karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc
GgÁkarBlkmGnþrCatikm<úCa 2007
esovePAsMrab;GñkbNþúHbNþal
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcesovePAsMrab;GñkbNþúHbNþal
km<úCa2007
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
2
matikar
matikar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>3
esckþIepþIm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 5
kareRtomlkçN³sRmab;karbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 6
]TahrN_ ³ lixitGeBaI¢j >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 9
]TahrN_ ³ TRmg;EtgtaMgsikçakam >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 10
]TahrN_ ³ kmviFIbNþúHbNþalsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 11
]TahrN_ ³ TRmg;vaytMélRbcaMéf¶ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>13
kareRtomemeronrbs;Gñk >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 16
emeronTI 1 ³ karENnaMGMBIkmviFI nigkarENnaMsikçakam[sÁal;Kña >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 17
emeronTI 2 ³ critlkçN³smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 19
lMhat;TI 1 ³ esckþIrMBwgTuk nigkarcUlrYmviPaKTan >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 21
emeronTI 3 ³ karGPivDÆsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>23
lMhat;TI 2 ³ RbvtþismaKmGaCIvkm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 25
emeronTI 4 ³ ebskkm nigeKaledArbs;smaKm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 27
emeronTI 5 ³ lkçnþik³ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 29
emeronTI 6 ³ karCMruj[RsþIcUlrYm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 31
lMhat;TI 3 ³ karsRmbsRmYl[RsþIcUlrYm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 33
lMhat;TI 4 ³ karsRmbsRmYl[RsþIcUlrYm ¬2¦>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 35
emeronTI 7 ³ PaBCaGñkdwknaM >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 36
lMhat;TI 5 ³ bBaðananaTak;TgnwgPaBCaGñkdwknaM >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 39
emeronTI 8 ³ karR)aRs½yTak;Tg >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 41
lMhat;TI 6 ³ karcUlCasmaCiksmaKmGaCIvkm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>44
emeronTI 9 ³ karseRmccitþelIesvakmnanarbs;smaKmGaCIvkm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>46
lMhat;TI 7 ³ kareFViviPaKlT§PaBpþl;esva >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>49
emeronTI 10 ³ karpþl;esvaBaNiC¢km >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 51
lMhat;TI 8 ³ plRbeyaCn_BIkarcUlrYmkñúgesvaBaNiC¢km >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 53
emeronTI 11 ³ karpþl;esvats‘Umti >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 55
3
matikar
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
lMhat;TI 9 ³ Gñklk;dUrtampSar crcarCamYyGaCJaFrmUldæan >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 58
emeronTI 12 ³ karTTYlxusRtUv nigParkic©nanaenAkñúgsmaKm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 60
lMhat;TI 10 ³ KUrrcnasm<½n§smaKmGaCIvkmrbs;Gñk >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 63
emeronTI 13 ³ karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúrbs;smaKm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 65
lMhat;TI 11 ³ karerobcMr)aykarN_R)ak;cMeNj nigR)ak;xat nigr)aykarN_smtulü >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>68
emeronTI 14 ³ RbPBcMNUl >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>70
lMhat;TI 12 ³ RbPBcMNUlxagkñúg nigRbPBcMNUlBIxageRkA >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>73
lMhat;TI 13 ³ dMeNIrbRBa©as;vdþ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 75
emeronTI 15 ³ karcuHbBa¢IsmaKmGaCIvkmrbs;GñkenAkm<úCa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 77
emeronTI 16 ³ kareFVIEpnkarskmPaB >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 78
lMhat;TI 14 ³ karviPaKEbbsVt nigkareFVIEpnkarskmPaB >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 79
El,gpþl;famBl >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 81
4
5
esckþIepþIm
smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc KWCasmaKmTaMgLay EdlGaCIvkrCasmaCikmankars½RKcitþeFVIkarCamYyKña
edIm,ITTYl)anplRbeyaCn_rYmKña dUcCa karTTYl)anhirBaØvtßúsRmab;smaCikTaMgLayrbs;xøÜn b¤karcrcar
CamYyrdæaPi)al edIm,ICRmuj[nItiviFIrdæ)alnanamanPaBRbesIreLIg . enAkñúgn½yTUlMTUlay eKaledA
rbs;smaKmTaMgLay KWCakarelIkkMBs;Epñkesdækic© nigsgÁmsMrab;smaCiknanarbs;xøÜn . smaKm
GaCIvkmmanrab;bBa©Úl ³
GgÁPaBTaMgLay EdlKaMRTsmaCikxøÜnkñúgkarplit nigskmPaBGaCIvkmepSg²
GgÁPaBTaMgLayEdlkarBarplRbeyaCn_nanarbs;smaCikxøÜn nigeFVICatMNag[BYkeK
GgÁPaBTaMgLayEdlsMrbsMrYl nigRtYtBinitüelIskmPaBGaCIvkmrbs;smaCikxøÜn
esovePAsRmab;RKÚbNþúHbNþalenH RtUveRbIR)as;CamYyesovePAGñkGan : karRKb;RKgsmaKm
GaCIvkmFuntUc :. esovePA GñkGan pþl;B½t’manCamUldæan nigkrNIsikSaCaeRcInenAelIRbFanbTepSg²
EdlTak;TgenAkñúgesovePAsRmab;RKUbNþúHbNþal .
karbNþúHbNþal KWCYydl;GñkdwknaM nigbuKÁliksmaKmTaMgLay edIm,I[)anyl;dwg nigeFVIesckþI
seRmccitþnanaCayuT§saRsþ EdlnwgCYyBRgwgsmaKmRBmTaMgGaCIvkmrbs;smaCikTaMgLayrbs;
xøÜn. dUecñHGñkTTYlplRbeyaCn_cugeRkayeK KWCasmaCikTaMgLayrbs;smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc nig
bNþaGgÁPaBshRKinFuntUc EdlBak;B½n§enAkñúgkarlk;ray karEkécñ karplit nigkareFVIBaNiC¢km .l.
nig.l. esovePAsRmab;RKUbNþúHbNþalenH Tak;TgnwgbBaðanana CaBiessrbs;RsþI enAkñúgsmaKm
GaCIvkmTaMgLay .
esovePAbNþúHbNþalenH eroberogeLIgedayEp¥kelIxøwmsaresovePAsRmab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
{karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc : Edl)ancgRkgnige)aHBum<edaykmviFI In-Focus Programme
rbs;GgÁkarBlkmGnþrCati sþIGMBIkarGPivDÆn_shRKasFuntUc . esovePAenH )anRtUvEksRmYledIm,I
kareRbIR)as;enAkm<úCa edayrYmshkarCamYyRksYg]sSahkm Er: nigfamBl RksYgkic©karnarI nig
shB½n§nieyaCk nigsmaKmBaNiC¢kmkm<úCa .
esckþIepþIm
6
karerobcM[manEpnkarbNþúHbNþald¾l¥mYy KWCaRKWHedIm,ITTYl)an\T§iBlCaviC¢manBIkarbNþúH
bNþalEdleKcg;)an. EbbbTCaCMhan²dUcxageRkamenH nwgCYy[GñkerobcMkmviFIbNþúHbNþalmYy
RbkbedayRbsiT§PaB .
CMhanTI 1 ³ viPaKesckþIRtUvkar nigbriyakarsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc
etIGñkyl;dwgGVIxøHGMBIsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcenAkñúgRbeTs b¤tMbn;rbs;Gñk ? etIsmaKmGaCIvkm
FuntUcTaMgenaHbMeBjmuxnaTIGVIxøH ? etIsmaKmTaMgenaHmancMNucexSayGVIxøH ehIyBYkeKedaHRsaycMNuc
exSayTaMgLayenaHedayviFINa? etIsmaCikPaKeRcInCaburs b¤k¾CaRsþI ? etIsmaCikTaMgenaHmanesckþI
RtUvkardUcKñaEdrb¤eT ? B½t’manGMBIGgÁPaBsmaKmGaCIvkm nigbriyakarGaCIvkm nwgCYy[GñkkMNt;
eKaledAkarbNþúHbNþal nigenAdMNak;kalcugeRkay nwgCYy[GñkGackMNt;eKalbMNgnanasRmab;
kareronsURtrbs;sikçakam .
CMhanTI 2 ³ karviPaKGñkBak;B½n§
karbNþúHbNþal KWCaviFImYysRmab;karksagsmtßPaB. TRmg;epSg²énkarksagsmtßPaB rYmman
CMnYybec©keTs ehdæarcnasm<½n§ eRKOg]bkrN_ nigesvahirBaØvtßúnana . vatRmUv[mankmøaMgrYmKña nig
TMnak;TMngnanaCamYynwgKMnitpþÜcepþImTaMgLay edIm,IbegáIn\T§iBlBIkarbNþúHbNþal . dUecñH vamanPaB
caM)ac;kñúgkarkMNt;karksagsmtßPaB EdlkarbNþúHbNþalGMBIsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcnwgRtUveFVIeLIg .
karKUsEpnTIKMnitpþÜcepþImnanaeTAGnaKt nigtYGgÁsMxan;² nwgCYybegáIt[)anrUbPaBeBjeljmYy .
CMhanTI 3 ³ kMNt;sikçakameKaledAsRmab;karbNþúHbNþal
etInrNaCasikçakamenAkñúgkarbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk³ buKÁlikrbs;Pñak;garKaMRTnana Gñkpþl;
eyabl;ÉkCn GaCJaFrmUldæannana b¤bNþaGñkRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc ? etIGñknwgBRgwgsmtßPaB
rbs;smaKmGaCIvkmRsþIenAtMbn;NamYyEdrb¤eT ? b¤etIGñkkMBugepþateTAelIRbePTsmaKmGaCIvkm
EdlmkBItMbn;xus²Kña ? etIGñknwgbNþúHbNþalsaxarbs;shB½n§smaKmGaCIvkmTaMgLayenAtam
mUldæanEdrb¤eT ?
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
kareRtomlkçN³sRmab;karbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk
kareRtomlkçN³sRmab;karbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk
CMhanTI 4 ³ eFVIkar)a:n;RbmaNtRmUvkarbNþúHbNþal
bEnßmeTAelIB½t’manEdl)anRbmUlBIkareFVIviPaKsmaKmGaCIvkm kar)a:n;RbmaNtRmUvkarbNþúHbNþal
enAkñúgcMeNamGñktMNagsikçakameKaledArbs;Gñk nwgCYy[karbNþúHbNþal eqøIytbeTAtamtRmUvkar
kan;EtRtwmRtUvEfmeTot . karN_enHnwgCYy[eFVI[karbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk kan;EtmanplRbeyaCn_
EfmeTotsRmab;;sikçakamTaMgLay . GaRs½yeTAelIsikçakameKaledArbs;Gñk karN_enHGacRtUv
eFVIeLIgtamry³karBieRKaHeyabl; karBiPakSatamRkumEdl)aneRCIserIs b¤kareRbIR)as;bBa¢IsMNYr .
CMhanTI 5 ³ kMNt;eKaledA nigeKalbMNgkarbNþúHbNþal
eKaledAkarbNþúHbNþal KWCakarBiBN’naCaTUeTAGMBIbBaðananaEdlGñkcg;edaHRsay . vaman
PaBxusEbøkKñaBIeKalbMNgénkareronsURtrbs;sikçakameKaledA EdlepþateTAelIesckþIRtUvkarCak;
lak; ¬GankñúgCMhanTI 4¦ . ]TahrN_ ³ eKaledAkarbNþúHbNþalrbs;RKUbegÁalsmaKmGaCIvkm
FuntUcKW :edIm,IbegáIncMnYnRKUbegÁalsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc[mansmtßPaB : . eKalbMNgénkareron
sURtrbs;sikçakam EdlekIteLIgCabnÞab;eTotenHKW : enAcugbBa©b;énkarbNþúHbNþal sikçakamTaMg
Gs;nwgGacsRmbsRmYlvKÁbNþúHbNþal sRmab;GñkdwknaMsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcTaMgLay)an : .
CMhanTI 6 ³ kMNt;rkédKU
etIsßab½n nigGgÁPaBNamYy EdlnwgRtUvGeB¢aIjcUlrYmenAkñúgkarEksRmYlemeronkarbNþúH
bNþalbnþ karvaytémø karRtYtBinitüKuNPaB nigkarpÁt;pÁg;fvika ¬b¤cUlrYmviPaKTanCacMENkkñúg
fvika¦ .
cMNucsRmab;eFVIkarBicarNadUcxageRkamenH GacCYy)ankñúgkarkMNt;rkédKUnana ³
CMnajÉkeTs ³ RKUbNþúHbNþalmñak; minGacmanCMnajenARKb;RbFanbTTaMgGs;enaHeT .
vakan;EtRbesIrEfmeTotkñúgkarGeBa¢IjGñkCMnajkarNamñak; EdlGacCYyeFVI[RbFanbT
beRgon kan;EtsmRsbEfmeTotdl;bTdæanCati c,ab;nignItiviFInana . GñkGacGeB¢aIj
GñkCMnajkar [sRmbsRmYlemeronCak;lak;NamYy. ]TahrN_ eKGacGeB¢aIjemFavI
mñak;edIm,IsRmbsRmYlemeronsþIGMBIlkçnþik³ smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc .
karrkédKUkRmitx<s; ³ etIGgÁPaBNamYy EdlmansmtßPaBeRbIR)as;emeronenAkñúgskm
PaBbNþúHbNþalCabnþbnÞab;rbs;BYkeK ?
karpÁt;pÁg;fvika ³ etIGgÁPaBNamYyEdlKaMRTkarGPivDÆn_EpñkÉkCn nigkarksagsmtß
PaBsßab½nGgÁPaB ? etIBYkeKcab;GarmN_enAkñúgkarpþl;fvika ¬b¤karcUlrYmviPaKTankñúgcMENk
fvika¦ sRmab;karbNþúHbNþal b¤sRmab;kartamdankarbNþúHbNþal Edrb¤eT ? etIGgÁkarCati
nigGgÁkarGnþrCati bNþaPñak;gar rdæaPi)al nigm©as;mUlniFinana KWCaédKUFmtaenAkñúgRBwtþikarN_
bNþúHbNþalGMBIkarRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcnanaEdrb¤eT?
7
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
karKaMRTEpñkneya)ay ³ vamanRbeyaCn_ kñúgkarpþl;B’t½mandl;RksYgnana b¤GaCJaFrEdndI
EdlBak;B½n§ GMBIeKalbMNgniglT§plnanaénkarbNþúHbNþal. ]TahrN_ BYkeKGacCYy
kñúgskmPaBtamdanTaMgLay)an .
enATMB½rCabnþbnÞab;eTAenH GñknwgeXIjKMrUlixitGeB¢aIj TRmg;EtgtaMgsikçakam kalviPaKbNþúH
bNþal TRmg;vaytémøsRmab;eFVIkarEksRmYl nigeRbIR)as;enAkñúgkmviFIbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk .
8
kareRtomlkçN³sRmab;karbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk
]TahrN_ ³ lixitGeBa¢Ij
9
Gas½ydæansRmab;karTMnak;TMng : GñkerobcM :
TIkEnøg / kalbriecäT
Gas½ydæan : GñkTTYllixit :
kmvtßú ³ cMNgeCIgvKÁbNþúHbNþal
sUmeKarBCUnelak elakRsI
eyIgxJúM : CaGñkerobcM :manesckþIrIkrayNas;nwgeKarBGeBa¢IjtMNagmñak;BIGgÁkarrbs;elak
b¤elakRsI cUlrYmvKÁbNþúHbNþal : cMNgeCIg : . vKÁbNþúHbNþalenH nwgRtUverobcMeLIgedayrYm
shkarCamYy /// ¬édKUerobcM nigb¤Gñk]btßmÖ ¦ cab;BIéf¶ /// Ex///qñaM/// dl; éf¶ /// Ex///qñaM/// enA///
¬TIkEnøg¦ .
eKalbMNgvKÁbNþúHbNþalenHKWedIm,I>>> ¬BRgwgsmtßPaBRKUbNþúHbNþal Edl)anbBa¢ak;eQaH
mkenH¼BRgwgCMnajRKb;RKgrbs;GñkdwknaMsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcTaMgT,ay¼ ksagcMeNHdwgdl;
smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcelIkarpþl;esvahirBaØvtßúnana .l. ¦ .
vKÁbNþúHbNþalenHerobcMeLIgsRmab; >>> ¬GñkdwknaMnigbuKÁliksmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcTaMgT,ay
¼ buKÁlikPñak;garKaMRT ¦. sUmGankmviFIENnaMbEnßmdUcmanP¢ab;mkCamYyenH .
edIm,IFana[vKÁbNþúHbNþalenHTTYl)aneCaKC½y eyIgnwgBüayamEksRmYlRbFanbTeday
GnuelameTAtamesckþIRtUvkarbNþúHbNþal nigbTBiesaFn_rbs;sikçakammñak;² . dUecñH
vatRmUv[mankareRCIserIssikçakamedayRbugRby½tñ . RbsinebIGgÁkarrbs;elak elakRsI
cg;cUlrYm sUmbMeBjTRmg;EtgtaMgsikçakamdUcmanP¢ab;mkCamYyenH ehIyepJIvamkeyIg´vijmunenA
>>> ¬kalbriecäT¦ . eyIg´nwgCRmabCUnBIlT§plénsMeNIsMurbs;elak elakRsIenA >>>¬kalbriecäT¦ .
RbsinebIelak elakRsImancm¶l;NamYy sUmkMusÞak;esÞIrTak;Tgelak >>> ¼elakRsI >>>eTAtam
Gas½ydæandUcteTAenH >>> ¬Gas½ydæanTMnak;TMnglMGit¦ .
edayesckþIeKarBrab;Gand¾esaHBIeyIg´
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
]TahrN_ ³ TRmg;EtgtaMgsikçakam
cMNgeCIgvKÁbNþúHbNþal ³
1/ eQaH Gas½ydæan TUrs½BÞ nigelxTUrsar GuIEml ³ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
2/ ePT burs RsþI
3/ Gayu >>>>>>>>>>>>>> qñaM
4/ eQaHsmaKmrbs;Gñk ³ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
5/ etIGñkmanmuxgarGVIenAkñúgsmaKmrbs;Gñk ? >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
6/ sUmbBa¢ak;tYnaTI¼bTBiesaFn_RKb;RKgBak;B½n§EdlGñkman ³ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
7/ etIsmaKmrbs;GñkRtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAeBlNa ? >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
8/ etIGñkcg;eronGVIxøHBIvKÁbNþúHbNþalenH ? sUmbgðajbBa¢ak;[cM² ]/ karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßú
karcrcarCamYyrdæaPi)almUldæanCaedIm¦ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
9/ etIGñkmaneyabl;GVIxøH elIviFIEdleyIgGacsRmbsRmYlkarcUlrYmrbs;GñkenAkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþal
enH ¬]/ kareRbIR)as;Pasa kalviPaK TIkEnøgsRmab;sikçakamBikar karsñak;enA CaedIm ¦
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
10/ etIGñkmaneyabl;GVIepSgeTotEdrb¤eT ? >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
cMNucKnøwH
RtUveRbIbBa¢IsMNYrxagelIenHenAmuneBlcab;epþImvKÁbNþúHbNþal . GñkGacepJIvaeTACamYylixit
GeBa¢Ij .
10
kareRtomlkçN³sRmab;karbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk
]TahrN_ ³ kmviFIbNþúHbNþalsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc
taragkalviPaK
kalbriecäT TIkEnøg
11
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
12
kareRtomlkçN³sRmab;karbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk
]TahrN_ ³ TRmg;vaytémøRbcaMéf¶TRmg;vaytémøRbcaMéf¶enH RtUvEtEksRmYleTAtamkalviPaKvKÁbNþúHbNþal
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc
TRmg;vaytémøRbcaMéf¶
kalbriecäT ³///////////////////////////////////
CaTUeTA etIGñkdak;BinÞú[emeronenAéf¶enHy:agdUcemþc ?
emeron : critlkçN³smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc :
etIGñkmankarPan;RcLMGVIxøHenAkñúgemeronenH ? RbsinebIman sUmBnül;
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
etIGñkmaneyabl;y:agNa edIm,IeFVI[emeronenHRbesIrCagmun ?
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
13
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
emeron : karGPivDÄnsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc :
etIGñkmankarPan;RcLMGVIxøHeTenAkñúgemeronenH ? RbsinebIman sUmBnül;
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
etIGñkmaneyabl;y:agNaedIm,IeFVI[emeronenHRbesIrCagmun ?
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
emeron : ebskkm nigeKaledA :
etIGñkmankarPan;RcLMGVIxøHeTenAkñúgemeronenH ? RbsinebIman sUmBnül;
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////>////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
etIGñkmaneyabl;y:agNaedIm,IeFVI[emeronenHRbesIrCagmun ?
