve impulses along sensory nerves.


Most of the sensory information (except smell) passes through the thalamus and then to the opposite hemisphere of the cortex.

The signals from each sensory organ are processed in specialized areas of the brain.

When the information reach the cerebral cortex we become conscious of the stimuli and the brain tell us what the stimulus is.


BODY SCHEMAS


• Body schemas are the internal representations of the anatomy and dynamics of the body in the brain.

• They are built up by sensory information.

BODY SCHEMAS


SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX

SENSORY HOMUNCULUS



PROPRIOCEPTION

AUDITIVE

VISUAL

TASTE

TOUCH

BODY SCHEMAS

VESTIBULAR

TEMPERATURE


PROPRIOCEPTION

AUDITIVE

VISUAL

TASTE

TOUCH

BODY SCHEMAS

VESTIBULAR

TEMPERATURE

SMELL

PRESSURE


• Body schemas are needed for the awareness of the body and for motor planning, they are essential to all voluntary movements.

• Body schemas have essential properties required for multisensory integration.

• They are a key element of self-conciousness and they form a basis for social cognition.

BODY SCHEMAS


4 y 9 m 11 y

DRAW A PERSON TEST (Cook 1988)


4 y 9 m 11 y

DRAW A PERSON TEST (Cook 1988)


• Sensory profile provides a standard method for measuring and reporting sensory processing abilities in everyday life.

• It provides a tool for linking performance strengths and barriers with sensory processing patterns.

• Each measure describes a person's response to various sensory experiences.

• Caregivers complete the questionnaire.

SENSORY PROFILE ( Dunn 2001)



Refer to the amount of stimuli required for a neuron or neuron system to respond.

When the nervous system responds really quickly to a sensory stimulus, there is a low threshold = hyper-responsive (or overresponsive)

When the nervous system responds more slowly than expected, there is a high threshold = hypo-responsive (or under responsive) for responding.

Dunn 2003

NEUROLOGICAL THRESHOLDS


http://classes.kumc.edu/sah/resources/sensory_processing/learning_opportunities/concepts/sp_concepts_hyper_responsive.htm




http://classes.kumc.edu/sah/resources/sensory_processing/learning_opportunities/concepts/sp_concepts_hypo_responsive.htm




• The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) and Sensory Profile (SP) were completed by teachers and parents to assess social functioning at three times: pre-and-post intervention and a two month follow-up.

• The means between the treatment and control groups at post-test indicated significant group differences on the following SP scales: Sensory seeking, emotionally reactive, inattention/distractibility, and sensory sensitivity.

The Effects of Equine Assisted Activities on the Social Functioning of Children with Autism

Margaret M. Bass, Ph.D. Maria Llabre, Ph.D.


Sensory information is critical not only for the development of the central nervous system but also for the adaptation to the surrounding world and for

moving and learning.

The ability to relate sensory input to motor output forms the basis of posture control development.

Hadders-Algra 2005

SENSORY INFORMATION


SENSORY INPUT

MOTOR OUTPUT


Normal development is coded by genes until 4 months of age.

Feedback of child’s own moving is important to the normal development.

This selection process creates favored muscle synergies or functional strategies for performing movements associated with desired actions from among the many combinations of movements that could be effective.

Hadders-Algra 2002


The development of postural muscle activation patterns in sitting infants.

NEURAL CONTROL OF HUMAN MOTOR DEVELOPMENT (H.Forsberg )


Locomotion and other rhythmic motor behaviours are based on the activity of spinal functional networks generating the rhythm and shaping the pattern of burts of motoneurons.

These networks are called central pattern generators, CPGs, which are capable producing coordinated movements which require afferent and supraspinal input.

(Grillner, 1986, Forsberg and Dietz 1997)

CENTRAL PATTERN GENERATORS (CPGs)


The evidence for existence of CPGs comes from newborns; infant stepping is initiated or triggered by peripheral stimuli. (Zehr and Duysens 2004)

Another evidence is in persons with paraplegia; locomotor EMG activity and movements can be both elicited and trained. (Dietz 1997)

CPGs are active controllers of human rhythmic movements.

CENTRAL PATTERN GENERATORS



• The fine regulation of rhythmic human movements typified by locomotion can be understood as the sublime interaction of a triparte system consisting of supraspinal input, spinal central pattern generating circuits (CPG), and sensory feedback (Zehr 2004)

• Sensory feedback is an integral part of the over all and is critical in modifying CPG-generated motor programs in online adaptations to environment (MacKay-Lyons 2002, Dietz 2003)

• The control of locomotion involves the use of afferent information from variety of sources in the visual, vestibular, tactile and proprioceptive systems (Dietz 2003)

SENSORY FEEDBACK


It is well documented that rhythmic and repetitive proprioceptive and tactile input indicates changes in the anatomy and function of the sensomotor cortex. (Kaas JH et al,1999)

Also passive repetitive proprioceptive stimulation change the representation of the used body part.

Lewis GN 2004

SENSORY INPUT


To be effective, the sensory information must be meaningful for the person; the activity must produce pleasure or lead to the wanted goal.

If the brain of a person cannot give meaning for the sensory information produced by the means of an activity, the brain slowly ignores the


Movement, in it´s effectiveness, can take place of any other modality, but no therapeutic modality in the world can replace the effect of movement.

Clemens Josef Tissot 1750-1826


As research techniques and technology become more sophisticated, scientists and practioners gain knowledge and achieve a better understanding of the complexity of the CNS.


University of Rostock, Germany 2011

Basic neurobiological and psychological mechanisms underlying therapeutic effects of Equine Assisted Activities (EAA/T)

The activation of the oxytocin system is indirectly operationalized via measuring a set of indicators capturing the well investigated effects of oxytocin on stress (cortisol, heart

rate), trust, and social behavior.