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////>/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
14
kareRtomlkçN³sRmab;karbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk
emeron : lkçnþik³ :
etIGñkmankarPan;RcLMGVIxøHeTenAkñúgemeronenH ? RbsinebIman sUmBnül;
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
etIGñkmaneyabl;y:agNaedIm,IeFVI[emeronenHRbesIrCagmun ?
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
sUmGrKuNcMeBaHkarpþl;cemøIyrbs;elakGñk
15
16
KeRmagemeron
Cakic©cab;epþImenAkñúgemeronnImYy²énbNþaemeronTaMg 16 GñksRmbsRmYl¼RKUbNþúHbNþal
KYrsaksYrsikçakamnUvsMNYrmYycMnYn . sMNYrTaMgenH KWGnuBaØat[sikçakamEckrMElkbTBiesaFn_CamYyKña
enAelIRbFanbT . CMhanTI 2 b¤3 CabnþbnÞab;mkeTot manbgðajlMhat; nigkarsEmþgerOg . enAcugbBa©b;
emeronnImYy² RKUbNþúHbNþalRtUvdkRsg;ykcMNucsMxan;²CakareronsURtBIemeronenaH .
sMNYrEdlsikçakamecaTsYrCajwkjy
enAcugbBa©b;KeRmagemeronnImYy² GñknwgeXIjmansMNYrmYycMnYn EdlsikçakamEtgEtecaTsYr
Tak;TinnwgRbFanbTrbs;emeron . TaMgenHKWCa]TahrN_GMBIsMNYr Edlsikçakamrbs;GñkGacecaTsYr .
cemøIyrbs;sMNYrTaMgenaH nwgpþl;[GñknUvkarENnaMmYycMnYn BIviFIeqøIysMNYrTaMgLayenaH Edl
sikçakamrbs;GñkGacelIkeLIg .
El,gpþl;famBl
enAxagcugesovePARKUbNþúHbNþalenH GñknwgeXIjman]TahrN_BIEl,gpþl;famBlcMnYn 10 Edl
GñkGacykeTAeRbIR)as;enAkñúgkarbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk)an . El,gpþl;famBlnImYy²énbNþa El,g
TaMg10y:agenaH KWTak;TgnwgRbFanbTmYy ehIyGñkGacykeTAelg)anl¥bMputenAmun b¤eRkay
emeron EdlTak;TgnwgRbFanbTenaH . GñkmincaM)ac;RtUvelgEl,gTaMgGs;enaHeLIy ehIykareRCIs
erIsykEl,gNamYyykmkelg KWGaRs½yelIcMNab;GarmN_rbs;sikçakam k¾dUcCaeBlevlaEdl
manpgEdr .
Éksaremeron
enAmuneBlcab;epþImemeronnImYy² cUreFVIkarftcmøglMhat;nana EdlGñkcg;EckCUndl;sikçakam .
cUreFVI[R)akdfa GñkmanÉksarbgðajkñúgrebobsøay (Power Point Presentation) Edl)aneRtom
TukCaeRscsRmab;kareRbIR)as; . Cajwkjy sikçakameBjcitþÉksarCasøaybgðajenH. cUreFVI[
R)akdfa mankarerobcMÉksarepSg² sRmab;El,gfamBlCaeRscsRmab;eBlRtUvkar .
kic©karKNenyü
sRmab;emeronTI 13 : karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsmaKm : vaGacmanlT§pll¥RbesIr RbsinebI GñkGac
rkRKUbNþúHbNþalmñak;eTotCaKNenyükr b¤CavaKIn .
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
kareRtomemeronrbs;Gñk
17
emeronTI 1 ³ karENnaMGMBIkmviFI nig karENnaMsikçakam[sÁal;Kña
eKalbMNg
enAcugbBa©b;emeronenH sikçakamnwgGac ³
Bnül;)anBIeKalbMNgnanaénvKÁbNþúHbNþal nigGacerobcMkarbeRgon
yl;BIkarrMBwgTukrbs;sikçakamBIvKÁbNþúHbNþal
bøg;vKÁsikSa ¬40 naTI¦
CMhanTI 1 - 220 naTI
sVaKmn_sikçakamTaMgGs; nigvaKinnana . cUrGnuBaØat[sikçakameFVIkarENnaMKñaeTA vijeTAmktamrebob
dUcxageRkamenH ³
esñI[sikçakameFVIkarsmÖasn_sikçakammñak;eTot EdlGgÁúyenACab;Kña GMBIeQaH TIkEnøgrs;enA
bTBiesaFn_GaCIvkm k¾dUcCakarrMBwgTukrbs;eKsRmab;vKÁbNþúHbNþalenH .
sikçakamEdl)anGgÁúyCab;enaH eFVIkarENnaMdl;RkumFM eTAtamcemøIyBIkarsaksYrKñaeTAvijeTAmkenaH
¬mñak;maneBl 1 naTI¦ .
CMhanTI 2 - 110 naTI
cUrbegáItvin½ysRmab;vKÁbNþúHbNþal tamviFIdUcxageRkamenH ³
cUrelIkeLIgnUvvin½ymYycMnYn ¬]/ eBlem:agkMNt; kareKarBKñaeTAvijeTAmk sþab;enAeBlmñak;eTot
kMBugniyay¦ . cUresñI[RkumbEnßmnUvGVIEdlRtUveFVI nigGVIEdlminRtUveFVI . esñI[mansikçakamBIrnak;sresrva
enAelIRkdaspÞaMgFM rYcykeTAbiTP¢ab;nwgCBa¢aMgsRmab;eRbI)as;enAGMLúgeBlénvKÁbNþúHbNþal .
sikçakamGacpþl;Caeyabl;BIkardak;Bin½yepSg² ¬dUcCakardak;Bin½y[bg;R)ak; raM b¤eRcog¦ .
emeronTI 1 ³ karENnaMGMBIkmviFI nig karENnaMsikçakam[sÁal;Kña
kMNt;cMNaMrbs;RKUbNþúHbNþal
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
CMhanTI 3 - 110 naTI
cUrBnül;BIkmviFInigeKalbMNgnana ¬emIlsøayTI 2 nig 3¦ . cUrsgát;bBa¢ak; elIsar³sMxan;én
karcUlrYmedayskm nigkareronsURtBIKñaeTAvijeTAmk .
18
19
emeronTI 2 ³ critlkçN³smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc
eKalbMNg
enAcugbBa©b;emeronenH sikçakamTaMgGs;nwg ³
yl;dwgBIviFIEdlsmaKmGacpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_dl;smaCikrbs;xøÜn
Bnül;)anBIeKaledAnanarbs;smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc
bøg;vKÁsikSa ¬60 naTI¦
CMhanTI 1 - 115 naTI
cUrsaksYrsikçakamGMBIeKalbMNgnanaénsmaKmGaCIvkmrbs;BYkeK .
etImanktþaGVIxøHEdl)anCRmujTwkcitþGñkkñúgkarbegáItb¤cUlrYmenAkñúgsmaKmrbs;Gñk ?
etIsmaCikmñak;²TTYl)anplRbeyaCn_GVIxøHBIsmaKm ?
etIsmaCikmanlkçN³rYmKñaGVIxøH ?
cUreFVIesckþIsnñidæanfa ktþaCRmujTwkcitþsRmab;shRKintUctac edIm,Icab;epþImCasmaKmmYy KWmanlkçN³
epSg²Kña ¬sUmemIlenAelIsøayTI 4¦ Ca]TahrN_ ³
edIm,IKaMRTsmaCikTaMgLayrbs;xøÜnkñúgkarGPivDÆplitkm RBmTaMgskmPaBGaCIvkm nana
edIm,IeFVICatMNag nigkarBarplRbeyaCn_epSg²rbs;smaCik
edIm,ICa :s<an :mYysRmab;tP¢ab;rvagrdæGMNacmUldæan nigshRKinTaMgLay.
cUrpþl;[TahrN_GMBIsmaKmGaCIvkmenAkm<úCa Edl)ankekIteLIg edaymUlehtuepSg²Kña .
CMhanTI 2 - 110 naTI
smaKmTaMgLaymanRTg;RTayxus²KñaeTAtamTMhM nigsmaCikPaB ¬sUmemIlenAelIsøayTI 5¦ .
smaKmTaMgenaHGacepþateTAelIkareFVIBaNiC¢kmCak;lak;GVImYy ¬]/ BaNiC¢krRtI Cagkat;sk; Gñklk;dUrtam
cieBaI©mfñl;¦ b¤CasmaKmEdlepþateTAelIePTCak;lak; ¬smaKmRsþI b¤smaKmburs¦. smaKmmYycMnYneFVI
emeronTI 2 ³ critlkçN³smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc
kMNt;cMNaMrbs;RKUbNþúHbNþal
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
skmPaBmankMNt;enAEttMbn;PUmisaRsþxøÜnbu:eNÑaH cMENksmaKmmYycMnYnepSgeTot GacRbtibtþikar
kRmitCati .
esñI[sikçakamemIlkfax½NÐ 2>2 kñúgesovePAGñkGan : karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc : sRmab;Ca
]TahrN_mYycMnYnBIRbePTxus² KñaénsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc Edl)ankMBugRbtibtþikarenAkm<úCa .
CMhanTI 3 - 330 naTI
cUrsRmbsRmYllMhat;TI 1 ³ esckþIrMBwgTuk nigkarcUlrYmviPaKTan
CMhanTI 4 - 55 naTI
GFib,aybEnßmenAelIkarrkeXIjsMxan;²énemeronenH .
BYkeKminGacEtgEtBwgEp¥kelIfvika b¤karKaMRTrbs;rdæaPi)alenaHeLIy edIm,I[)anseRmceKaledA
rbs;xøÜn. Cajwkjy BYkeKnwgEsVgrkCMnYyBImnusS EdlmanTwkcitþRbhak;RbEhlKña ehIydak;bBa©ÚlcMNuc
xøaMgTaMgLayrbs;BYkeK . smaKmGaCIvkmTaMgLay )ankekIteLIgedayeKalkarN_CYyxøÜnÉg .
sMNYrEdlsikçakamecaTsYrCajwkjy
´RtUvkarCMnYyhirBaØvtßúedIm,Ibg;éføBüa)alRKYsarrbs;´. etIsmaKmGaCIvkm GacCYy´)anEdr
b¤eT ?
CaTUeTAsmaKmGaCIvkmTaMgLaymaneKaledA edIm,ICYyeFVI[GaCIvkmnanarbs;smaCik)an
TTYleCaKC½y. dUecñHsmaKmTaMgenaH GacCYyedaHRsay]bsKÁnana Edlman\T§iBlGviC¢manmkelI
dMeNIrkarGaCIvkm . kgVHxat\NTan eRKOg]bkrN_ nigTIpSar KWCa]TahrN_GMBI]bsKÁEpñkesdækic© .
elIsBIenHeTAeTot smaCikTaMgLayCaFmtaRbQmmuxnwgbBaðasgÁmepSg² EdlGacbgáplvi)ak
y:agxøaMgmkelIPaBrs;ranrbs;smaKmpgeK . cMNayx<s;eTAelIkarEfTaMsuxPaB KWCabBaðaTUeTAmYy .
CYnkal shRKinGacRtUveRbIR)as;edImTunbgVilTaMgGs; b¤k¾RtUvlk;RTBüsm,tþiGaCIvkmTaMgGs; ¬]/
eRKOg]bkrN_ nigRbdab;RbdaepSg²¦ edIm,IRbmUlR)ak;EdleKRtUvkar sRmab;TUTat;éføEfTaMsuxPaB.
RbsinebIsmaCikPaKeRcInRbQmmuxnwgbBaðaenH smaKmGaceFVIkarGegát faetIxøÜnGacbegáIt[man
KeRmagFanara:b;rgsuxPaBFuntUc)anEdrb¤eT b¤k¾CYysmaCikxøÜn[GacTTYl)annUvesva EdlkMBugman
Rsab; . smaKmGaCIvkmmYy KWmindUcKñaeTAnwgGgÁkarsb,úrsFm’eT Edlpþl;fvika[Gñk sRmab;ykeTA
TUTat;éføEfTaMsuxPaB . CaFmta shRKinTaMgLaymankarCRmujelIkTwkcitþedaysarkarmankgVl;
GaCIvkm edIm,IcUlrYmCasmaCiksmaKmGaCIvkmNamYy.
20
emeronTI 2 ³ critlkçN³smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc
21
lMhat;TI 1 ³ esckþIrMBwgTuk nigkarcUlrYmviPaKTan
lMhat;sRmab;RkumFM
karENnaMGnuvtþn_ ³
1/ GeBa¢IjsikçakamTaMgGs; [sresrelIRkdaskatBN’GMBIkarKaMRTmYy EdlBYkeKcg;TTYl)an
BIsmaKmGaCIvkmrbs;BYkeK . esñIsuM[BYkeKsresrenAelIRkdaskatBN’epSgmYyeTot GMBIGVIxøH
EdlBYkeKKitfa eKGaccUlrYmviPaKTan)andl;smaKmrbs;xøÜn.
2/ biTkatEdl)ansresrrYcehIyTaMgenaHenAelICBa¢aMg edaydak;vaeTAtamRkum : esckþIrMBwgTuk :
nig : karcUlrYmviPaKTan : .
cemøIyEdlGacTTYl)an :
kareFVIviPaK ³
saksYrsikçakamTaMgGs; faetIesckþIrMBwgTuk nigkarcUlrYmviPaKTanTaMgLayrbs;smaCikburs
nigrbs;smaCikRsþI mansPaBdUcKñaEdrb¤eT. enAkñúgkrNImYycMnYn vaGacmanPaBxusEbøkKña. ]TahrN_ ³
RsþIGacmanTMnak;TMngGaCIvkm nigman»kascgbNþajTMnak;TMngticCagburs edaysarmuxgar
rbs;BYkeKenAkñúgsgÁm nigkareFVIdMeNIrkñúgkic©karGaCIvkmmanRBMEdn . dUecñH BYkeKGacmanesckþI
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
rMBwgTukx<s;CagBIsmaKmGaCIvkmrbs;BYkeK edIm,ICYyxøÜnÉgkñúgkarbegáItbNþajGaCIvkmnana. RsþIGac
mancMNab;GarmN_y:agxøaMgGMBITIkEnøgsRmab;EfTaMkUnrbs;BYkeK EdlGacCYy[eKcMNayeBlevla
eRcInEfmeTotkñúgkic©karGaCIvkm .
cUreFVIesckþIsnñidæanelIlMhat;enHfa smaKmGaCIvkmTaMgLay Gacpþl;karKaMRTeRcInRbePT Edl
Tak;TinnwgesckþIRtUvkarTaMgEpñkesdækic© nigsgÁm dl;smaCikTaMgLay. GñkdwknaMRtUvEsVgyl;
BIGVIxøH EdlCaesckþIRtUvkarrbs;smaCikxøÜn edIm,IeFVI[R)akdfa smaKmGaCIvkmBitCaeqøIytbesckþI
RtUvkarTaMgLayenaH. smaCikTaMgLay RtUvEtEsVgyl;pgEdrfa smaKmGaCIvkmKWkekIteLIgmk
BIkarCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk . smaCikTaMgGs;RtUvEtcUlrYmviPaKTan edIm,IFana[smaKmmanPaBeCaK
C½y .
22
23
emeronTI 3 ³ karGPivDÆsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc
eKalbMNg
enAcugbBa©b;emeronenHsikçakamTaMgGs;nwgGac ³
yl;dwgBIviFIEdlsmaKmGacpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_dl;smaCikrbs;xøÜn
Bnül;)anBIeKaledAnanarbs;smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc
bøg;vKÁsikSa ¬100naTI ¦
CMhanTI 1 - 775naTI
EbgEcksikçakamTaMgGs;CaRkumtUc² . GñkEdlmkBIsmaKmGaCIvkmEtmYy RtUvcUlrYmedIm,IeFVICa
tMNageGaysmaKmGaCIvkmrbs;BYkeK . esñIsMueGayBYkeKeFVIlMhat;elx 2 ³ RbvtþismaKm
GaCIvkm . sUmemIlsøayTI 6.
CMhanTI 2 - 110 naTI
cUrbgðajvdþCIvitsmaKmGaCIvkm. sUmemIlkfax½NÐTI 3>1 kñúgesovePAGñkGan nig søayTI 7.
CMhanTI 3 - 110 naTI
saksYrsikçakamGMBIdMNak;kalvivDÆn_énsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcrbs;BYkeK ³
etIsmaKmrbs;GñkkMBugsßitenAkñúgdMNak;kaldMbUg b¤manbTBiesaFn_eRcInNas; eTAehIy ?
etIsmaKmrbs;GñkkMBugRbQmmuxnwgkarlM)ak nigman»kasGVIxøHenAdMNak;kalenH ?
etImankarpøas;bþÚrGVIxøHenAkñúgsmaKmrbs;GñkkñúgeBlknøgmk ?
CMhanTI 4 - 55 naTI
GFib,aybEnßmelIkareXIjsMxan;²BIemeronenH.
smaKmTaMgLayRtUvqøgkat;dMNak;kalxus²Kña ¬vdþsmaKm¦ehIymankarxusEbøkKña enAeBl
EdleKQanmkdl;dMNak;kallUtlas; . mankarRbQmmuxnig»kasxus²Kña enAdMNak;kalnImYy²
Edlman\T§iBly:agFMeFgdl;karRKb;RKg smaKmGaCIvkm .
emeronTI 3 ³ karGPivDÆsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc
kMNt;cMNaMrbs;RKUbNþúHbNþal
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc KWmanlkçN³sVitsVajCaxøaMgenAGMLúgeBlcab;epþImdMbUg
Cary³mYyEdlsmaKmRtUvkarlUtlas;eLIg nigTTYl)ankareKarBBIBiPBelakxageRkA. karRbQmmux
nwgkarRKb;RKg KWmansPaBxusEbøkKña k¾bu:EnþmingayRsYlCagenAkñúgdMNak;kalcas;TuM eRBaHsmaCik
TaMgLay Gac)at;bg;qnÞ³cUlrYmrbs;BYkeK ehIysmaKmcaM)ac;RtUvRKb;RKg edayGñkÉkeTs .
sMNYrEdlsikçakamecaTsYrCajwkjy
eyIg)anbegáItsmaKm {Cagcmøak;eQI } enAeBlfI²enHehIycg;køayCaGgÁPaBmYyd¾rwgmaM Edl
GacCYy[smaCik)anTTYleCaKC½y . etIsmaKmenHRtUveRbIry³eBlbu:nan eTIbQandl;dMNak;kal
cas;TMu ?
vdþCIvitenHbgðajBIdMNak;kalxus²Kña EdlsmaKmTaMgLayRtUvqøgkat; edIm,IQandl;dMNak;kal
cas;TMu . vadUcCamnusSEdr GgÁPaBnImYy²mancritlkçN³erog²xøÜn . minmannrNaGacTayTuk)an
faetIeBlevlab:uNÑa EdlsmaKmnImYy²RtUvkarsRmab;dMNak;kalnImYy²enaHeT . GPi)alkic©l¥kñúg
GgÁPaB karebþCJacitþrbs;smaCik nigPaBeCaKC½yrbs;GaCIvkmTaMgLay KWCaktþasMxan; edIm,IQan
dl;dMNak;kalcas;TuM. bu:EnþminEmnral;GVI² RtUvBwgEp¥kelIsmaKmenaHeT enAmanktþaBIeRkACaeRcIneTot
pgEdr EdlCH\T§iBldl;karvivDÆrbs;smaKm briyakarGaCIvkm ninñakaresdækic© esßrPaBneya)ay .l.¦
etIsmaKmrbs;´GackøayeTACasmaKmd¾FMmYynigmanGMNaceTAtamviFINa ?
smaKmeCaKC½ymYy KWCasmaKmEdlmankarRKb;RKgl¥RbesIr ehIypþl;esva nigTMnijnana
EdlGacCYy[smaCikTaMgGs;rbs;xøÜn ¬ehIyminEmnsRmab;EtRkumtUcmYyeT¦elIkkMBs;GaCIvkm
nigbegáInmUlFnrbs;pgeK . smaKmEbbenH KWTMngCaGacTak;TajsmaCikfI²EfmeTot ehIyGac
køayCaEpñkmYyénbNþajTUlMTUlay b¤køayCashB½n§ . tamvIFIenH smaKmGacbegáIn\T§iBlrbs;xøÜn
nigkøayeTACasmaKmmYyEdlmanGMNac .
etImankarxusKñay:agdUcemþcxøHrvagshkrN_ nigsmaKmGaCIvkm ?
shkrN_manlkçN³EbøkKñaBIsmaKmGaCIvkm KWmanlkçN³RsedogKña CaBiessenAeBl
vaQandl;karEckrMElkesvakmCashkrN_ . karN_enHKWCYysmaCikrbs;eK Ca]TahrN_enAkñúg
plitkm karTijdMunigskmPaBEsVgrkTIpSar. vadUcCasmaKmGaCIvkmpgEdr smaCikTaMgLay
rbs;eKKWCaGaCIvkr ehIyGacmanPaBskmenAkñúgkic©karBaNiC¢kmNamYy . shkrN_manlkçN³
EbøkKñaBIsmaKmGaCIvkmenARtg;sßanPaBpøÚvc,ab; EdlGacbegáIteLIgedaynrNamñak; Edlminman
GaCIvkmpÞal;xøÜn . kñúgnamCasmaCikshkrN_ BYkeKGackøayeTACam©as;rYmKñaelIshRKasGaCIvkm
NamYy)an ]TahrN_KWshkrN_ . GñkGacrkeXIjshkrN_enARKb;RbePT skmPaBTaMgGs;dUcCa
karEfTaMsuxPaB karFanara:b;rg karsnSMR)ak;nig\NTan. sRmab;smaKm GaCIvkmmYycMnYn eKGac
Tak;TajsmaCikEfmeTot enAeBlbegáItCashkrN_ edIm,Ipþl;;;;esvaCak;lak;NamYy ¬karEfTaMkumar
kardwkCBa¢Ún \NTan¦ EdlsmaCikrbs;xøÜn RBmTaMgGñkdéTeTotkñúg shKmn_GacTTYl)annUvesva
TaMgenaH .
24
emeronTI 3 ³ karGPivDÆsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc
25
lMhat;TI 2 ³ kalRbvtþirbs;smaKmGaCIvkm
lMhat;sRmab;RkumFM
esckþIENnaM ³
esñI[sikçakamEdlmkBIsmaKmGaCIvkmEtmYy eFVICatMNag[smaKmrbs;BYkeK edIm,IKUrsÞwg
mYyenAelIRkdaspÞaMgFM EdltMNag[Rbvtþirbs;smaKm . rUbsÞwgEdlFMTUlay KWCanimitþrUbénkar
ekIneLIgnUvcMnYnsmaCik . ]bsKÁnanaEdlsmaKm)anCYbRbTH KWRbdUceTAnwgduMfenAkñúgsÞwg .
TMnak;TMngGaCIvkmsMxan;²)anRtUvbegáIteLIg KWRbdUceTAnwgs<anmYy Edl)ansg;rMlgsÞwg.l. kar
KUrenH KYrEtbgðajBIviFIEdlsmaKmRtUv)anbegáIteLIg vibtþiFM² smiT§plsMxan;² nigEpnkarGnaKt
TaMgLay .
biTrUbKMnUrTaMgenaHenAelICBa¢aMg ehIyGnuBaØat[RkumnImYyeTABinitüemIlrUbPaBrbs;RkumdéT
eTot rYcehIycUreFVIkarBiPakSa .
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
lT§plEdlGacTTYl)an ³
26
27
emeronTI 4 ³ ebskkm nigeKaledArbs;smaKm
eKalbMNg
enAcugbBa©b;emeronenH sikçakamTaMgGs;nwg ³
yl;BIeKalbMNgénkarmanebskkm nigeKaledAc,as;las;
GacbegáItebskkm nigeKaledAsmaKmrbs;BYkeK ¬eLIgvij¦ )an.
bøg;vKÁsikSa ¬70 naTI¦
CMhanTI 1 - 110 naTI
elIkTwkcitþsikçakamTaMgGs;[KitGMBIesckþIEføgGMBIebskkm nigeKaledAsmaKmrbs;BYkeK .
etIsmaKmrbs;GñkmanebskkmEdrb¤eT ? etIvamanGtßn½ydUcemþcEdr ?
etIsmaKmrbs;GñkmaneKaledAc,as;las;Edrb¤eT ? etIvamanGtßn½ydUcemþcEdr ?
etIsmaCikTaMgGs;)andwgGMBIebskkm nigeKaledATaMgenHEdrb¤eT ? dwgedayviFINa?
ehtudUcemþc)ansmaKmGaCIvkmRtUvmanebskkm nigeKaledAc,as;las; ?
CMhanTI 2 - 110 naTI
cUrBnül;faebskkm KWCaBaküeBCn_EdlmanlkçN³samBaØ nigmanPaBc,as;las; EdlbUkbBa©Úl
BIeKaledAnigeKalbMNgTaMgLayrbs;smaKm RBmTaMgesckþIsgÇwm nigeKaleedArbs;smaCik
TaMgLay . vaeqøIynwgsMNYr ³
etIGñkCanrNa kñúgnamCaGgÁPaBmYy ?
ehtudUcemþc)anCaGñk ¬b¤GgÁPaBenH¦ kekIteLIg ?
etIGñkeFVIGVIxøH ?
etIGñkbeRmI[nrNaxøH ?
eKaledAKWBiBN’naBisþarEfmeTotGMBIesvaGVIxøH EdlsmaKmnwgpþl;CUndl;smaCikrbs;xøÜn .
emeronTI 4 ³ ebskkm nigeKaledA rbs;smaKm
kMNt;cMNaMrbs;RKUbNþúHbNþal
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
CMhanTI 3 - 115 naTI
eyageTAelIkrNIsikSa enAkñúgkfax½NÐ 4>3 EdlCa]TahrN_GMBIebskkm nigeKalbMNg
rbs;shB½n§nieyaCk nigsmaKmGaCIvkmkm<úCa ¬sUmemIlsøayTI 8 - 11¦. saksYrsikçakamdUc
xageRkamenH ³
etIGñkcUlcitþGVIxøH nigmincUlcitþGVIxøHeTAelIebskkm nigeKaledATaMgLayrbs;smaKm
TaMgBIrenH ?
etIvamanGtßn½yRKb;RKan; nigGacyl;)anEdrb¤eT ?
CMhanTI 4 - 330 naTI
esñI[sikçakamEdlmkBIsmaKmdUcKña sresrGMBIebskkm nigeKaledAsmaKmrbs; BYkeKenAelI
RkdaspÞaMgFMmYy. esñI[BYkeKBinitüelIebskkm nigeKaledAnana ehIyeFVIkarEklMGrRbsinebI
mancMNucxVHxatNamYy .
sikçakammYycMnYnminGacyl;BIebskkmsmaKmrbs;BYkeKeT b¤smaKmrbs;eKminmanebskkm
enHEtmþg. enAkñúgkrNIenH esñI[sikçakamTaMgenaHbegáItebskkm nigeKaledA EdlBYkeKKitfa manlkçN³
RKb;RKan;sRmab;smaKm .
CMhanTI 5 - 55 naTI
GFib,aybEnßmelIkarrkeXIjsMxan;² .
smaKmRtUvkar[manebskkmmYy nigeKaledAc,as;las;mYycMnYn edIm,I[smaCik nigBiPBelak
xageRkAyl;BIeKaledAsñÚlrbs;smaKm. eKsresrvaCaPasasamBaØ EdlGacBnül;)any:agRbesIr
CRmujTwkcitþsmaCik nigTajykkareCOCak;BIsMNak;GñkxageRkA .
ebskkm nigeKaledATaMgenHRtUvkarqøúHbBa©aMgBIesckþIRtUvkar nigGaTiPaBnanarbs;smaCik
TaMgT,ay . vaRtUv)aneKBiPakSa nigseRmcykedaysmaCikkñúgmhasnñi)at .
28
29
emeronTI 5 ³ lkçnþik³smaKm
eKalbMNg
enAcugbBa©b;emeronenH sikçakamnwg ³
yl;BIeKalbMNgénkarmanlkçnþik³
GacBinitüesIerIelIlkçnþik³smaKmrbs;BYkeKeLIgvij
bøg;vKÁsikSa ¬60 naTI¦
CMhanTI 1 - 115 naTI
elIkTwkcitþsikçakam[KitGMBIlkçnþik³smaKmrbs;BYkeK
etIsmaKmrbs;Gñkmanlkçnþik³Edrb¤eT ?
etIGñkKitfa lkçnþik³enHmaneKalbMNgGVIxøH ?
eFVIkarsnñidæanelIkarBiPakSafa lkçnþik³pþl;[smaKmnUvrcnasm<½n§nigc,ab;epSg²rbs;xøÜn
¬sUmemIlsøayTI 12¦ ³
vaKWCaGVIEdlsmaCiksßabnikTaMgLayRBmeRBogKña nwgkøayCacritlkçN³rbs;GgÁPaB
smaKm .
vapþl;CamUldæansRmab;karBiPakSaKñaGMBIkarBRgIksmaKmenAeBlGnaKt .
vapþl;B½t’mandl;BiPBelakxageRkAGMBIviFINaxøH EdlsmaKmenHRtUvdMeNIrkareLIg .
vapþl;lT§PaB[Rkum)anTTYlkarcuHbBa¢ITTYlsÁal;CapøÚvkar RbsinebIeKtRmUv[eFVI .
CMhanTI 2 - 440 naTI
saksYrsikçakam faetImaRtaGVIxøHEdlBYkeKKitfa nwgGacrkeXIjenAkñúglkçnþik³ . cUrkt;Rta
cemøIyenAelIRkdaspÞaMgFMmYy ehIyeFVIkarsnñidæanedayeyageTAelIkfax½NÐTI 5>1 ¬emIlsøayTI
13 nig 14¦ .
emeronTI 5 ³ lkçnþik³smaKm
kMNt;cMNaMrbs;RKUbNþúHbNþal
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
eyageTAelIlkçnþik³rbs;smaKm]sSahkmFuntUcnigmFümraCFanIPñMeBjenA]bsm½<n§ : k : én
esovePAGñkGan. esñI[sikçakameFVIkarCaRkumtUc²EdlmansmaCikBI 3 eTA 4nak; . enAkñúgRkumtUc²
TaMgenH esñI[BYkeKGanlkçnþik³enaHedayRbugRby½tñ rYceFVIkareRbobeFobcMNucTaMgLayénlkçnþik³
enaHenAkñúgkfax½NÐ 5>1 kñúgesovePAGñkGan . etIcMNucTaMgenaHmanenAkñúgÉksarenHEdrb¤eT?
etImancMNucGVIxøH EdlminmanenAkñúgÉksarenH ?
GnuBaØat[RkumtUcnImYy²bgðajlT§plRkumrbs;eK. cUreFVIkarsnñidæanfa lkçnþik³rbs;smaKm
GaCIvkmFuntUcnigmFümraCFanIPñMeBj KWCa]TahrN_d¾l¥mYy EdlsmaKmTaMgLayenAkm<úCa
GacykCaKMrU)an .
CMhanTI 3 - 55 naTI
GFib,aybEnßmelIkarrkeXIjsMxan;² .
smaKmRtUvkar[manlkçnþik³mYy EdlRtUv)ansresrCalaylkçN_GkSr ehIysmaCikTaMgLay
Gacyl;)an . vaRtUv)aneKemIleXIjfa CakarFana[manRbB½n§ nigKNenyüPaBmYysmrmüsRmab;
kareFVIesckþIseRmc nigkareRbIR)as;GMNacenAkñúgGgÁPaBsmaKm . lkçnþik³erobrab;GMBItRmUvkar nig
plRbeyaCn_nanaénkarkøayCasmaCikPaB .
lkçnþik³RtUveKBRgageLIgedayGnuelameTAtamc,ab;rbs;RbeTs . enAeBlGñkdwknaMsmaKm
eFVIBRgagesckþIEføgGMBIebskkm BYkeKGacemIl]TahrN_epSg²BIsmaKmdéT² eTotk¾dUcCabTbBa¢a
nignItiviFInanasRmab;kartmál;Tuklkçnþik³enAkm<úCa sUmemIl]bsm<½n§ :x : énesovePAGñkGan. Cajwk
jy smaKmEsVgrkemFavImñak; edIm,IEksRmYlseRmceTAelIlkçnþik³enaH . lkçnþik³enaH nwgcaM)ac;RtUvepJI
bBa¢ÚnCaEpñkmYyénEbbbTcuHbBa¢I .
sMNYrEdlsikçakamecaTsYrCajwkjy
{ vahak;dUcCamankarsúRKsajNas; dUcCakareRbIR)as;eBlevlaeRcIn nigGs;esah‘uyeRcIn
kñúgkarcuHbBa¢ICapøÚvkar . ´CasmaCikmñak;kñúgRkumsnSMR)ak;nig\NTan eyIgmandM eNIrkareTAy:agl¥
edaymincaM)ac;cuHbBa¢I etIehtudUcemþc)anCasmaKmGaCIvkmmYyminGacdMeNIrkar edaymincaM)ac;
cuHbBa¢I ? }
karseRmccuHbBa¢IsmaKm BitCaRtUvcMNayelIkic©karrdæ)alx<s; rYmmankarcMNayeBlevla
eRcIn karbg;Bn§bEnßm nigcMNayepSg²eTot . vaGacBak;B½n§nwgEbbbTkariyaFibetyü karsYredj
edalepSg² karrMxan nigbBaðaBukrlYy. k¾bu:Enþ karcuHbBa¢ICapøÚvkar KWnaMmknUvplRbeyaCn_CaeRcIn
dUcCa)ankarTTYlsÁal;BIrdæaPi)alCaédKUBiPakSa smtßPaBGnuvtþ tampøÚvc,ab;enAeBlNaEdlcaM)ac;
mansmtßPaBebIkKNnIFnaKar mansmtßPaBeFVIRbtibtþikarCapøÚvkar ehIymansmtßPaBeFVIkar
edjéføCMnYsmux[smaCikTaMgLay manzan³sgÁm nigmankareKarBBIshKmn_ niglT§PaBTTYl)an
mUlniFiBIrdæaPi)al b¤m©as;CMnYynana .
30
31
emeronTI 6 ³ karCRmuj[RsþIcUlrYm
eKalbMNg
enAcugbBa©b;emeron sikçakamTaMgGs;nwg ³
mankaryl;dwgc,as;las;BIviFI EdlsmaKmGaCIvkmGacCYyKaMRTya:gRbesIrbMput dl;shRKinRsþI .
bøg;vKÁsikSa ¬70 naTI¦
CMhanTI 1 - 110 naTI
elIkTwkcitþsikçakam[qøúHbBa©aMgBIkarGnuvtþCak;Esþgrbs;smaKmbc©úb,nñ nigviFIfI² EdlsmaKmenaH
man edIm,IKaMRTdl;esckþIRtUvkarnanarbs;shRKinCaRsþI .
etIsmaKmrbs;GñkmanEt { burs } b¤ {RsþI } ? edayGaRs½yeTAelIlkçnþik³rbs;xøÜn ? tamkarGnuvtþ
Cak;Esþg ?
etIGñkKity:agNaBIeKalbMNgénkarmansmaKmGaCIvkm {sRmab;EtRsþI } ?
etIGñkKitfaburs nigRsþITTYl)anplRbeyaCn_esIKñaeT enAeBlBYkeKcUlrYmkñúgsmaKmGaCIvkmcRmuH
ePT ? ebIEmn ehtuGVI ? ebIminEmn ehtuGVI ?
etIRsþIkan;kab;tYnaTIsMxan;²Edrb¤eT enAkñúgsmaKmGaCIvkmcRmuHePTrbs;Gñk ? etIBYkeKmaneyabl;
eT enAkñúgGgÁRbCuMTaMgLay ?
CMhanTI 2 - 440 naTI
EbgEcksikçakamCaRkumtUc² ehIyesñI[BYkeKeFVIlMhat;TI 3 b¤lMhat;TI 4 ³ karsRmbsRmYl[man
karcUlrYmBIRsþI .
ENnaMlMhat;enHTukdUcCaviFImYy edIm,IEsVgrkyuT§saRsþnanasRmab;edaHRsayPaBGn;exSay
énmuxnaTIrbs;shRKinCaRsþI dUcEdl)anbBa¢ak;edayr)aykarN_Gegátrbs;GgÁkar ILO . etIsmaKm
GaCIvkmGaceFVIGVIxøH edIm,IKaMRTshRKinCaRsþI ?
emeronTI 6 ³ karCRmuj[RsþIcUlrYm
kMNt;cMNaMrbs;RKUbNþúHbNþal
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
CMhanTI 3 - 110 naTI
GFib,aybEnßmelIkarrkeXIjnana . eyagkfax½NÐ 6>3 énesovePAGñkGan.
enAkñúgsmaKmGaCIvkmPaKeRcIn EdlmansmaCikPaBcRmuHePT RsþIkRmnwg)ankan;muxtMENg
sMxan;² dUcCaRbFan nigGnuRbFanNas; . BYkeKmanmuxtMENgdUcCaelxaFikar b¤karTTYlxusRtUv
nana EdlqøúHbBa©aMgBITsSn³bursmkelIRsþIenApÞH b¤kñúgRKYsar. vamansar³sMxan;kñúgkarTTYlsÁal;fa
TaMgbursnigRsþImankarcUlrYmviPaKTany:agsMxan; edIm,IbegáItsmaKmmYy nignaMykmknUvKuNtémø
CaeRcInepSg²Kñadl;smaKm . dUecñHvamansar³sMxan; EdlmanRsþIkan;kab;muxtMENgsMxan;² .
enAkñúgsßanPaBmYycMnYn RsþIGacBi)akbeBa©jmtirbs;BYkeKenAcMeBaHmuxshesvikbursrbs;xøÜn .
dUecñHvaGacCaKMnitl¥mYykñúgkarbMEbkRkumRsþIecjBIRkumburs edIm,ICYy[BYk eKmankarTukcitþ kñúgkar
beBa©jmti nigKankarrMxan. tMNagRkumnImYy² GacbgðajKMnitnana rbs;BYkeKeTAkan;RkumFM .
smaKmGaCIvkmKYrdak;bBa©ÚlbBaðananarbs;RsþIeTAkñúgrebobvar³rbs;xøÜn dUcCakarEfTaMkumar snþisux
nigviFIpSaP¢ab;rvagkarGPivDÆshRKasRsþI nigkatBVkic©rbs;BYkeKenAkñúgRKYsarrbs;eK. bBaðaTaMgenH
KYrEtcat;TukCabBaðasMxan; ehIyminRtUvdak;vaenArebobvar³cugeRkayeLIy . evTika nigsikçasalaepSg²
GacRtUv)anerobcM[maneLIgpgEdr .
32
emeronTI 6 ³ karCRmuj[RsþIcUlrYm
33
lMhat;TI 3 ³ karsRmbsRmYl[manRsþIcUlrYm
lMhat;sRmab;RkumFM
karENnaMGnuvtþn_ ³
1> cUrBiPakSasMNYrdUcxageRkamenHeTAtamRkumtUc² ³
etIsmaCikRsþImanesckþIRtUvkarxusEbøkKñaBIsmaCikbursEdrb¤eT ?
etImansmaCikRsþIeRcInnak;eTotEdrb¤eT EdlminTan;)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_ ?
etIGñkdwknaMGacsRmbsRmYl[manRsþIcUlrYmenAkñúgsmaKm edayviFINa ?
2> cUresñI[manviFIfI²edIm,IFanafaRsþI)ancUlrYmy:agskm nigesIPaBKñadUcsmaCikburskñúgsmaKm .
cUrsresrcemøIyenAelIRkdaspÞaMgFMmYy rYcbiTbgðajenAelICBa¢aMg .
3> cUrBinitüemIlRkumepSg² ehIyeFVIkareRbobeFob nigBiPakSaelIsMeNIrbs;RkumnImYy² .
cemøIyEdlGacTTYl)anKW ³
begáItKN³kmkarRsþImYy edIm,IFanafakgVl;nanarbs;smaCikRsþI KWmanenAkñúgrebobvar³ .
begáItcMnYnkUtasRmab;karcUlrYmrbs;RsþIkñúgGgÁPaB TaMgenAkñúgmuxgarRKb;RKg nigkargar
epSg²eTotenAkñúgsmaKm .
sRmbsRmYlkarBiPakSaTaMgT,ayrbs;Rkumburs GMBIviFIEdleKGacsRmbsRmYl nigeqøIy
tbeTAnwgtYnaTInanarbs;eKEdlpøas;bþÚr TaMgkñúgkic©karRKYsar nigkñúgkic©karGaCIvkm ¬siT§
kñúgkareFVIesckþIseRmc nigbnÞúkkargar ¦ .
RbsinebIsmaCikRsþIPaKeRcInminecHGkSr smaKmKYrKb,I ³
- eFVI[R)akdfamankarR)aRs½yTak;TgpÞal;mat;eRcIn nigmankareRbIR)as;ÉksarCalayl½kç
GkSrtictYckñúgkmviFIhVwkhVWn .l.