Vanderbuilt Brain Istitute, Multisensory Research Laboratory, USA 2011

Altered Multisensory Processes in Autism Spectrum Disorder

A better characterization of some of the fundamental aspects of (multi)sensory processing will represent an

important step forward in our understanding of ASD, and should shed important insights into the neural substrates of this complex developmental disorder, as well as inform the design of more effective interventional strategies. Both

sensory and multisensory processes are impacted in Autism.


PLASTICITY

Plasticity is the lifelong ability of the brain to reorganize neural pathways on the basis of new experiences.

Learning and memory are classical examples of neuroplasticity.


MULTISENSORY INTEGRATION

= MULTIMODAL INTEGRATION MULTISENSORY PROCESSING

A STUDY HOW DIFFERENT SENSORY MODALITIES ARE INTEGRATED BY THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND

HOW HOW THEY INTERACT WITH ONE ANOTHER AND ALTER EACH OTHERʼS

PROCESSING.


• The International Multisensory Research Forum (IMRF) facilitates communication between scientists who work with sensory systems in which more than one sense modality plays a role. We seek to include any and all sense modalities, species, scientific disciplines, and perspectives (anatomical, cognitive, behavioral, computational, developmental, engineering, physiological, and others).

www.imrf.info


http://www.imrf.info

http://www.imrf.info

0

175.0000

350.0000

525.0000

700.0000

Auditory MultisensoryVisual

*

Multisensory Enhancement

• Performance enhancement is larger for multisensory than unisensory stimuli

• Selective attention modulates multisensory integration

• Altered multisensory processing in dyslexia

Wake Forrest University


Multisensory enviroment

MS is an interactive environment that generates real time stimuli of different senses.

SNOEZELEN

Snoezelen is a non-directive therapy and can be staged to provide a multi-sensory experience or single sensory focus, simply by adapting the lighting, atmosphere, sounds, and textures to the specific needs of the client at the time of use.


Multisensoring marketing

Joshua G. Giordimaina 2008

Multisensory marketing and sensory branding is based on the idea that we are most likely to form, retain and revisit memory when all five senses are engaged.


Entering the subconscious

Multi-Sensory Marketing


www.magicofnuuksio.com


http://www.magicofnuuksio.com

http://www.magicofnuuksio.com

”Sometimes when other kids spoke to me I would sc arcely hear, then sometimes they sounded like bullets.”

”I did not see whole. I saw hair, i saw eyes, nose, mouth, chin…not face”

” Together, the sharp sounds and the bright lights were more than enough to oveload my sense. My head would feel tight, my stomach would churn, and my pulse would run my heart ragged until i found a safety zone.”


Rubber Hand IllusionEhrsson, Spence, & Passingham (2004)


THE PINOCCHIO ILLUSION



Spatial, temporal and physical characteristics of the sensory

stimuli that are combined critically determine how they are synthesized.

Thus, multisensory stimuli that are in close physical proximity, that occur at or near the same moment in time, that are weakly effective on their own, and that are contextually similar result in enhanced neural activity



Poor balance is often associated with neurological disorders and behind balance problems there are often impairments in sensory systems and body awareness.

Deficits in sensory integration processes are often suspected as an underlying source of balance disorders in individuals who have sustained brain changes due to disease, trauma or aging.



INTEGRATION OF SENSORY INPUTS



MOTOR PLANNING



MUSCULAR EXECUTION

MOTOR PLANNING



ATTENTIONMUSCULAR EXECUTION

MOTOR PLANNING



VISUAL SYSTEM

photoreceptors of the retina


VISUAL SYSTEM

VESTIBULAR SYSTEM


receptors of semicircular canals and otolith organs

in the inner ear


VISUAL SYSTEMTACTILE SYSTEM

VESTIBULAR SYSTEM


mechanoreceptors of the skin


in the inner ear


VISUAL SYSTEMTACTILE SYSTEM

VESTIBULAR SYSTEMPROPRIOCEPTION


mechanoreceptors of the skin


in the inner ear

proprioreceptors of muscle spindles, golgi

tendon organ and joints





CAN YOU HEAR AND FEEL THE SMILE?


MIRROR NEURON MECHANISM

• Enables us to understand all the aspects of other´s behaviour, which is the basis for the social organization.

• Enables imitation learning, which is at the basis of human culture.

• Play a fundamental role in both action understanding and imitation.

• There is relationship between the mirror-neuron system and language.


MCGURK EFFECT

BA + GA = DA


• Primary problems in CNS, Brain injury, upper motor neuron lesion

• Intact peripheral nerves, muscles, bones and joints; abnormalities secondary due to development, abnormal use and growth

• Not only a motor problem and the level of severity in motor and additional problems varies

• Often hyper- or hyporesponding sensory systems

CP


• the child uses what she/he finds useful using compensatory patterns

• the child has no experience of normal movement patterns

• the child has not born spastic but the spasticity develops with function

CP


• To increase awareness of the trunk/limb

• Functional goals/ selective movements

• Reciprocal movements/agonist-antagonist

• To increase muscle strength and balance

NeuroMuscularElectroStimulation on sensory level Helena Mäenpää 2010


Bivelee it or not, rcesrhaeers at Cmabrigde hvae dirvoseced taht the oredr of ltteers in a wrod deson't rlaley matter. The olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer are in the rghit pclae. Eevn if the rset are tolatly julebmd up you can sitll raed it. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn barin deos not raed ecah lteter invuddilialy, but inesatd renisgoecs the wrod as a wlohe.


.

BEDANKT EN TOT ZIENS !


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Satu selvinen 2011

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