- CRmuj[mankmviFIGb;rMGkçrkmkñúgsmaKm b¤pSarP¢ab;eTAnwgkmviFIGkçrkmrdæaPi)al b¤
GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al CaBiessRbsinebIkarGb;rMenHGaceFVI)anenAkEnøgsmaKmEtmþg .
eRCIserIseBlevla nigTIkEnøgsRmab;erobcMGgÁRbCuMsmaKmedayKitKUBIkatBVkic©RKYsar
rbs;RsþI nigburs.
erobcMsikçasalaBiess²sþIGMBIbBaðanana Edl)anelIkeT,IgedaysmaCikRsþI dUcCasnþisux
rbs;Gñklk;CaRsþIenAtamcieBa©Imfñl; sV½yPaBhirBaØvtßú kmsiT§ielIRTBüsm,tþinana .l.
elIkTwkcitþsmaCikTaMgT,ay [eFVIkarpøas;bþÚr\riyabTrbs;BYkeKkñúgGgÁRbCMunana ehIyeFVI
[R)akdfaRsþIcUlrYm)aneRcIndUcCabursEdr .
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
34
bnÞab;BIkarBiPakSa ¬EdlebkçCnCabursRbEhlCaGacTTYl)ankareBjcitþeRcInCag¦ sYrsikça-kam sMnYrxageRkamenH ³
1> etIGñkmanGarmN_dUcemþc enAeBlkMBugBiPakSa?2> GñkNabeBa©jeyabl;eRcInCag - RsþI b¤ burs ?3> etIsßankarN_EbbenHGacQaneTArk»kasesIKñasMrab;RsþI kñúgkarQreQaHCaGñkdwknaM sMrab;
eFVIkare)aHeqñat Edrb¤eT ?4> etIsmaKmGaCIvkmGaceFVIxøH edIm,IFanafa bBaðanigcMNab;GarmN_rbs;RsþIRtUv)aneKsþab; yk
eTABiPakSa ehIyeqøYIytb ?
emeronTI 6 ³ karCRmuj[RsþIcUlrYm
35
lMhat;TI 4 ³ karsRmbsRmYl[manRsþIcUlrYm ¬2¦
lMhat;sRmab;RkumFM
karENnaMGnuvtþn_ ³esñI[sikçakamsþab;krNIsikSaxageRkam. [BYkeKR)ab;Gñk ¬edaymincaM)ac;KityUr¦ faetIBYkeK
eBjcitþebkçCnmYyNaCag . EbgEcksikakamCa 2Rkum ³ GñkEdleBjcitþebkçCnRsþIenA 1RkumehIyGñkEdleBjcitþebkçCnbursenA 1RkumepSgeTot . [BYkeKGgÁúyCa 2CYrTl;muxKña ehIyeFVIkarEvkEjk edayeyaleTAtamkaryl;eXIjrbs;RkumnimYy² nigBüayamKaMRTebkçCnEdlxøÜneBjcitþnigeFVIkarsMerccitþCaelIkcugeRkay .
krNIsikSasmaKmGaCIvkmrbs;GñkkMBugeRCIserIsGKÁnayk . bnÞab;BIkareFVIetsþ nigsmÖasn_mk enA
sl;ebkçCnEtBIrnak;KWelakvuT§I nig GñkRsI narI sMrab;eFVIkareRCIserIsCaelIkcugeRkay. edayGaRs½yeTAelIB½t’manrbs;GñkTaMgBIr sUmeFVIkareRCIserIsfaetIebkçCnmYYyNaEdlGñkeBjcitþCag .
RbvtiþelakvuTI§elakvuTI§manbTBiesaFn_kñúgkargarGaCIvkmCaeRcInqñaMmkehIy . Kat;Føab;eFVICanaykRbtþibtþi
enARkumh‘und¾FMmYYyenATIRkugPñMeBj . Kat;manbriBaØab½RtEpñkKNenyü mkBIsklviTüal½yénRbeTsGURsþalI . elakvuTI§manekrþ_eQaHl¥ CamnusSesaHRtg; nigRtwmRtUv .
RbvtiþGñkRsInarIGñkRsInarIFøab;eFVICanaykenAGgÁkarGnþrCatimYy kñúgcMeNamGgÁkarepSg² EdlKaMRTkarGPivDÆn_
EpñkGaCIvkm . kalBI 10 qñaMknøgeTAenH Kat;)anCYybegáItsmaKmGaCIvkmRsþImYy EdlTTYl)aneCaKC½yCaeRcInenAeBlbc©úb,nñenH. Kat;manCMnajl¥Nas;kñúgkarksagbNþaj nigEsVgrkfvikaehIysÁal;mRnþICaeRcIn enAtamPñak;garepSg² .
36
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
eKalbMNg
enAcugbBa©b;emeronenH sikçakamTaMgGs;nwgGac ³
eFVIkMNt;sMKal;elIcritlkçN³nanarbs;GñkdwknaMl¥
kMNt;BItYnaTI nigkargarnanarbs;GñkdwknaMsmaKmGaCIvkm
bøg;vKÁsikSa ¬70 naTI¦
CMhanTI 1 - 110 naTI
GeBa¢Ijsikçakam[bgðajBIKMnitrbs;BYkeKsþIGMBIPaBCaGñkdwknaM .
etIGñkrMBwgGVIxøHBIGñkdwknaMsmaKmGaCIvkmrbs;Gñk ?
etImanlkçN³vinicä½yGVIxøHEdlGñkRtUveRbI edIm,IeRCIserIsGñkdwknaMmñak; ?
cUrkt;cemøIyTaMgLayEdl)aneqøIyeTAnwgsMNYrenAelIkþarexon b¤enAelIRkdaspÞaMgFMBIreday
ELkBIKña . cUrkt;bEnßmBItYnaTI b¤lkçN³vinicä½ynanaEdlmansar³sMxan; bu:EnþBuMTan;RtUv)aneqøIy.
CMhanTI 2 - 220 naTI
eyageTAelIkfax½NÐ 7>1 enAkñúgesovePAGñkGan EdlBiBN’naGMBImuxnaTIRKb;RKg nig
critlkçN³l¥rbs;GñkdwknaM cUreFVIkarbgðajy:agxøImYyedayeRbIR)as;søayTI 15 - 18 .
cUreFVIesckþIsnñidæanfa vaKWCakarBi)akkñúgkarEsVgrkGñkdwknaMl¥TaMgLay EdlmancritlkçN³
l¥RKb;sBVnAkñúgbuKÁlmñak; . CaBiessvamankarlM)aksRmab;smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcnana Edlkar
dwknaM nigmuxnaTIRKb;RKgRtUv)andak;bBa©ÚlKñaeTA[buKÁlmñak; . edaysarmUlehtuTaMgGs;enH bBaða
dwknaM RtUv)aneKyl;fa CabBaðaTUeTA .
manviFImYysRmab;beBa¢ósbBaðaénPaBCaGñkdwknaMTaMgenaH KWRtUveFVI[R)akdfa PaBCaGñkdwknaM
enH KWminsßitpþúMenAelIEtmnusSmñak; . smaCikKN³kmkarTaMgLay KWcaM)ac; RtUvedIrtYnaTIrbs;eK
edayRsbeTAtamGaNtþirbs;xøÜn . hirBaØik nigelxaFikarKYrKb,I)anTTYlkarbNþúHbNþalcaM)ac;
nana edIm,IeFVIkarrbs;BYkeK[kan;EtmanRbsiT§PaB nigmanÉkraCüPaB .
emeronTI 7 ³ PaBCaGñkdwknaM
kMNt;cMNaMrbs;RKUbNþúHbNþal
emeronTI 7 ³ PaBCaGñkdwknaM
CMhanTI 3 - 225 naTI
esñI[sikçakameFVIkarCaRkumtUc² edIm,IedaHRsaylMhat;TI 5 { bBaðadwknaM } .
CMhanTI 4 - 110 naTI
esñI[sikçakambeBa©jTsSn³rbs;BYkeKeTAelIbBaðananaénPaBCaGñkdwknaM .
CaTUeTA etIsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcTaMgLayenAkm<úCa manbBaðaGVIxøHkñúgkardwknaM ?
etIbBaðaTaMgLayenH CH\T§iBldl;smaKmTaMgenaHy:agdUcemþc ?
etIbBaðaTaMgLayenH GacRtUvedaHRsayy:agdUcemþc ?
cUrBnül;fa bBaðananaénPaBCaGñkdwknaM GacekItmaneLIgedaymanGñkdwknaMenaHmanPaBxøaMg
køaeBk b¤k¾manPaBGn;exSayeBk . RbsinebIGñkdwknaMenaHmanPaBxøaMgkøaeBk smaKmGaceRbobdUcCa
eFVIeTAtamEtRsþImñak; b¤bursmñak; EdlKannrNamñak;epSgeTot ha‘neFVIkarpþÜcepþImKMnitNamYy . RbsinebI
GñkdwknaMenaHmanPaBGn;exSayeBk smaCikTaMgLaynwgCYbkarlM)akkñúgkarEsVgrkTisedA .
CMhanTI 5 - 55 naTI
cUrGFib,aybEnßmenAelIkarrkeXIjsMxan;²déTeTot .
GñkdwknaMTaMgLayRtUveFVIkarEjkecj[c,as;las;rvagGaCIvkmpÞal;xøÜn nigGgÁPaBGaCIvkm .
BYkeKminRtUvbMBarbMBansmaKmedIm,IplRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜneLIy. GñkdwknaMBUEk [GaTiPaBeTAelI
plRbeyaCn_rYm manPaBesaHRtg; nigmanKNenyüPaBelIral;skmPaBrbs;xøÜn .
ebIeTaHbIGñkdwknaMTaMgLayenaHmanlkçN³l¥viessvisaly:agenHkþI vaCakarsMxan; kñúgkarman
GñkdwknaMfI²epSgeTot . mnusSkñúgRkumdEdlenaH minKYrRtUv)ane)aHeqñat[Cab;CasmaCikKN³kmkar
BImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaMy:agenHeT. GñkEdlmanskþanuBldwknaMTaMgLay KYrTTYl)an»kasnanasRmab;
karGPivDÆn_ .
bBaðadwknaMk¾GacbNþalBImUlehtuepSg²dUcCa CemøaHplRbeyaCn_ karBwgEp¥keTAelIGñkdwknaM
Etmñak; EdlmanGMNac man\T§iBl k¾bu:EnþBuMmanCMnajdwknaMRKb;RKan; nigbBaðakgVHGñkdwknaMCaRsþIePT
nanaenAkñúgsmaKmTaMgLay EdlmansmaCikCaRsþIPaKeRcIn .
sMNYrEdlsikçakamecaTsYrCajwkjy
RbFanPUmirbs;eyIgGacGak;Gn;citþ RbsinebIKat;minRtUv)anesñI[eFVICaGñkdwknaMsmaKmrbs;
eyIgeTenaH . etIeyIgGaceFVIGVIxøH ?
37
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
GñkdwknaMtamEbbRbéBNITaMgLay mankareKarBBImCÄdæannanaenAkñúgshKmn_ ehIymankarebþCJa
citþsRmab;karGPivDÆn_shKmn_enaH. fVIebIBYkeKmancritlkçN³viC¢manTaMgenH k¾BYkeKminEmncaM)ac;
CaGñkdwknaMsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUceLIy. CajwkjyNas; EdlGñkdwknaMsmaKmGaCIvkm RtUv)an
eRCIsecjBIcMeNamGñkdwknaMshRKasnana CnsuIvilcUlnivtþi ¬ruWERtt¦ b¤GñkÉkeTs EdlmanbT
BiesaFn_nana . GñkdwknaMtamEbbRbéBNITaMgLay GacedIrtYnaTICaTIRbwkSa tYnaTIsIlFm’ b¤
BiFIkarepSg² kñúgkrNImanvibtþi b¤CaEpñkmYyénkareFVIesckþIseRmcCapøÚvkarNamYy .
etIsmaCikTaMgLayGacRtYtBinitüemIlGñkdwknaMy:agdUcemþc ?
GñkdwknaMEdlmanPaBesaHRtg;nigmanfamPaB KWpþl;TMnukcitþdl;smaCiknanaenAkñúgsmaKm
rbs;BYkeK . BYkeKmanKNenyüPaBcMeBaHsmaCikTaMgLay tamry³karsþab; nigkarR)aRs½yTak;Tg
BIkarvivDÆn_ karbMeBjkargar nigkarlM)akepSg² . bMNgR)afñarbs;smaCik {edIm,IRtYtBinitüemIl}
GñkdwknaM GacCasBaØamYyénkarmineCOTukcitþ GacCakarBuHBaredIm,IGMNacépÞkñúg b¤edaysarsmtßPaB
dwknaMminRKb;RKan; . karRKb;RKgl¥GacCYyBgVagbBaðaTaMgenH)an . vaTamTar[EbgEckkarTTYlxus
RtUvTaMgLay ehIysmaCikepSgeTot EdlmanCMnajdwknaMl¥ KYrKb,IelIkTwkcitþ[)anTTYl
»kasdwknaMpgEdr. smaKmGaCIvkmmYy KYrBwgEp¥kelIGñkdwknaM EdlmankarTTYlxusRtUvepSg²Kña
edayEp¥kelIsmtßPaB nigplRbeyaCn_ EdlGacbMeBj[KñaeTAvijeTAmk . muxtMENgRKb;RKg
TaMgLay KYrTuk[enATMenr ehIykare)aHeqñatnanaKYreFVIeLIg[)aneTogTat; dUcEdl)anEcgenAkñúg
lkçnþik³.
38
emeronTI 7 ³ PaBCaGñkdwknaM
39
lMhat;TI 5 ³ bBaðananaénPaBCaGñkdwknaM
lMhat;sRmab;RkumFM
karENnaMGnuvtþn_ ³
cUrGankrNIsikSaxageRkam rYceqøIynwgsMNYrdUcteTAenH ³
1/ etIelakdara:manbBaðaGVIxøHCamYynwgPaBCaGñkdwknaMrbs;Kat; ?
2/ etIGacmanpllM)akGVIxøH ebIsinCabBaðaTaMgenaHenAEtbnþekIteLIgeTot ?
3/ etIGñkedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenaHedayviFINa edIm,IeCosvagkuM[manCemøaHF¶n;F¶rekItmaneLIg?
krNIsikSa
elakdara: KWCaRbFansmaKmsNæaKar nigePaCnIydæanenAextþesomrab . xøÜnKat;pÞal;KWCa
GñkbegáItsmaKmenHeLIgGs;ry³eBl 5 qñaMknøgmk ehIy)anxitxMeFVIkaredIm,Iva . CaeRcInqñaM
knøgmk manshRKinRsþICaeRcInnak; EdlCaGñkmanm:asIunkinRsUvÉkCn )ancUlrYmCamYysmaKm .
manRsþImYycMnYnmantYnaTIsMxan;²enAkñúgsmaKmGaCIvkmenH dUcCahirBaØiknigelxaFikarCaedIm .
k¾bu:Enþ elak dara:)anTTYlykkarTTYlxusRtUvsRmab;TMnak;TMngnanaCamYyrdæaPi)al m©as;mUlniFi
RBmTaMgCamYyGgÁPaBnanaenAkñúg]sSahkmeTscr .
fI²enH elakdara:kMBugcUlrYmkñúgkare)aHeqñatXuM - sgáat;. Kat;mankarmmarjwky:agxøaMg
CamYynwgCIvPaBneya)ayrbs;Kat; ehIymaneBltictYcsRmab;smaKm . dUecñH Kat;)anesñI[
mRnþICMnYykarRKb;RKgmñak; edIm,ITTYlykParkic©mYycMnYn. smaCikRsþImYycMnYn BuMsb,aycitþnwg
sßankarN_enH k¾bu:Enþminha‘nelIkeLIgBIkgVl;nanaTaMgenaHeT .
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
cemøIyEdlGacTTYl)anKW ³
1/ smaKmRbQmmuxnwgbBaðananadUcxageRkamenH ³
CemøaHplRbeyaCn_ nigPaBéføfñÚrkñúgnamCaRbFansmaKm
KankareKarBdl;lkçnþik³smaKm nigGPi)alkic©tamlT§iRbCaFibetyü
xVHkarTukcitþrvagsmaCikTaMgLay nigfñak;dwknaM
xVHxatkarR)aRs½yTak;TgKñaenAkñúgsmaKm
2/ smaKmmankarRbfuyRbfan ³
kar)at;bg;kitþis½BÞ enAeBlsmaKmenHkøayCaGgÁPaBBak;B½n§neya)aymYy CaCagkarEsVg
rkplRbeyaCn_GaCIvkm
karbegáInbBaðaRKb;RKgrbs;xøÜn CamYynwgGñkdwknaMEdlmineFVIkartMNag[smaKm
kat;bnßyPaBeCaKC½yrbs;xøÜn enAeBlEdlsmaCiknanaGaccMNayeBlevla nigFnFan
eRcInEfmeToteTAelIyuT§karneya)ay CaCagelIkic©karGaCIvkm nigkic©karsmaKm
kar)at;bg;smaCikrbs;xøÜn nigQaneTArkkarbiTTVar
3/ bBaðaTaMgenHGacedaHRsaytamviFIdUcteTAenH ³
cab;epþImkarRbwkSaeyabl;eRkApøÜvkarenAkñúgcMeNamsmaCiknana edIm,IBinitüemIlfaetI
kgVl;TaMgLayenaHRtUv)anEckrMElk ehIyskmPaBrYmKñaGaceFVIeTA)anEdr b¤y:agNa
erobcM[manRkumtMNagtUcmYy edIm,IBiPakSaCamYyRbFannigbuKÁlikRKb;RKg
esñI[manGgÁRbCuMmhasnñi)atBiessmYy edayGaRs½yelIesckþInanaEdlmanEcgenAkñúg
lkçnþik³rbs;smaKmGaCIvkm edIm,IeFVI[R)akdfamankarRKb;RKgtamEbbRbCaFibetyü
esñI[mankarcUlrYmBIGñksRmuHsRmYl ¬mkBIxageRkA¦ edIm,IsRmbsRmYlkarR)aRs½yTak;
TgrvagsmaCiknana nigRbFan RbsinebICemøaHenaHTMngCaminGaceCoseTArYc .
40
41
emeronTI 8 ³ karR)aRs½yTak;Tg
eKalbMNg
enAcugbBa©b;emeronenH sikçakamnwg ³
GacBnül;)anfaehtuGVI)anCakarR)aRs½yTak;Tgd¾manRbsiT§PaB mansar³sMxan;sMrab;
PaBeCaKC½yrbs;smaKmGaCIvkmmYy .
Gacyl;dwgBIeKalkarN_CamUldæanénviFIeFVIkarR)aRs½yTak;Tg)anenAxagkñúg nigeRkAGgÁ
PaB.
bøg;vKÁsikSa ¬60 naTI ¦
CMhanTI 1 - 115 naTI
esñI[sikçakamEckrMElkbTBiesaFn_BIsmaKmrbs;BYkeK GMBImeFüa)ayeFVIkarR)aRs½yTak;Tg
nigCMnajnana. cUreFVIkarEjk[dac;BIKñarvagkarR)aRs½yTak;TgxagkñúgGgÁPaB ¬kñúgcMeNamGñkdwknaM
nigsmaCikTaMgLayrbs;smaKm¦ nigkarR)aRs½yTak;TgxageRkA ¬rvagsmaKmGaCIvkm nigédKU
xageRkAdUcCardæaPi)al b¤édKUBaNiC¢kmdéT²eTot ¦ .
Tak;TinnwgkarR)aRs½yTak;xagkñúgGgÁPaB cUrsaksYrsikçakamdUcteTAenH ³
etIkarR)aRs½yTak;TgenAkñúgGgÁPaBrbs;Gñk manRbsiT§PaBRtwmkMritNa? etIkarR)aRs½y
Tak;Tgrbs;GñkCYbRbTHnwgbBaðaGVIxøH ?
etIGñkmanmeFüa)ayGVIxøHsRmab;kareFVITMnak;TMngenAkñúgGgÁPaBrbs;Gñk ³ RBwtþib½Rt GgÁRbCuM
nana GñkdwknaMcuHsYrsuxTukçrbs;smaCik ?
etIGñkRtUvkarGVIxøH edIm,IeFVI[karR)aRs½yTak;TgenAkñúgGgÁPaBrbs;Gñk manRbsiT§PaBCagenH ?
CMhanTI 2 - 335 naTI
karsEmþgerOg ³ karcUlCasmaCikmñak;kñúgsmaKm ³ sUmemIllMhat;TI 6 .
emeronTI 8 ³ karR)aRs½yTak;Tg
kMNt;cMNaMrbs;RKUbNþúHbNþal
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
CMhanTI 3 - 110 naTI
GFib,aybEnßmelIkarrkeXIjsMxan;² .
karR)aRs½yTak;TgGaceFVIeLIgenAxagkñúgGgÁPaB nigenAeRkAGgÁPaBrvagsmaKm nigmnusSsMxan;²
RkumTaMgLay nigPñak;garnanaenAkñúgshKmn_ .
bBaðananaénkarR)aRs½yTak;Tg KWekItmaneLIgCaTUeTAenAkñúgsmaKmGaCIvkm . maneBlxøH
smaCikTTYl)anB½t’mantictYceBk b¤eRcIneBk CagGVIEdlBYkeKRtUvkar . CYnkal B½t’manTaMgenaHmin
)anRtUvEckrMElkesIKñaeTenAkñúgcMeNamsmaCikTaMgLay EdlGacnaMeTArkkarmanmnÞilsgS½y
nigQaneTArkCemøaH .
karR)aRs½yTak;TgenAkñúgbriyakarxageRkAGgÁPaB GacRtUveFVIeLIgtamry³karTak; TgpÞal;mat;
nigminpÞal;mat; . xitþb½NÑ b¤RkdaspÞaMgFM ¬pUesÞI¦ EdlmansresrbgðajBIeKalbMNg nigskmPaB
nanarbs;smaKm GacCameFüa)ayd¾manRbsiT§PaBbMput .
sMNYrEdlsikçakamecaTsYrCajwkjy
RBwtþib½Rt GacCameFüa)ayd¾l¥mYyénkarR)aRs½yTak;Tg bu:EnþetIvaCakargayRsYlb¤kñúgkarEsVg
rkB½t’manfI² nigBak;B½n§ sMrab;GnaKtEvgq¶ay?
Gñkmancm¶l;enH KWRtwmRtUvehIy . nirnþrPaB nigPaBTak;Tin KWCaktþaKnøwHkñúgkarbegáIt[man
RBwtþib½RtenH. dUecñH vamansar³sMxan;kñúgkar)a:n;sanCamunnUvesckþIRtUvkarB½t’man nigkarrMBwgTuknana
rbs;smaCikTaMgLay. Ep¥kelImUldæanenH GñkGaceFVIkarseRmcfaetIRBwtþib½RtenHnwgeqøIytbeTAnwg
tRmUvkarnanarbs;BYkeKEdrb¤y:agNa. RbsinvaeqøIytbEmn vanwgCYyGñkpgEdrkñúgkarkMNt;RbePT
B½t’man ehIyRtUverobcMjwkjab;bu:NÑa . RkumsresrRBwtþib½RtenaH KYrmansmaCik EdlmanCMnajxag
sresrl¥ manKMniteRcIn mancMeNHdwg nigmanTMnak;TMngeRcIn . RBwtþib½RtGacpþl;B½t’manGMBIbnøas;
bþÚresdækic© EdlCH\T§iBlelIskmPaBGaCIvkm lMhUrsac;R)ak; kargar RbvtþishRKinEdleCaKC½y
maRtac,ab;EdlTak;TgmYycMnYn EdlCH\T§iBledaypÞal;dl;shRKasrbs;smaCikTaMgLay nig
B½t’manGMBIsmaCik GñkdwknaM b¤édKUyuT§saRsþnana .
{ enAkñúgmuxgarrbs;´CaRbFansmaKmGñktm,ajtUcmYykñúgshKmn_CnbT ´manBiesaFn_nig
karlM)ak²edIm,ITTYl)ankarykcitþTukdak; nigkarKaMRTBIGaCJaFrmUldæanenATIrYmextþ . eyIgdUcCaKan
sar³sMxan;GVIbnþicesaHsRmab;BYkeK . BYkeKykcitþTukdak;sþab;EtGaCIvkr EdlmanGMNac nig
manRTBüFneRcIn rs;enATIrYmextþenaHEtbu:eNÑaH . }
vaKWCakarBitEdlfa enAeRkAGMBICMnajcrcar karTMnak;TMngEdlmanGMNacBIxageRkay KWGackMNt;
lT§plBIkarcrcarenaH . GñkEdlmankarGb;rMtictYc b¤manR)ak;tictYc b¤ GñkEdlmkBITIkEnøg
42
emeronTI 8 ³ karR)aRs½yTak;Tg
epSgmYy b¤GñkEdlsßitenAkñúgRkumCnCatiPaKtic CagGñkEdleKsÁal; GacmankarlM)akCaeRcInkñúgkar
ykQñHelIvismPaB EdlditdamenAkñúgGarmN_rbs;BYkeKenaH. sRmab;mUlehtuRsedogKñaenHEdr
RsþIGacmankarlM)aky:ageRcInkñúgkarcrcarCamYyburs. karerobcMGgÁRbCuMenATIkEnøgGBüaRkwtümYy
¬minenAkEnøgrbs;PaKINamYy¦ KWCameFüa)aymYyedIm,Ikat;bnßyvismPaBTMnak;TMngGMNacenH
EdlGacbNþal[mankarcrcaresIPaBKñamYy . manyuT§saRsþepSg²eTotdUcCa ³ karcrcarkñúg
lkçN³CaRkum CaCagkarcrcarkñúglkçN³buKÁlmñak;² karGnuBaØat[smaCikxus²KñabgðajTidæPaB
epSg²KñaelIkarGHGag ¬karCECk¦ RBmTaMgkMNt;kalbriecäT nigeBlem:agsRmab;karRbCuMenaH
EdlGnuBaØat[smaCiksmaKmTaMgGs;cUlrYm .
43
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
44
lMhat;TI 6 ³ karcUlCasmaCiksmaKmGaCIvkm
lMhat;sRmab;karsEmþgerOg
karENnaMGnuvtþn_ ³
cUreFVIkarEbgEcksikçakamCaBIrRkum . RkummYyeFVICatMNag[smaKmmYy ehIyRkummYyeTot
eFVICatMNag[shRKin EdlminTan;)ancUlrYmCamYysmaKmenAeLIy .
pþl;eBlevla[RkumnImYy²cMnYn 10 naTI edIm,IGanesckþIENnaMsRmab;karsEmþgerOgenH.
rYcerobcMkarsEmþg nigeRCIserIsGñks½RKcitþmñak;BIRkumnImYy² EdlnwgRtUveLIgsEmþg . Gñks½RKcitþ
TaMgBIrnak;nwgsEmþg ³
1/ tYCaGñkdwknaMmñak;kñúgsmaKmmYy EdlxitxMbBa©úHbBa©ÚlsmaCikskþanuBl edaybgðajBI
plRbeyaCn_nanaénkarcUlrYmCamYysmaKm .
2/ tYCaGñkEdlminEmnCasmaCikmñak;rbs;smaKm bgðajBIkarsgS½y ehIyBüayamelIkBI
mUlehtunanaénkarmincg;cUlrYmCamYysmaKm .
karsEmþgenHminKYr[elIsBI 10 naTIeLIy . smaCikRkumdéTeTotCaGñksegátelIkarsEmþg
enH. cUresñI[BYkeKmYycMnYnp©itp©g;GarmN_eTAelIRbFanbTénkarBiPakSa rIÉGñkepSgeTot
segátelIPasaEdl)aneRbI karR)aRs½yTak;EdlmineRbIBaküsMdI ¬kayvikarrbs;tYGgÁsEmþg ³ éd
clnaEPñk .l.¦ RBmTaMgGakb,kiriya rbs;tYGgÁsEmþgTaMgBIr .
enATIbBa©b;énkarsEmþgerOgenH cUrsaksYrtYGgÁsEmþgnUvsMNYrdUcxageRkamenH ³
etIkarbBa¢Únsarrbs;GñkeTAkan;mnusSmñak;eTot manPaBgayRsYl b¤lM)ak ?
etIGñkKitfa GñkmancMNucxøaMgGVIxøH enAkñúgkarR)aRs½yTak;TgenaH ?
etIGñkKitfa GñkKYreFVIkarEklMGbEnßmcMNucGVIxøH ?
cUrsaksYrsmaCikRkumÉeTotGMBIkarsegátrbs;BYkeK ³
etIEpñkNamYyénsarTaMgenaHEdlbBa¢ÚneTA)anRbesIr ? ehtuGVI ?
etIEpñkNamYyénsarTaMgenaHEdlmin)anbBa¢ÚneTA ? ehtuGVI ?
manEpñkmYycMnYnénsarTaMgenaH RtUv)anTTYly:agKab;RbesIr ehIygayRsYlyl; edaysar
PasamanlkçN³c,as;las; B½t’manEdl)anTak;TgKña enaHKWCaGVIEdlsmaCikskþanuBlRtUvkarcg;dwg
edaysarEtkgVl;nanarbs;eKRtUv)anykcitþTukdak;sþab; .l.
emeronTI 8 ³ karR)aRs½yTak;Tg
Rkum 1 ³ smaCikrbs;smaKm smaCikmñak;rbs;RkumGñknwgedIrtYCa elak sMNag eyageTAtamesckþIENnaMnana dUcxag
eRkamenH. sUmeRCIserIsGñks½RKcitþmñak;sRmab;tYGgÁ elak sMNag eFVICatMNag[RkummYy
ehIyCYyKat;edIm,IerobcMkarsMEdgrbs;Kat; .
RkumTI 2 ³ minEmnCasmaCiksmaKm smaCikmñak;rbs;RkumGñknwgedIrtYCa GñkRsI davI eyageTAtamesckþIENnaMnanadUcxag
eRkamenH . sUmeRCIserIsGñks½RKcitþmñak;edIm,IedIrtYCa GñkRsI davI eFVICatMNag[RkummYy ehIy
CYyKat; edIm,IerobcMkarsMEdgrbs;Kat; .
45
tYGgÁTI 1 ³ smaCikrbs;smaKm - elak sMNagGñkKWCa elak sMNag smaCikmñak;kñúgsmaKmm:asuInkinRsUv . Gñkman»kasedIm,ICYbsMeNH
sMNalCamYy GñkRsI davI CaGñkRKb;RKgRkumh‘unm:asuInRsUvmYy EdlKat;)anbegáIteLIg Gs;
ry³eBlmYyqñaMknøgmkehIy . Gñkcg;bBa©úHbBa©Úl GñkRsI davI [køayCasmaCikmñak;kñúgsmaKm .
kargarrbs;Gñk KWBüayambBa©úHbBa©Úl GñkRsI davI [køayCasmaCikmñak;kñúgsmaKm eday
bgðajplRbeyaCn_nanaBIkarcUlrYmCasmaCikPaB .
tYGgÁTI 2 ³ GñkminEmnCasmaCik
GñkKWCaGñkRKb;RKgRkumh‘unma:suInkinRsUvmYy EdlGñk)anbegáIteLIg)anry³eBlmYyqñaM
ehIy . GñknwgCYbsMeNHsMNalCamYy elak sMNag EdlmkBIsmaKmma:suInkinRsUv . elak
sMNagcg;bBa©úHbBa©ÚlGñk [køayCasmaCikmñak;kñúgsmaKm bu:EnþGñkenAmanmnÞilsgS½ymYycMnYn
fa etIGñkKYrcUlCasmaCiksmaKm b¤y:agNa .
kargarrbs;Gñk ³ CRmab elak sMNag GMBImUlehtunanasRmab;karenAminTan;cg;cUlCasma
CiksmaKm ehIybgðajBImnÞilsgS½yGMBIplRbeyaCn_nanaénkarkøayCasmaCikdl;Kat; .
enATIbBa©b;énkarsMeNHsMNalenH GñknwgRtUveFVIkarseRmc faetIcUlCasmaCik b¤k¾mincUl
b¤k¾BnüareBlTukeFVIkarseRmccitþrbs;GñkenAeBleRkay .
46
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
eKalbMNg
enAcugbBa©b;emeron sikçakamnwg ³
mankaryl;dwgbEnßmelIRbePTesvakmnana EdlsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcGacpþl;CUndl;
smaCikTaMgLay
yl;dwgBIviFIeFVIesckþIseRmcCayuT§saRsþ nigmanB½t’manRKb;RKan; kñúgkarpþl;esva edayb¤
tamry³smaKm .
bøg;vKÁsikSa ¬95 naTI ¦
CMhanTI 1 - 115 naTI
esñI[sikçakamEckrMElkbTBiesaFn_ nigTsSn³nanaCuMvijkarpþl;esvakm .
etImanRbePTesvaGVIxøH EdlsmaKmGñkkMBugpþl;CUnsmaCikenAeBlenH ?
etIsmaKmcg;pþl;esvaeRcInCagenHeToteT enAeBlGnaKt ?
etIGñkKitfa manesvaGVIxøHEdlsmaCikTaMgLaycg;[smaKmpþl;dl;BYkeK ?
etIsmaCikburs nigsmaCikRsþImanGaTiPaBepSgKñaEdrb¤eT Tak;Tinnwgesvakmnana Edl
BYkeKcg;[smaKmpþl;CUn ?
CMhanTI 2 - 115 naTI
cUrbgðajBIRbePTénesvakmepSg² EdlsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcTaMgLayGacpþl;CUn)an eday
eyageTAelIkfax½NÐ 9>1 nigeRbIR)as;søayTI 19 dl; 23 .
kñúgeBlbgðajsøayTI 20 dl; 23 cUrpþl;]TahrN_mYycMnYnGMBIesvanana EdlsmaKmGaCIvkm
enAkm<úCa)ankMBugpþl;[smaCikxøÜn . ]TahrN_mYycMnYnmanenAkñúgkfax½NÐ 9>6 ¬eKhTMB½rrbs;
sNæaKar nigpÞHsMNak;enAesomrab¦ nigkfax½NÐ 9>7 ¬karbNþúHbNþalGMBIkareFVIGaCIvkm ¦ .
emeronTI 9 ³ karseRmccitþelIesvakmnanarbs;smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc
kMNt;cMNaMrbs;RKUbNþúHbNþal
emeronTI 9 ³ karseRmccitþelIesvakmnanarbs;smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc
CMhanTI 3 - 660 naTI
EbgEcksikçakamTaMgGs;CaRkumtUc² [)aneRcInRkumtamEdlGaceFVI)an EdltMNag[
smaKmGaCIvkmdUcKña . [RkumnImYy²KitrkesvaNamYy EdlsmaKmmin)anpþl;CUnenAeBlbc©úb,nñ
bu:EnþGaccg;pþl;CUnenAeBlGnaKt . esñI[RkumnImYy²viPaKlT§PaBkñúgkarpþl;esvaenaH edaysak
sYrsMNYrTaMgLaykñúglMhat;TI 6 . [BYkeKbgðajlT§plRkum nigesckþIsnñidæannanadl;RkumFM .
CMhanTI 4 - 55 naTI
GFib,aybEnßmelIkarrkeXIjsMxan;² edayeyageTAelIbTBiesaFn_nana Edl)anpþl;
CUnedayGñkcUlrYm .
esvakmnanaGacCYyBRgwgGaCIvkmrbs;smaCiktamviFIepSg²Kña . esvamYycMnYnBak;B½n§nwg
karbNþúHbNþal karRbwkSaeyabl; nigB½t’man nigesvamYycMnYneTotBak;B½n§kñúgkarksagTMnak;TMng
BaNiC¢km b¤esvapÁt;pÁg;hirBaØvtßú b¤esvapþl;lT§PaBTTYl)anhirBaØvtßúdl;BYkeK . manesvamYy
cMnYneTot CaRbePTskmPaBBak;B½n§nwgneya)ay dUcCakarbBa©úHbBa©ÚlrdæaPi)al b¤karpþl;\T§iBl
dl;mtisaFarN³ . ehIyenAmanesvakmmYycMnYneTot EdleqøIytbnwgesckþIRtUvkarEpñksgÁmrbs;
smaCikTaMgLay dUcCakarFanara:b;rgsgÁm karEfTaMsuxPaBkumar .l.
smaKmminGacsgÇwmfa eKGacedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgGs;enaHrbs;smaCikxøÜnTaMgLay)aneLIy.
karRKb;RKgnigsmtßPaBhirBaØvtßúrbs;smaKm KWEtgEtmankRmit . dUecñH smaKmKYreFVIkarseRmc
eTAelIesvamYyNa EdlRtUvRbwgERbgpþl;CUnsmaCik .
vaCakarsMxan;EdlRtUvRKb;RKgesvanImYy²edayRbugRby½tñ . mann½yfaRtUv)a:n;RbmaNesckþI
RtUvkarsRmab;va témøR)ak;cMNUlEdlGacbegáIt)an b¤meFüa)ayedIm,ITUTat;cMNay sRmab;esvaenaH .
smaKmxøÜnÉgGacpþl;esvamYycMnYn rIÉesvadéTeTotGacpþl;rYmKñaCamYyédKUepSg² b¤
edaykarcrcareFVIkic©snüaCamYyGñkpþl;esvaepSgmYyeTot .
sMNYrEdlsikçakamecaTsYrCajwkjy
´mankaregOgq¶l; faetIsmaKmrbs;´mansmtßPaBRKb;RKan; edIm,IRbmUlB½t’man EdlRtUvkar
muneBleFVIkarseRmccitþ edIm,Icab;epþImeFVIskmPaBNamYy b¤y:agNa . eyIgminmanR)ak; edIm,I
cMNaysRmab;TIRbwkSa Edlmantémøx<s; . etIeyIgGaceFVIGVI)anxøH ?
tamBiteTA vamingayRsYlcab;epþImRbmUlTinñn½yenHeT . eKKYrdwgfa etIeKKYreTARbmUlenATINa
nigsYrsMNYrGVIxøH . karBiPakSaCamYysmaCikTaMgLay nwgCYycg¥úlbgðajBIesvaGVIxøH EdlnwgGac
CYyBYkeK)an . GñkminKYremIlrMlgeT elIkaryl;dwgEdlmanrYceRsceTAehIyenAkñúgcMeNam
smaCikenaHeT . qøgtamry³bNþajkic©karsgÁm nigbNþajGaCIBnanarbs;BYkeK GtifiCn RKYsar
47
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
RkumRsþI vihar¦ BYkeKCajwkjyFøab;)anB¤BIesvanana EdlKYr[cab;GarmN_ b¤B¤BIGñkpþl;esvanana .
kareFVIkic©snüaeTA[GñkCMnajmñak; b¤TIRbwkSaNamñak; edIm,IeFVIkarsikSaelIlT§PaBénesvaNamYyenaH
nwgminGaceCos)aneLIy. bu:EnþCamYynwgkareRtomlkçN³CaeRscrbs;Gñk kargarrbs;GñkCMnajkar
enaHnwgmanlkçN³c,as;las; ehIyeRbIR)as;eBlevlatictYc . KYrmannrNamñak;BIsmaKmrbs;Gñk
cUlrYm[)aneBjeljenAkñúgkarsikSalT§PaBpþl;esvaenaH. vaKWCalMhat;RbkbedaykareronsURt
mYy Edlnwgpþl;nUvCMnaj EdlmanRbeyaCn_CaeRcIndl;Gñk. témøcMNaysRmab;karsikSalT§PaB
pþl;esvaenH KYrcat;TukCakarvinieyaKmYy EdlGacTUTat;mkvijeday esvaBaNiC¢kmd¾mannirnþrPaB .
{´minKitfa vaCakarl¥mYysRmab;smaKmGaCIvkm EdlRtUvCab;Bak;B½n§nwgkic©karneya)ay
TaMgLayenaHeT . skmPaBneya)ayTaMgLay nwgeFVI[smaKmR)ascakBIkic©karGaCIvkmCasñÚl
ehIyGñkkan;GMNacTaMgLay GacmineBjcitþCamYynwgkarrMxanBIGaCIvkreT }.
smaKmTaMgLayminGac ¬nigminKYrR)afña¦ eqøIytbeTAtamRKb;tRmUvkarrbs;smaCikeLIy.
bu:EnþenAeBlsmaCiknanarbs;GñkRbQmmuxnwgkarlM)aky:ab;yWun kñúgdMeNIrkarkic©karGaCIvkm
edaysarbriyakarc,ab;minGMeNaypl CajwkjyvamantémøedIm,IKitBIdMeNaHRsayRtwmRtUv .
]TahrN_ enAkñúgRbeTsmYycMnYn karcuHbBa¢IGaCIvkmKWmankarBi)ak Bn§GakrmankRmitx<s; sRmab;
GaCIvkmtUc² nItiviFIBn§Ky bgá[mankarBnüareBlenAkñúgkarTTYl)anvtßúFatuedIm ¬b¤TunepþIm¦ tUblk;
eRkApøÚvkarRtUv)anhamXat; b¤vaCakarBi)aksRmab;GaCIvkmFuntUcTaMgLay edIm,IGnuvtþeTA tambTdæan
kargar. CYnkal GaCJaFrnigPñak;garrdæaPi)alTaMgLay min)andwgBIesckþIlM)aknana EdlGaCIvkm
FuntUc)ankMBugCYbRbTH ehIyBYkeKrIkraynwgB½t’manEdlGñkpþl;[ . enAkñúgkrNIedayELk²eTot
GgÁPaBrbs;GñkGacTMnak;TMngCamYysma KmGaCIvkmFM² b¤smaKmnieyaCk ¬shB½n§¦ Edlman
bTBiesaFn_eRcInkñúgkarBiPakSaCamYyGaCJaFrrdæaPi)al .
48
emeronTI 9 ³ karseRmccitþelIesvakmnanarbs;smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc
49
lMhat;TI 7 ³ kareFVIviPaKlT§PaBpþl;esva
lMhat;sRmab;Rkum
karENnaMGnuvtþn_ ³
cUrBiPakSaenAkñúgRkumrbs;Gñk riHrkesvaNamYy EdlsmaKmrbs;GñkminTan;)anpþl;CUnenAeBl
bc©úb,nñ bu:EnþGaccg;pþl;CUnenAeBlGnaKtd¾xøIxagmuxenH . cUr)a:n;RbmaNBIlT§PaB énkarpþl;esvaenaH
edayeqøIynwgsMNYrnanadUcmanbgðajenAkñúgTRmg; .
Ep¥kelIkarviPaKenH cUreFVIkarseRmc faetIsmaKmKYrpþl;esvaenaH b¤k¾minKYr . b¤k¾KYrpþl;esva
enaHrYmKñaCamYyédKUdéTeTot .
cUrbgðajlT§plénkareFVIviPaKrbs;GñkeTARkumFM .
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
50
51
emeronTI 10 ³ karpþl;esvaBaNiC¢km
eKalbMNg
enAcugbBa©b;emeron sikçakamTaMgGs;nwgGac ³
yl;dwgBIplRbeyaCn_énkarcUlrYmkñúgkarpþl;esvaBaNiC¢km
yl;dwgBIeRKaHfñak;nana EdlGacekIteLIgenAkñúgkarpþl;esvaBaNiC¢km .
bøg;vKÁsikSa ¬60 naTI ¦
CMhanTI 1 -110 naTI
esñI[sikçakamEckrMElkbTBiesaFn_nigTsSn³nanaCuMvijesvaBaNiC¢kmTaMgLay .
etIsmaKmrbs;GñkFøab;manbTBiesaFn_enAkñúgkarEsVgrkTIpSarrYmKña karTijrYmKña b¤karlk;rYmKña
Edrb¤eT ?
etIkarpÁt;pÁg;bc©úb,nñ b¤bBaðaEsVgrkTIpSarrbs;smaCikTaMgLay GacRtUv)anedaHRsay
tamviFINa ? tamry³karTijrYmKña b¤karlk;rYmKña ?
etIsmaCikrbs;GñkGaceFVIkarrYmKña)anl¥RKb;RKan; edIm,IeqøIytbnwgtRmUvkarnanaénkar
erobcMTMnak;TMngBaNiC¢kmEdrb¤eT ?
etIGñk)anCYbRbTHbBaðalM)ak²GVIxøHenAkñúgesvaBaNiC¢kmrYmKña ? etIGñkedaHRsaykarlM
)akTaMgenaHedayviFINa ?
CMhanTI 2 - 445 naTI
EbgEcksikçakamCaRkumtUc² ehIyesñI[BYkeKedaHRsaylMhat;TI 8 ³ plRbeyaCn_ BIkar
cUlrYmesvaBaNiCkm . GnuBaØat[RkumTaMgenaHsresrcemøIyrbs;eK rYc[BYkeKmkcUlrYmCaRkum
FMvij . cUrRbmUlKMnitTaMgLayBIRkumkargarnImYy² ehIysresrKMnitTaMgenaHenAelIkþarexon .
cUreFVI[R)akdfa minmanKMnitEdldUcKñaRtUv)ansresreLIgvijeT ehIyk¾minRtUv[)at;bg;KMnit
EdlsMxan;²pgEdr . eFVIkarsegçb edayeyageTAelIkfax½NÐ 10>2 énesovePAGñkGan nigbgðaj
søay TI 25 nig 26.
emeronTI 10 ³ karpþl;esvaBaNiC¢km
kMNt;cMNaMrbs;RKUbNþúHbNþal
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
CMhanTI 3 - 55 naTI
GFib,aybEnßmelIkarrkeXIjsMxan;² edayeyageTAelIbTBiesaFn_nana dUcEdl)anpþl;CUneday
sikçakam .
smaKmGacbegáItplRbeyaCn_esdækic©BIkarcUlrYmKña (economies of scale) tamry³karpþúM
tRmUvkarrbs;smaCikTaMgLaysRmab;karpÁt;pÁg; nigesvakmnana b¤karRbmUlpþúMsmtßPaBplitkm
rbs;smaCik . CamYynwgPaBxøaMgEdl)anbegáIneLIgenH smaKmmanlT§PaBedIrtYCaQÜjkNþal
b¤CaGnþrbuKÁl ehIyeFVIkarcrcarelIlkçx½NÐGMeNaypleRcInEfmeTot sRmab;karerobcMTMnak;TMng
BaNiC¢kmTaMgenH Edlkic©karenHminGacRtUveFVIeLIg edayshRKinFuntUcmñak;²)aneLIy. karpþl;
esvaCak;EsþgTaMgenHdl;smaCik nwgkøayCaplRbeyaCn_d¾sMxan;mYydl;smaKm .
smaKmRtUvedIrtYnaTICaQÜjkNþalenH RbsinebIxøÜnGaceFVIenAkñúglkçN³GaCIvkmEtbu:eNÑaH .
vaKYrEtGacbgÁab;[mankarbg;éføsRmab;kargarenH .
vaGacCYydl;smaCikTaMgLaypgEdr tamry³karerobcM[manmeFüa)ayBaNiC¢kmrYmKña
dUcCama:suIn b¤meFüa)aydwkCBa¢Ún EdlGaceRbIR)as;edayshRKinmñak;² . esvaBaNiC¢ kmRbePTenH
TamTar[mankarRKb;RKgedayRtwmRtUv ehIyvaGacdMeNIrkareTA)an EtenAeBlNaEdlesvaenH
GacTUTat;cMNaynana sRmab;RbtibtþikarxøÜnbu:eNÑaH .
sMNYrEdlsikçakamecaTsYrCajwkjy
{smaKmrbs;´)anerobcMbegáIt[maneragCagmYy Edl)anbMBak;eRKOg]bkrN_ nigeRKOg
sgðarim EdlsmaCikTaMgLaycUlrYmKñaerobcM sRmab;karbBa¢aTijBIRkumh‘unFMmYyenAbreTs .
GtifiCnminsb,aycitþCamYynwgKuNPaB EdlmankarxusEbøkKña BIkarbBa¢aTij mYyelIk eTAkarbBa¢a
TijmYyelIkeTot ehIykMBugBicarNa edIm,IbBaÄb;kic©shRbtibtþikarCamYyeyIg . etIeyIgGac eFVIGVI
)anxøH ? }
bBaðaenHekItmanCaTUeTAcMeBaHsmaKmCaeRcIn EdlRKb;RKgmeFüa)ayBaNiC¢kmrYmKña ehIy
edIrtYnaTICaQÜjkNþalrvagGtifiCnnana nigsmaCikxøÜn . smaKmrbs;Gñk)aneFVIkargar
mYymhas©arü eday)annaMmknUvGtifiCnd¾FMmYy ehIy)anerobcMeragCag EdlmanbMBak;eRKOg
]bkrN_rYmKñamYy sRmab;smaCikTaMgLay . eTaHCay:agenHkþI k¾enAmanbBaðamYycMnYn EdlRtUv
edaHRsaypgEdr . karN_enHsEmþgecjnUvPaBsúRKsajkñúgdMeNIrBak;B½n§nwgGaCIvkm CMnYsmux[
smaCikTaMgLayrbs;xøÜn . GVIEdlGñkGaceFVIeTA)an KWGñkRtUvGeBa¢IjGtifiCnrbs;Gñk edIm,ImkBinitü
emIleragCagedaypÞal; . GñkGacbegáItbTdæanKuN PaBCamYyGtifiCn ehIyeFVIkar)a:n;RbmaN faetI
KuNPaBEdleKcg;)anTaMgenH GacseRmc)anEdrb¤eT edayeyaleTAelIviFIsaRsþeFVIkarbc©úb,nñ
lkçx½NÐeRKOg]bkrN_bc©úb,nñ RBmTaMgeBlevlaénkarbBa¢aTijTaMgLayenaH . Cayfaehtu
GtifiCnrbs;Gñk GacnaMGñk[manTMnak;TMngCamYyGñkTTYlem:AkarbnþeTot sRmab;karpøas;bþÚrbT
BiesaFn_ cMeNHdwg nigbec©keTs .
52
emeronTI 10 ³ karpþl;esvaBaNiC¢km
53
lMhat;TI 8 ³ plRbeyaCn_BIkarcUlrYmkñúgesvaBaNiC¢km
lMhat;sRmab;Rkum
esckþIENnaMsRmab;kargarCaRkum ³
cUrGankrNIsikSadUcxageRkamenH rYcBüayameqøIysMNYr .
sMNYr ³
enAkñúgGgÁRbCuM etIRkumKYrBiPakSanigseRmcelIGVIxøH muneBlsmaKmGacplitniglk;sURteTA[
GaCIvkrenaH ?
krNIsikSa
GñkKWCaGñkdwknaMmñak;rbs;smaKmGaCIvkmplitsURt . Gñkman»kas)anCYbCamYyGñkvinieyaK
¼GaCIvkrBIRbeTsCitxag Edl)anbgðajBIkarcab;GarmN_kñúgkarTijsURtcMnYneRcIn BIsmaCik
TaMgLayrbs;smaKm .
GñkemIleXIjvaCa»kasd¾l¥mYysRmab;smaCikTaMgLayrbs;smaKm edIm,IbegáInR)ak;cMNUl
rbs;BYkeK . eRkAGMBIenH vaGacCa»kasmYysRmab;smaKmGaCIvkm edIm,IbegáInPaBrwgmaMrbs;xøÜn
nigTak;TajsmaCikfI²eTot .
GñkkMBugerobcMGgÁRbCuMépÞkñúgmYy CamYysmaCikrbs;smaKmGaCIvkmTaMgGs; edIm,IBiPakSa
nigseRmc faetIsmaKmnwgplitsURtsRmab;GaCIvkr EdlmkBIRbeTsCitxagenaHEdr b¤eT .
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
cemøIyEdlGacTTYl)anKW ³
etIGaCIvkrenaHKWCamnusSKYr[Tukcitþ)anEdrb¤eT ehIyeyIgsÁal;Kat;edayviFINa?
etIKat;cg;TijplitplsURtenHkñúgbrimaNbu:nan ?
etIsmaCiksmaKmmaneRKOg]bkrN_RKb;RKan; edIm,IpliteTAtambrimaNEdlRtUvkarenaH
Edr b¤eT ?
etIKuNPaBEbbNa EdlGaCIvkrrMBwgcg;)anBIplitplsURtenaH ?
etIsmaCikNaxøH EdlnwgplitsURt ehIylk;vatamry³smaKmGaCIvkm ?
etIkardwkCBa¢ÚnplitplsURtnwgRtUverobcMeLIgy:agdUcemþc ?
etIl½kçx½NÐGVIxøHEdleyIgRtUvsresrenAkñúgkic©snüaCamYyGaCIvkrenaH ?
etIeyIgseRmcelItémølk;plitpledayviFINa ?
etIeyIgEbgEckplkéRmrvagGñkplit nigsmaKmedayviFINa ?
etIvtßúFatuedImGVIxøH nigbec©keTsEbbNaEdleyIgRtUvkar ?
etIeyIgGacTTYlkarKaMRTBIédKUepSg²eTotdUcCa rdæaPi)al b¤édKUÉeTot Edrb¤eT?
etIeyIgRtUvbegáItKN³kmakar edIm,IeFVIkarCamYyGtifiCnenH Edrb¤eT?
etIsmaKmeyIgRtUvcuHhtßelxaenAkñúgkugRta CamYyGñklk;sURtmk[eyIgEdrb¤eT ?
54
55
emeronTI 11 ³ karpþl;esvats‘Umti
eKalbMNg
enAcugbBa©b;emeronenH sikçakamTaMgGs;nwg ³
yl;dwgBIeKalbMNgrbs;esvats‘Umti
yl;dwgBICMnajnanaEdlRtUvkar edIm,IeFVIkargarts‘Umti
yl;dwgBIviFIeFVIEpnkar nigGnuvtþyuT§nakarts‘Umti .
bøg;vKÁsikSa ¬120 naTI¦
CMhanTI 1 - 110 naTI
esñI[sikçakamTaMgGs;eFVIkarEckrMElkbTBiesaFn_ nigTsSn³nanaGMBIesvats‘Umti .
etIsmaKmrbs;GñkmanbTBiesaFn_kñúgkarts‘UmtiEdrb¤eT ?
etIGñkmanbTBiesaFn_eCaKC½y b¤braC½yNamYyEdrb¤eT ?
etIGñkKitfa GVIxøHCakarlM)akkñúgkarpþl;esvats‘UmtienH ?
CMhanTI 2 - 440 naTI
eRCIserIssikçakamcMnYn4nak;eLIgsEmþgsac;erOg dUcEdlmankñúglMhat;TI9 :Gñklk;dUrtampSar
crcarCamYyGaCJaFrmUldæan : .
bnÞab;BIkarsEmþg cUrsaksYrsikçakamTaMg4nak;enaHCamunsin faetIBYkeKmanGarmN_ y:agNa .
GVIEdl)andMeNIrkareTA)anRbesIr nigGVIEdlCakarlM)ak ? etIBYkeKGaceronGVIxøH BIbTBiesaFn_enH ?
bnÞab;mkcUrsaksYrRkumTaMgmUl etIBYkeK)ansegátelIGVIxøH nigetIBYkeK )aneronsURtBIxøHBIkar
segátenaH ?
CMhanTI 3 - 550 naTI
cUreFVIkarEbgEcksikçakamCaRkumtUc² [)aneRcIntamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an EdlRkumnImYy²tMNag
[smaCiksmaKmmYy . esñI[RkumnImYy²RtiHriHelIehtukarN_ b¤bBaðasMxan;² EdlsmaCikTaMgLay
kMBugRbQmmux ehIyEdlGacRtUvedaHRsay)antamry³karbBa©úH bBa©Úl b¤karts‘Umti . etIyuT§nakar
ts‘UmtimaneKalbMNgGVIxøH ? etIyuT§nakarts‘UmtienH eFVIeTAtamCMhanGVIxøH ?
emeronTI 11 ³ karpþl;esvats‘Umti
kMNt;cMNaMrbs;RKUbNþúHbNþal
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
GnuBaØat[RkumeLIgbgðajKMnitTaMgLayrbs;BYkeK ehIyTukeBlsRmab;eFVIkarqøúHbBa©aMgCamYy
sikçakamÉeTot² .
CMhanTI 4 - 115 naTI
cUrbgðajBICMhanxus²KñakñúgyuT§nakarts‘Umti ¬sUmemIlkñúgsøayTI 27¦ nigeyageTAdl;kfax½NÐ
11>1 énesovePAGñkGan .
CMhanTI 5 - 55 naTI
GFib,aybEnßmelIkarrkeXIjsMxan;² edayeyageTAelIbTBiesaFn_nana Edlsikçakam)an
pþl;[ .
karbBa©úHbBa©Úlnigkarts‘Umti KWmansar³sMxan;edIm,IkarBarb¤elIkkm<s;plRbeyaCn_nanarbs;
smaCik CaBiessTak;TinnwgbTbBa¢aTaMgLay nigeKalneya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)al . shRKasFuntUc
CaeRcIn CaBiessshRKas EdlRKb;RKgedayRsþI esckþIRtUvkarrbs;BYkeK kRmRtUv)anBicarNaeday
GñkerobcMeKalneya)ayTaMgLayenaH enAeBlBYkeKsresrbTbBa¢aepSg² begáItkRmitBn§Gakr
b¤karbegáItnItiviFIénkarcuHbBa¢I . smaKmGaceFVI[PaBsúRKsajTaMgenHmanlkçN³samBaØ ehIy
eFVI[bnÞúkTaMgenHFUrRsal)anmYycMnYn .
eKaledAKWkarTTYl)annUvkitþis½BÞ xN³EdlsmaKmRtUv)aneKRbwkSasuMeyabl; EdlCakarBit
enAeBleKalneya)ay b¤bTbBa¢afI²)ankMBugRtUverobcMeLIg . dUecñH smaKmGacRtUveKGeBa¢IjeFVICa
smaCikmYykñúgKN³kmkar b¤cUlrYmkñúgevTikaCaeTogTat; edaysarsmaKmRtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;Ca
semøgmYy b¤CatMNagrbs;shRKin ¬RsþI¦enAkñúgshKmn_Rsuk b¤ kRmitCati .
kartsU‘mti KWCakargarCMnajmYyRbePT ehIyTamTar[mankarGPivDÆyuT§saRsþ edayRbugRby½tñ ³
karRbmUlB½t’man karerobcM[mantMNagnana edIm,IbgðajBIkrNIl¥NamYy yl;dwgBInrNaEdl
RtUveFVIkarBiPakSaCamYy karkMNt;rk { GñkeCIgÉk } ehIykt;cMNaMkarKaMRTrbs;BYkeK k¾dUcCakar
EdlGaceRkakQrenAcMeBaHmuxKUbdibkS . CMnajnana EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;eFVIkargarts‘Umti[)anRbesIr
enaH KWCMnajeFVIkarR)aRs½yTak;Tg kars‘URTaM nig karyl;citþ .
karts‘Umtimann½yfa karGacniyayeTAkan;GñksarB½t’man)an . eTaHbICay:agenHkþI cUrcgcaM
faGñkcaM)ac;RtUvmanerOgd¾l¥mYy EdlKaMRTmUlehturbs;Gñk . cUrcaMTukkñúgcitþfa GñksarB½t’manTaMgLay
cg;)anerOgmYy ebIeTaHbIvaCaerOgGaRkk;GMBImUlehtu ¬evTnarmN_¦rbs;Gñkb¤smaKmrbs;Gñk
k¾eday [EtvamanRbeyaCn_sRmab;sarB½t’man . cUrBinitüfa erOgr:avrbs;GñkKWqøúHbBa©aMgy:ag
RbesIrBIsmaKmrbs;Gñk .
56
emeronTI 11 ³ karpþl;esvats‘Umti
sMNYrEdlsikçakamecaTsYrCajwkjy
{smaKmrbs;eyIg)anTTYlkaresñI[cUlrYmkñúgevTikaGPivDÆn_mUldæan EdlrdæaPi)almUldæan
GñktMNagvis½yÉkCn nigGñktMNagGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alnana eFVIkarBiPakSaelIkic©karGPivDÆn_nana
sRmab;tMbn;rbs;eyIg . mkdl;eBlenH ´dUcCamineXIjmanplRbeyaCn_ edaypÞal;GVIesaH sRmab;
smaKmrbs;´ ehIy´q¶l;faetIvamanplRbeyaCn_Edrb¤eT kñúgkarcUlrYmkñúgevTikaenH ? }
karBitEdlfa smaKmrbs;Gñk)anTTYlkarGeBa¢Ij[cUlrYmenH KWfavabBa¢ak;BIkitþis½BÞsmaKm
rbs;Gñk kñúgRkEsEPñknanarbs;tYGgÁGPivDÆn_epSg²kñúgtMbn;rbs;Gñk . BYkeKeCOCak;fa smaKmrbs;
GñkeFVICatMNag[semøgshRKinFuntUcTaMgLay ehIysmaKmrbs; GñkGaccUlrYmdl;karGPivDÆ
tMbn; . enHemIleTAdUcCa»kasd¾l¥mYy edIm,IGnuvtþCMnaj nig yuT§saRsþts‘Umtirbs;Gñk . k¾bu:Enþkar
rMBwgTuknanarbs;GñkkñúgkarcUlrYmenAkñúgevTikaenaH dUcCamankRmitx<s; . manmUlehtumYycMnYn
sRmab;karelIkeLIgenH . etIrebobvar³qøúHbBa©aMg BIkgVl;nanaénsmaCikTaMgLayrbs;GñkEdrb¤eT
]TahrN_lT§PaBTTYl)anTwks¥at ePøIg GKÁIsnI pøÚvfñl; TIpSar TIkEnøgbNþúHbNþal nig
meFüa)ayeFVIkarR)aRs½yTak;Tgnana ? etIsmaCikTaMgLayrbs;GñkdwgB¤GMBIevTikaenHEdrb¤eT? etI
lT§plGVIxøH EdlBYkeKrMBwgcg;)an? etIlT§plTaMgenaHTMngCaGacseRmc)anEdrb¤eT? etIGñkGac
bBa©Úlrebobvar³rbs;GñkedayviFINa ? etIGñkGacksagsm<½n§PaBCamYyGñkcUlrYmÉeTot² kñúgevTika
enaH)anEdr b¤eT ? BiPakSaCamYybuKÁlikrbs;Gñk RBmTaMgsmaCiksMxan;² nwgCYyGñkeFVIkar
)a:n;RbmaNBIviFINa EdlsmaKmrbs;GñkGacTTYlplRbeyaCn_y:ageRcInbMput BIkarcUlrYmkñúg
evTikaenaH.
57
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
58
lMhat;TI 9 ³ Gñklk;dUrtampSarcrcarCamYyGaCJaFrmUldæan
lMhat;sRmab;karsEmþgerOg
esckþIENnaM ³
ENnaM[sikçakamTaMgGs;GankrNIsikSa .
sikçakam 4 nak;RtUv)anEbgEckCa 2 Rkum . sikçakam 2 nak;eFVICatMNag[smaKmRsþI
Gñklk;dUrtampSar ¬CaRbFanmñak; nigsmaCikmñak;¦ . sikçakamBIrnak;eToteFVICatMNag
[mRnþIrdæaPi)almUldæan . sikçakamdéTeToteFVICaGñksegátkarN_ .
GnuBaØat[sikçakam 4 nak; EdlRtUv)aneRCIserIsenaH erobcMkarsEmþg . vaCakarl¥RbsinebI
karsEmþgenaHRtUveFVIeLIgenAGMLúgeBlsRmak ¬20 naTI¦. ENnaM[BYkeKeFVIkarqøúHbBa©aMg
eTAelIsMNYrdUcteTAenH ³
- etIGñkmanesckþIRtUvkarnigeKalbMNgGVIxøH ? etIGñkdwgGVIxøHBIPaKImçageTot ehIyetIBYkeK
cg;)anGVIxøHBIkarcrcarenH ?
- kMNt;BIGVIEdlGñkcg;seRmc)an[manPaBc,as;las;nigvas;Evg)an .
- etITMhMénkartéføkñúgkic©crcarrbs;GñksßitenARtwmNaEdr ³ ]TahrN_ enARtg;cMNuccab;epþIm
cMNuccg;)an ¬CacMNucEdlGñkyl;RBm¦ nigcMNuc { edIrecj} rbs;Gñk ¬enAeBlGñk
dkxøÜnfyBIkarcrcar¦. etIGñkmanCeRmIsGVIepSgeTot RbsinebIkarcrcarRtUvbraC½y ?
etIGVIeTACa {CeRmIsd¾RbesIrbMputsRmab;kic©crcar EdlGacyl;RBm)an } b¤TItaMg { dk
fyvij } rbs;Gñk ?
- cUrkMNt;fanrNanwgniyayGVIenAkñúgCMnYbRbCuM .
GeBa¢IjsikçakamTaMg 4 nak;[cUlmk rYccab;epþImsEmþgerOg .
GñksegátkarN_TaMgLay nwgRtUvykcitþTukdak; ³
- etIPaKITaMgBIrmaneKaledAc,as;las;Edrb¤eT ?
- etIPaKITaMgBIrsþab;KñaeTAvijeTAmkEdrb¤eT ?
- etIGñkvaytémølkçN³sm,tþirbs;Gñkcrcary:agdUcemþcEdr? etIBYkeKCamnusS BUEkbBa©úHbBa©Úl
ts‘U nigCamnusSEdlmankareCOTukcitþEdr b¤eT ?
- etIkartéføKñaenaH RbkbeTAedaykarRbkYtRbECg b¤karshkarKña ? etIGacmanpllM)ak
GVIxøH EdlnwgekIteLIgcMeBaHTMnak;TMngrvagsmaKm nigrdæGMNacmUldæanenAeBlGnaKt ?
- etIkarcrcarRtUvbBa©b;eTAdUcemþcEdr ? etIlT§plmanPaBc,as;las; sRmab;PaKInImYy²
Edr b¤eT ? etImankarkt;RtaTuklT§plTaMgenaHEdrb¤eT ?
emeronTI 11 ³ karpþl;esvats‘Umti
59
tMNagsalaextþkMBg;cam
krNIsikSa
GñkeFVIkarenAsalaextþkMBg;cam . salaextþmanEpnkarruHerITIpSarkNþalTIrYmextþ ykeTA
sagsg;enACayRkugvij . mUlehtu ³
- EtgEtmanPaBkxVk;CaeRcInenAkñúgTIpSar EdlbNþal[manstVl¥itnigkNþúrCaeRcIn.
- salaextþmanbMNglk;TItaMgpSarenH. dIpSarenHGaclk;)annUvtémøy:agl¥ sRmab;kar
sagsg;sNæaKard¾RbNitmYy .
- TItaMgpSarfIenaHnwgmanTIFøaFMTUlaysRmab;karctrfynþ .
GñknwgCYbBiPakSaCamYytMNagsmaKmRsþIGñklk;dUrtampSar 2 nak;. sUmeRtomlkçN³
sRmab;CMnYbRbCuMenH .
tMNagsmaKmRsþIGñklk;dUrtamTIpSarrYmextþkMBg;cam
krNIsikSa
GñkKWCaGñklk;dUrenApSarmYykñúgTIrYmextþkMBg;cam ehIyCasmaCiksmaKmRsþIGñklk;dUr
enAkñúgpSarenaH . smaKmrbs;Gñk)anTTYlB½t’manfa salaextþmanKeRmagruHerITIpSarkNþal
TIrYmextþ enH rYcykeTAsagsg;enAtMbn;CayRkugvij .
smaCikTaMgLayrbs;smaKmmincg;[mankarruHerITIpSarenHeT . TIpSarfI KWsßitenAq¶ayeBk
ehIynwgTak;Taj)anGtifiCntictYcNas; . éføQñÜlenApSarfIenaHTMngCax<s;Cag . GñkTaMgGs;Kña
nwgRtUvcMNayéfødwkCBa¢Ún edIm,IykTMnijrbs;GñkeTAdl;TIpSarenaH . Gñk)anesñI[manGgÁRbCuMmYy
CamYymRnþIsalaextþ .
éf¶enH GñknwgCYbRbCuMCamYytMNagsalaextþ 2 nak; . sUmeRtomlkçN³ sRmab;karCYbRbCuM
enH.
60
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
eKalbMNg
enAcugbBa©b;emeron sikçakamTaMgGs;nwg ³
mankaryl;dwgRbesIrCagmunGMBIkargarRKb;RKgépÞkñúgsmaKmrbs;eK
GacBnül;)anBItYnaTI nigkarTTYlxusRtUvTaMgLayrbs;KN³kmkarxus²Kña enAkñúgsmaKm
Gacerobrab;)anBImuxgarsMxan;rbs;RbFan elxaFikar nighirBaØik .
bøg;vKÁsikSa ¬85 - 90 naTI¦
CMhanTI 1 - 110 naTI
elIkeLIgBIkaryl;dwgrbs;sikçakamTaMgLayenAelIrcnasm<½n§RKb;RKgépÞkñúg nigkarTTYlxusRtUv
nanarbs;muxtMENgsMxan;²enAkñúgsmaKm .
etIenAkñúgsmaKmrbs;GñkmanmuxtMENgGVIxøH ? RbFan ? hirBaØik ? elxaFikar ?
etIenAkñúgsmaKmrbs;GñkmanKN³kmkarGVIxøH ? KN³kmkarRbtibtþi? mhasnñi)at ? KN³-
kmkarsvnkm ? ehtudUcemþc)anCaKN³kmkarTaMgenHRtUv)anbegáIteLIg ?
etIKN³kmkarxus²KñaTaMgenHmantYnaTI nigkarTTYlxusRtUvGVIxøHenAkñúgsmaKm ?
CMhanTI 2 - 550 naTI
EbgEcksikçakamTaMgGs;CaRkumtUc² tamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an smaCikRkumTaMgLay KYrCaGñk
mkBIsmaKmGaCIvkmdUcKña. esñI[RkumnImYy²eFVIlMhat;TI 10³ KUrrcnasm<½n§rbs;smaKmeK .
enAeBlRkumTaMgGs;bgðajBIrcnasm<½n§rbs;BYkeK cUreFVI[R)akdfacMNucTaMgLaydUcxageRkam
enHRtUv)anykmkBiPakSa ³
etIRsþImantYnaTIeFVIesckþIseRmcenAkñúgsmaKmenHEdrb¤eT ?
etIrcnasm<½n§enHmanGñkRKb;RKgeRcIneBk ¬eBalKWmanmuxtMENgeRcIn¦ sRmab;TMhMRbti
btþikarnanarbs;xøÜn nigcMnYnsmaCikPaB ?
etImansvnkrEdlbMeBjkargarÉkraCümYymkBIKN³kmkarRbtibtþiEdrb¤eT ?
etImanbuKÁlikTTYlR)ak;ExEdrb¤eT ? RbsinebIman etImanmuxtMENgGVIxøH ? ehtuGVI?
emeronTI 12 ³ karTTYlxusRtUv nigParkic© nanaenAkñúgsmaKm
kMNt;cMNaMrbs;RKUbNþúHbNþal
emeronTI 12 ³ karTTYlxusRtUv nigParkic©nanaenAkñúgsmaKm
CMhanTI 3 -115 naTI
cUrBnül;BItYnaTInanarbs;KN³kmkarepSg² ¬sUmemIlsøayTI 28 eTAdl; 31¦ .
1> mhasnñi)at ³ KWCaGgÁkMBUlmYyrbs;smaKmGaCIvkm ehIyCaGñkEdlbegáItc,ab; nig
bTbBa¢aepSg² . mhasnñi)atRtUveKR)arB§eLIgkñúgmYyqñaMmþg edIm,I ³
BinitüemIlskmPaBnana nigkic©karhirBaØvtßúrbs;qñaMknøgeTA
vaytémøyuT§saRsþbc©úb,nñrbs;GgÁPaB nigeFVIkarseRmcelIyuT§saRsþGnaKt
seRmcelIviFIEbgEckFnFan nigplRbeyaCn_nanarbs;GgÁPaB
pþl;karyl;RBmelIEpnkarskmPaB nigEpnkarfvikasRmab;ry³eBlbnÞab;
eFVIkare)aHeqñateRCIserIssmaCikKN³kmkarRbtibtþi nigsvnkrnanakñúgGgÁPaB .
2> RkumRbwkSaPi)al ³ RkumRbwkSaPi)alRtUv)aneRCIstaMgeLIgedaymhasnñi)at nigeFVICatM
Nag[smaCiknana enAkñúgGgÁRbCMumhasnñi)atnana ³
RkumRbwkSaPi)almansmaCikBI 5 eTA 7 nak; rYmTaMgRbFan b¤nayk
RkumRbwkSaPi)aleFVIkarRbCuMCaeTogTat; enAerogral;mYyExmþg b¤BIrExmþg
RkumRbwkSaPi)aleFVIesckþIsMerccitþEdlTak;TgnwgyuT§saRsþ nigpþl;dMbUnandl;RkumGñk
RKb;RKg
3> KN³kmakarRbtibtþi ³ TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarRKb;RKgrbs;smaKmGaCIvkm ³
KN³kmkarenHTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarRKb;RKgRbkbedayRbsiT§PaBeTAelIskmPaBnana
CaFmtaKN³kmkarenHmanRbFanmñak; hirBaØikmñak; nig elxaFikarmñak;
4> svnkrkñúgGgÁPaBsmaKm b¤GñkTTYlkarTukcitþ ³
RtUv)aneKe)aHeqñateRCIserIsenAGMLúgeBlmhasnñi)at
RtYtBinitüemIlskmPaBnanarbs;smaKm ehIyeFVI[R)akdfaRkumRbwkSaPi)aldwknaMsma
KmedayGnuelameTAtamesckþIseRmcnana Edl)aneFVIeLIgenAkñúgGgÁmhasnñi)at
eFVI[R)akdfa svnkmeTAelIkic©karhirBaØvtßúsRmab;smaKmRtUv)aneFVIeLIgRbcaMqñaM . svnkr
GacCaGñkmkBIxagkñúgsmaKm b¤xageRkAsmaKm .
CMhanTI 4 - 55 ¬naTI CeRmIs¦
eyageTAelIkfax½NÐ 12>3 énesovePAGñkGansþIGMBItaragBiBN’nakargar cUrBnül;fa vaCa
karGnuvtþl¥ sRmab;buKÁlikrbs;smaKGaCIvkm EdlmantaragBiBN’nakargar . ÉksarenHpþl;Ca
]TahrN_mYycMnYnGMBIkargarrbs;RbFansmaKm hirBaØik nigelxaFikar. taragBiBN’nakargarTaMgenH
caM)ac;RtUvEksRmYl[RsbeTAtamesckþIRtUvkarCak;Esþgnanarbs;smaKmGaCIvkmnImYy² .
61
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
CMhanTI 5 - 110 naTI
GFib,aybEnßmelIkarrkeXIjsMxan;² .
rcnasm<½n§smaKmmanrab;bBa©Úlmhasnñi)atrbs;smaCik KN³kmkarRbtibtþi GnuKN³kmkarnana
¬ebIcaM)ac;¦ RBmTaMgKN³kmkarsvnkm .
vamansar³sMxan;ebIsmaCikTaMgGs;yl;dwgBIeKalbMNg nigkargarrbs;EpñknImYy² kñúgcMeNam
EpñkTaMgGs;rbs;GgÁPaBsmaKm .
smaKmTaMgLay EdlmanmUldæansMxan;Ep¥kelIsmaCikPaB )anbegáIt[manskm PaBCabnþ
bnÞab;TaMgenaH nwgRtUvkarcaM)ac;edIm,IeFVIÉkeTskmGgÁPaBrbs;BYkeK RBmTaMgkarRKb;RKgedaykarCYl
GñkRKb;RKgTUeTAmñak; buKÁlikrdæ)al RBmTaMgbuKÁlikbec©keTsÉeTot².
sMNYrEdlsikçakamecaTsYrCajwkjy
{ etIsmaKmKYrCYlbuKÁlikGaCIBenAkñúgdMNak;kalNa ? }
smaKmnImYy²mancritlkçN³erog²xøÜn dUecñHvaminmancemøIyNamYy EdlGacsmRsbsRmab;
CakareRbIR)as;TUeTAeTAnwgsMNYrenHeT. caM)ac;RtUvBicarNaGMBI³ etIsmaKmenHQrenAkñúgpøÚvGPivDÆn_
rbs;xøÜnRtg;cMNucNa ? etIsmaKmrMBwg[mankarBRgIk[)anqab;rh½sEdrb¤eT ? etIsmaKm)anpþl;
esvanana smRsbeTAtameBlevla nigFnFanmnusS EdlxøÜnmanEdrb¤eT b¤etIesvaTaMgenH
TamTar[manCMnajCak;lak;Edrb¤eT ? etIsßanPaBhirBaØvtßúmanlkçN³y:agNa ³ etIFnFannanamanlm
RKb;RKan; nigmanesßrPaBehIyb¤enA ? eKKYreFVIkarkt;sMKal;fa kareRCIserIsbuKÁlik KWminEmn
CadMeNaHRsayEtmYy EdlGaceFVI)anenaHeT . smaKmGacKitBicarNapgEdr kñúgkarCYlGñkCMnaj
¼TIRbwkSaNamñak;kñúgry³eBlxøI kareFVIkic©snüabnþ b¤karbegáItRkumh‘unmYy b¤shkrN_mYysRmab;
TTYlykskmPaBBaNiC¢kmCak;lak;mYyenaH . smaKmTaMgLayEdlCab;sm<½n§PaBeTAnwgshB½n§
Cati Cajwkjab;GacesñIsuMesvanigkarKaMRTnanaBIshB½n§rbs;BYkeK .
62
emeronTI 12 ³ karTTYlxusRtUv nigParkic©nanaenAkñúgsmaKm
63
lMhat;TI 10 ³ KUrrcnasm<½n§smaKmGñk
lMhat;sRmab;Rkum
esckþIENnaM ³
cUrKUrrcnasm<½n§rbs;smaKmGñk
cUrbgðajva ehIyeRbobeFobCamYyrcnasm<½n§rbs;RkumdéTeTot
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
cemøIyEdlGacTTYl)anKW ³
64
emeronTI 13 ³ karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúrbs;smaKm
65
eKalbMNg
enAcugbBa©b;emeron sikçakamTaMgGs;nwg ³
yl;dwgBIsar³sMxan;énRbB½n§hirBaØvtßú EdlmantmøaPaBsRmab;smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc
GacBnül;xøwmsarr)aykarN_hirBaØvtßúnana)an .
sRmab;emeronenH vaGaccaM)ac;GeBa¢IjGñkbNþúHbNþalNamñak; EdlmanbTBiesaFn_Epñk
hirBaØvtßú mkcUlrYm .
bøg;vKÁsikSa ¬60-80 naTI¦
CMhanTI 1 - 110 naTI
esñI[sikçakameFVIkarEckrMElkcMeNHdwg nigbTBiesaFn_enAelIkarRKb;RKghirBaØvtßú enAkñúg
smaKmrbs;BYkeK .
ehtuGVI)anCavamansar³sMxan;kñúgkarrkSaTukkMNt;ehtuhirBaØvtßú ?
enAeBlenH etIsmaKmrkSaTukkMNt;ehtuhirBaØvtßúGVIxøH ?
etIsmaKmraykarN_BIsßanPaBhirBaØvtßúrbs;xøÜn eTAkan;smaCikTaMgLay edayviFINa ?
etIsmaCikyl;y:agNa eTAelIsßanPaBhirBaØvtßúrbs;smaKm ?
CMhanTI 2 - 440 naTI
eyageTAelIkfax½NÐTI 13>2 nig 13>6 énesovePAGñkGan cUrBnül;BIktþasMxan;² rbs;RbB½n§
cuHbBa¢I ¬emIlenAelIsøay TI 32 dl; 36¦ .
KeRmagfvika ³ KeRmagfvika KWRtUverobcMeLIgedayhirBaØik nigmankaryl;RBmedaymha
snñi)at . eKalbMNgsMxan;rbs;eRmagfvika KWedIm,IeFVI[karcMNaynana sRmab;ry³eBl
mYyqñaM mancMnYnTabCagfvikacMNUl nigmankarRBmeRBogBIsmaCiknana.
emeronTI 13 ³ karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúrbs;smaKm
kMNt;cMNaMrbs;RKUbNþúHbNþal
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
karcuHbBa¢IéføsmaCikPaB ³ karcuHbBa¢IéføsmaCikPaB KWRtUverobcMeLIgedayhirBaØik edIm,Ikt;Rta
cMnYnsac;R)ak; EdlsmaCikmñak;²)anbg; nigcMnYnR)ak;bu:nan EdlenAminTan;)anbg; .
esovePAebLa nigesovePAcMNUlcMNay ³ esovePAenHsMrab;kt;Rtasac;R)ak;cMNUl nig
cMNay . esovePAcMNUlcMNayenH manlkçNHx<s;CagesovePAebLa edayfvikacMNUl
nigcMNayRtUvbMEbkecjBIKña eTAtamRbePTepSg² ¬ebovtS nig cMNayrdæ)al .l.¦
r)aykarN_R)ak;cMeNj nigR)ak;xat ³ r)aykarN_enHbgðajBIfvikacMNUl cMNayrbs;smaKm
sMrab;ry³eBlCak;lak;NamYy ]TahrN_mYyqñaM .
taragsmtulü ¬CeRmIs¦³ taragenHbgðajBIsßanPaBhirBaØvtßúrbs;smaKmenAeBlNamYy
¬]TahrN_ 31 FñÚ 2005 ¦ rYmTaMg edImTun bMNul sþúk RTBüsm,tþinana sac;R)ak;kñúgéd .l.
KUstaragcMNUlcMNayenAelIkþarexon b¤elIRkdaspÞaMgFM ehIyGeBa¢Ijsikçakam[bMeBj
xÞg;cMNUl nigcMNaynana rhUtTal;EtRkumTaMgmUlyl;dwgBIrebobeFVI nigeRbIR)as;taragenH .
CMhanTI 3 - 220 naTI ¬CMerIs ¦
EbgEcksikçakamCaRkumtUc² rYcesñI[BYkeKeFVIlMhat;TI 11 { sresrr)aykarN_R)ak;
cMeNjnigR)ak;xat RBmTaMgtaragsmtulürbs;Gñk } .
CMhanTI 4 - 110 naTI
GFib,aybEnßmelIkarrkeXIjsMxan;² edayeyageTAelIbTBiesaFn_nanadUc Edl)anpþl;CUn
edaysikçakam .
ebIsinCaKanRbB½n§hirBaØvtßúmYyEdlGacGnuvtþ)an mantmøaPaB nigmanesckþIBnül;c,as;las;
smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcTaMgLaynwgCYbbBaða dUcCakarminyl;RBm b¤karminTukcitþeTAkic©karhirBaØvtúß
nana EdlnaMeTArkkar)at;bg;kitþis½BÞrbs;xøÜn .
Tinñn½yhirBaØvtßúEdlGaceCOTukcitþ)an nigmanPaBc,as;las;KWCatRmUvkarcaM)ac; edIm,I
eFVIesckþIseRmcCayuT§saRsþnanaenAkñúgsmaKm . édKUxageRkATaMgLay dUcCa FnaKar m©as;
mUlniFinana b¤rdæaPi)al GacesñIsuMr)aykarN_hirBaØvtßú . karerobcMhirBaØvtßúkñúglkçN³GaCIB
c,as;las;l¥ nwgpþl;[mankitþis½BÞl¥ .
manr)aykarN_hirBaØvtßúsMxan;²bIRbePTKW ³
1/ Epnkarfvika ³ EpnkarfvikamYyEdlbgðajBIcMNUlnigcMNay Edl)aneRKagTuksRmab;
ry³ eBlmYy ¬CaFmtamYyqñaMmþg¦
66
emeronTI 13 ³ karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúrbs;smaKm
2/ r)aykarN_smtulü ³ KWbgðajBIRTBüsm,tþinanarbs;smaKm R)ak;kas eRKOg]bkrN_
.l.¦ nigbMNulnana ¬R)ak;kas b¤esvakmnana EdlenACMBak;GtifiCndéT²eTot ¦
3/ r)aykarN_R)ak;cMeNj nigR)ak;xat ³ KWbgðajBIcMnYnR)ak;bu:nan EdlsmaKmkMBugrk)an
b¤cMnYnR)ak;bu:nanEdlsmaKmkMBugxatbg; .
karRtYtBinitüemIlelIKNnITaMgLay b¤kareFVIsvnkm KWbgðajfaetIKNnITaMgenaH manlkçN³
RtwmRtUv nigsmrmüeTAtamsßanPaBhirBaØvtßúrbs;smaKm Edrb¤y:agNa . vaGacbgðajBIkMhusqÁg
nana b¤karbnøMNamYy EdlGacRtUvrkeXIjedaysvnkrxagkñúgGgÁPaB b¤ edayRkumh‘unCMnaj
svnkmxageRkAGgÁPaBNamYy . enAkñúgkrNITaMgBIrdUcxagelIenH r)aykarN_RtUvEtdak;bgðaj
eTAmhasnñi)at .
viFIeRbIR)as;RbB½n§cuHbBa¢I nigesovePAkMNt;ehtuepSg² KYrKb,IEsVgyl;minRKan;Et sRmab;
hirBaØik nigbuKÁlikBak;B½n§TaMgGs;bu:eNÑHeT bu:EnþsRmab;GñkdwknaMTaMgGs;. kñúgn½yTUeTA KWsRmab;
smaCikTaMgGs;KYrEtEsVgyl; .
sMNYrEdlsikçakamecaTsYrCajwkjy
{ etIGñkRtUvkarKNnIFnaKarmYyEdrb¤eT edIm,I[mankarRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúd¾RtwmRtUv? ´eCO
Cak;elIhirBaØikrbs;´eRcInCagbuKÁlikFnaKarEdl´minsÁal; ehIyRtUvEtbg;éfø }.
KNnIFnaKar KWminEmnEtgEtCaktþasMxan;Etm:üagsRmab;[mankaryl;fa mankarRKb;RKg
hirBaØvtßú)anl¥enaHeT bu:EnþvatMNag[plRbeyaCn_CaeRcIn ehIyvarwtEtsMxan;CagenHeTAeTotsRmab;
smaKmTaMgLay EdlmanRbtibtþikarhirBaØvtßúsMxan;² CaeRcInCamYysmaCiknana shRKasTaMgBYg
m©as;mUlniFi b¤rdæaPi)al . KNnIFnaKarGnuBaØat [smaKmeFVIkarcMNayR)ak;rbs;xøÜn edayeRbIR)as;
mUlb,Tanb½Rt CMnYs[kareRbIR)as;sac; R)ak;pÞal;enARKb;eBlTaMgGs; . GñkGacTTYlR)ak;cMNUl
pgEdr tamry³kardak;R)ak;beBaØI eTAkñúgKNnIFnaKar b¤tamry³mUlb,Tanb½RtFnaKar . r)aykarN_
KNnIFnaKarRbcaMEx nwgkt;RtaRbtibtþikarR)ak;Edl)andak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgKNnI nigR)ak;Edl)an
dkBIKNnI b¤R)ak;Edl)andkkñúgTRmg;CamUlb,Tanb½Rt . r)aykarN_enH nwgCYydl;Gñkkñúgkar
RtYtBinitüemIlkMNt;ehtunanarbs;Gñk b¤RbsinebIFnaKar)aneFVIkMhusqÁg . FnaKarCaFmtatRmUv[
Gñkbg;R)ak;sRmab;esvaTaMgenH . FnaKarTaMgLay KWsßitenAeRkamc,ab;nignItiviFInanad¾twg
rwugrbs;RbeTsCatimYy . FnaKarEdlKYr[Tukcitþ)an KWCaFmtaCaFnaKar Edl)ancuHbBa¢IenAkRmit
FnaKarkNþal ¬b¤FnaKarCati¦ . eTaHbICay:agenHk¾eday vadUcCashRKasdéTeTotpgEdr FnaKar
TaMgLayGacRbQmmuxnwgesckþIlM)aknanakñúgkarpþl;esva EdlmanKuNPaBx<s;bMput edaysarEt
sßanPaBm:aRkUesdækic© bBaðaCRmHbBa¢I nigkMhusqÁgénkarRKb;RKg .l.
67
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
68
lMhat;TI11³ karerobcMr)aykarN_R)ak;cMeNjnigR)ak;xat nigr)aykarN_
lMhat;sRmab;Rkum
EbgEcgsikçakamCaRkumtUc² ehIypþl;RkdasBN’mYycMnYndl;RkumnImYy² edaymanbBa¢I
raymuxcMNUlcMNay EdlbgðajBIr)aykarN_R)ak;cMeNj nigR)ak;xat nigr)aykarN_smtulü .
RbsinebIGñkcg;[lMhat;enHgayRsYleFVI sRmab;RkumEdlmanbTBiesaFn_tictYc cUrsresbBa¢Iray
muxcMNUl-cMNay EdlbgðajBIr)aykarN_R)ak;cMeNj nigR)ak;kMhatenAelIkatnana Edlman
BN’EtmYy ehIybBa¢IraymuxRTBüsm,tþi nigbMNulnana EdlsßitenAkñúgr)aykarN_smtulü
RtUvsresenAelIkatBN’epSgmYyeTot .
cUrpþl;RkdaspÞaMgFMBIrsnøwkdl;RkumTaMgBIr ehIyGnuBaØat[BYkeKerobcMr)aykarN_R)ak;cMeNj
nigR)ak;xat RBmTaMgr)aykarN_smtulü edayeRbIR)as;katBN’ ehIydak;vaenATIkEnøg Edl
RtwmRtUv . GnuBaØat[BYkeKbgðajlT§pldl;RkumdéT²eTot .
edIm,IeFVI[lMhat;enHkan;Etmankarcab;GarmN_EfmeTot cUreFVIkarpøas;bþÚrtictYcenAelIbBa¢I
raymuxnanaEdl)anbgðajenAkñúgemeronenH . sUmemIl]TahrN_sþIGMBIr)aykarN_R)ak;cMeNj nig
R)ak;xat nigr)aykarN_smtulüdUcmanbgðajxageRkamenH .
emeronTI 13 ³ karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúrbs;smaKm
r)aykarN_smtulü
69
70
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
eKalbMNg
enAcugbBa©b;emeronenH sikçakamnwg ³
mankaryl;dwgRbesIrBIviFIepSg² edIm,IbegáItnigbegáInR)ak;cMNUlrbs;smaKm
TTYlsÁal;BIsar³sMxan;énkarekIneLIgCalMdab;nUvsmaCikPaB sRmab;karbegáItR)ak;cMNUl
tamry³éføsmaCikPaB nigkarbg;éføsRmab;kareRbIR)as;esvanana .
bøg;vKÁsikSa ¬60 naTI¦
CMhanTI 1 - 110 naTI
esñI[sikçakamTaMgGs;eFVIkarEckrMElkbTBiesaFn_nana kñúgkarEsVgrkmUlniFixagkñúgGgÁPaB .
etIsmaKmrbs;GñkmanRbPBR)ak;cMNUlGVIxøH ?
etIsmaKmrbs;GñkrkR)ak;cMNUl)aneRcInmkBIéføsmaCikPaB b¤BIkarbg;éføeRbIR)as;esva ?
etImanesvaGVIepSg²eTot EdlsmaKmrbs;GñkGacbegáIteLIg edIm,IbegáInR)ak;cMNUlBI
karbg;éføeRbIR)as;esva ?
CMhanTI 2 - 440 naTI ¬CMerIs k ¦
ENnaMsikçakamGMBIrebobeFVIlMhat; TI 12 ³RbPBfvikaxagkñúg nig RbPBfvikaBIxageRkA
sYrsikçakamfaetIsmaKmBYkeKTTYl)anfvikaPaKeRcIn mkBIRbPBxageRkA b¤xagkñúg . esñI[
sikçakam EdleqøIyfafvikaPaKeRcIn )anmkBIRbPBxageRkA [QrenAmYyCYr ehIyGñkEdlBwgEp¥k
elIRbPBxagkúñgPaKeRcIn [QrenAmYyCYreTot . sYrBYkeKfaetIRkummYyNa EdleKKitfanwgman
nirnþPaBCag ? cUrBnül;fasmaKmTaMgLayNa EdlBwgEp¥kelIRbPBfvikaBIxagkñúgPaKeRcIn
mannirnþPaBeRcInCag ehIyminsUvBwgEp¥kelIGñkepSgb:unaneT .
[sikçakamEdlBwgEp¥kelIRbPBxagkñúg [GgÁúycuH cMENkGñkEdlenAQr RtUvEsVgrkviFINamYy
edIm,ITak;TajsmaKmkñúgkarRbmUlfvikaBIRbPBxagkñúg ehIyR)ab;eTARkumFM . bnÞab;mk eTIbeKGac
GgÁúycuH)an .
emeronTI 14 ³ RbPBcMNUl
kMNt;cMNaMrbs;RKUbNþúHbNþal
emeronTI 14 ³ RbPBcMNUl
CMhanTI 2 - 440 naTI ¬CMerIs x ¦
EbgEcksikçakamCaRkumtUc²[)aneRcIntamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an EdlRkumnImYy²eFVICatMNag[
smaKmdUcKña . esñI[BYkeKeFVIlMhat;TI 13 { dMeNIrbRBa©as;vdþ } .
CMhanTI 3 - 110 naTI
GFib,aybEnßmelIkarrkeXIjsMxan;² .
manRbPBpþl;mUlniFixagkñúgsMxan;BIry:agKW ³ 1¦ éføsmaCikPaB nigTI 2¦ éføQñÜleRbIR)as;
esvaEdl)anpþl;[. karbg;éføcuHbBa¢IenAeBldMbUg KWpþl;CacMNUlpgEdr bu:EnþCaFmtaGacRKan;Et
TUTat;éførdæ)al EdlTak;TinnwgkarcuHbBa¢IEtbu:eNÑaH ehtudUecñHvaminGacRtUvykeTAeRbIR)as;sRmab;
eKalbMNgepSg²eToteLIy .
enAkñúgry³eBlEvg ¬RbEhl 10 qñaM ¦ smaKmTaMgLayKYrbegáIt[manrcnasm<½n§mYy sRmab;
karpÁt;pÁg;mUlniFi EdlEp¥kelI 40° énR)ak;cMNUl)anmkBIéføsmaCikPaB ehIy 60° )anmkBIéfø
QñÜleRbIR)as;esvaEdl)anpþl;[. mansmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcmYycMnYn RtUv)anbegáIteLIg eday
mankarCYy]btßmÖBIm©as;mUlniFiCaeRcIn . eTaHbICay:agenHk¾eday karCYyKaMRTBIm©as;mUlniFi nwg
minbnþCaerogrhUtenaHeT . dUecñHenAkñúgry³eBlmFüm nigry³eBlEvg sar³sMxan;énkarbegáIn
R)ak;cMNUltamry³éføsmaCikPaB nigéføQñÜleRbIR)as;esvanwgekIneLIg. ktþaKnøwHedIm,IbegáIn
R)ak;cMNUltamry³éføsmaCikPaB nigéføQñÜleRbIR)as;esva KWkarbegáIncMnYnsmaCikPaB .
R)ak;cMNUlekIneLIg KWGnuBaØat[mankarGPivDÆn_ esvaRbesIrCagmuneRcIneLIgEfmeTot Edlmanskþa-
nuBlkñúgkarTak;TajsmaCiknana . elIsBIenHeTAeTot ebIcMnYnsmaCikekIneLIg KWnaM[mankarekIn
eLIgnUvPaBCatMNagplRbeyaCn_smaKm . karN_enHKWeFVI[RbesIreLIgdl;kitþis½BÞrbs;smaKm
enAkñúgskmPaBbBa©úHbBa©Úlnigts‘Umtinana ehIyPaBeCaKC½yenH CalT§plRtLb;mkvij KWTMng
CaGac Tak;TajsmaCikfI²eRcInEfmeTot .
sMNYrEdlsikçakamecaTsYrCajwkjy
{ vahak;dUcCafa karekIneLIgsmaCikPaBKWCaktþaKnøWHkñúgkarbegáInR)ak;cMNUl nig kareFVI[
RbesIreLIgnUvesvanana . k¾bu:Enþ etIeyIgGac)anTTYlsmaCikfI²EfmeToty:agdUcemþc)an ebIRbsin
CaeyIgmanmUlniFitictYcdUcsBVéf¶enH ? }
vaCakarBitEdlfa karekIneLIgnUvcMnYnsmaCik nwgnaM[smaKmTTYl)anmUlniFieRcInEfmeTot
tamry³éføsmaCikPaB nigéføQñÜleRbIR)as;esvananaEdl)anpþl;[. CamYynwgR)ak;cMNUlbEnßm
esvaCananaGacRtUv)aneFVI[RbesIreLIg nigBRgIkEfmeTot . cMNucsMxan;enaHKWfa RtUvrkviFInana
edIm,ITak;TajsmaCikfI²EfmeTot . kareRbIR)as;smaCikrbs;GñknaeBlbc©úb,nñ edIm,IeTAbBa©úH
bBa©ÚlsmaCikÉeTot tamry³RbB½n§pSBVpSayBIsmaCikmñak;eTAsmaCikmñak;eTot KWCakarcab;epþIm
71
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
d¾l¥mYy . smaCiknImYy²kMNt;karbBa©úHtémø EdlshRKasrbs;eKpþl;CUnsmaCikmñak;eTot . GñkEdl
minEmnCasmaCikTaMgLay RtUvelIkElgecjBIkarbBa©úHtémøenH . karN_enHbgðajdl;GñkTaMgLay
EdlminEmnCasmaCik nUvkarelIkTwkcitþmYyKYrCaTIBicarNa edIm,IkøayCasmaCikmñak;nig)anTTYl
plRbeyaCn_BIsßanPaBGnueRKaHenaH . manyuT§saRsþCaeRcIneTot edIm,ITak;TajsmaCikfI²KW ³ karbBa©úH
témøesvaeTA[smaCiksRmab;eFVIkareRCIserIssmaCikfI² karerobcMTivasemÖaFn_kariyal½y RBwtþikarN_
sgÁmnana ¬eBalKW ³ karCb;elogéf¶Rtg;¦ kic©shkarCamYyGgÁPaBepSg²eTot nigeRbIR)as;mRnþI
Edl)aneRCIserIs ebIsinCaplRbeyaCn_nanamaneRcInCagtémøEdl)ancMNay¦ .
{ cab;taMgBIeBlbegáItvamk smaKmrbs;eyIgmanbBaðahirBaØvtßúCaeRcIn . etIeyIgGacbegáInR)ak;
cMNUl Edl)anmkBIxagkñúgsmaKmy:agdUcemþc ? }
eRkAGMBIéføsmaCikPaBenHecj R)ak;cMNUlGacRtUv)anbegáIteLIgtamry³skmPaBnanaCa
eTogTat; b¤Cak;lak; . ]TahrN_ skmPaBeTogTat;TaMgLay Gacrab;bBa©ÚlkarCYlm:asuIn kardk
hUtkéRmeCIgsarenAelIRbtibtþikarBaNiC¢kmnana ¬karTijdul¦ karesñIsuMéføQñÜlBIkarpþl;esva
nanadl;smaCikTaMgLay smaCiknanacUlrYmviPaKTansRmab;éføcUleronvKÁbNþúHbNþal karbg;
éføkarR)ak;sRmab;R)ak;km©I .l.¦ RBwtþikarN_Biess² GacbegáIt[manR)ak;cMNUl)anpgEdr ]TahrN_
karerobcM[manBiB½rN_BaNiC¢km . mansmaKmCaeRcIneTot EdlbegáInR)ak;cMNUlrbs;BYkeKmk
BIedImTun nigRTBüsm,tþinanarbs;smaKm dUcCakarCYlGaKarnana karR)ak;enAelIR)ak;snSM .l.
{ smaCikCaeRcInénsmaKmrbs;´minGacbg;éføsmaCikPaB)aneT etI´KYreFVIGVIxøH ? }
kareRtomCaeRscedIm,Ibg;éføsmaCikPaB nigkarbg;éføsmaCikPaBTan;eBlevla KWCaktþa
bgðajBIkarebþCJacitþcUlrYmrbs;smaCik . GñkKYrEsVgrkBImUlehtu EdlsmaCikTaMgLayrbs;Gñk
minRBmbg; . etImankal³eTs³Biess² )at;bg;karRbmUlpl ¬buNüsB¦ EdlKNnIsRmab;smaCik
TaMgLayminGacbg;)anEdr b¤eT ? etIéføsmaCikPaBmankRmitx<s;eBkeT ? etIsmaCikTaMgLay
)anRCab ehIyetIBYkeKRtUv)anRbwkSaeyabl;Edrb¤eT enAeBlkMNt;GRtaéføsmaCikPaBenH ?
etIsmaCikTaMgLay)anTTYlGVIxøH BIkarbg;R)ak;rbs;BYkeKenH ? etIGVIEdlBYkeKcg;)an ? enAeBl
Gñkyl;c,as;GMBImUlehtuGVI EdlsmaCikrbs;GñkminRBmbg;R)ak; GñkGacesñI[mankarpøas;bþÚr
eKalneya)ay Tak;TgnwgtémøsmaCikPaB rbs;smaKm)an ¬RtUvbg;jwkjab;bu:NÑa cMnYnEdlRtUvbg;
sMbuRtbdiesF karbBa©úHtémø bTBin½ynana .l. ¦ .
72
emeronTI 14 ³ RbPBcMNUl
73
lMhat;TI 12 ³ RbPBfvikaxagkñúg nigxageRkA
lMhat;sRmab;Rkum
esckþIENnaMsRmab;Rkumkargar ³
EckkrNIsikSaxageRkamenHeTA[sikçakam . esñI[sikçakamNamñak; GankrNIsikSaenH [B¤
ehIyesñI[sikçakamdéTeTot kt;RtaRbPBepSg²énfvikacMNUlrbs;smaKmenH . cUrBnül;fa
RbPBfvika GacmkBI : xageRkA : nig : xagkñúg : . esñI[sikçakaerobcMRbPBcMNUlepSg² EdlBYk
eK)ankt;Rta [eTACa 2Rkum ³RbPBxagkñúg nig RbPBxageRkA .
krNIsikSa ³ smaKmplitEt lYg NaMfa ¬RbDit ¦
kmviFIGPivDÆn_rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati (UNDP) )ancab;epþImKMeragmYy Edlmanry³eBl
2qñaM edIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk tamry³karGPivDÆmuxrbrrbs;RsþI enAlYg NaMfa RbeTsLav
enAqñaM2002 . skmPaBmYykñúgcMeNamskmPaBCaeRcIn KWkarbegáItsmaKmGaCIvkmplitEt
edIm,IGPivDÆn_plitplkñúgRsuk . enAeBlenaH manGñkplitEtCaRsþIcMnYn 50 nak;kMBugEtCYbkar
lM)ak kñúgkareFVI[GaCIvkmrbs;BYkeKTTYl)anR)ak;cMeNj. KMeragenH)anBnül;BYkeKGMBIeKal
bMNgénkarbegáItCasmaKmGaCIvkm RBmTaMgpþl;karbNþúHbNþaldl;BYkeK edIm,IbegáInplitPaB
nigBRgwgCMnajRKb;RKgsmaKm BYkeK[kan;EtRbesIrEfmeTot. smaKmGñkplitEtenAlYgNaM
fak¾RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAqñaM 2002.
edaymankarKaMRTTaMgEpñkbec©keTs nighirBaØvtßúBI UNDP nigrdæGMNacmUldæan smaCik
smaKmenHTTYl)anesvakmdUcteTAenH ³
- karbNþúHbNþalGMBIkarbegáIt nigRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkm
- karbNþúHbNþalGMBIrebobeFVIGaCIvkm
- karbNþúHbNþalGMBIrebobdaMEt nigkarEkécñ
- karRbmUl nigEckrMElkB½t’manTIpSar
- lk;EtrYmKña
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
74
mYyqñaMknøHeRkaymk smaCikTaMgGs;mankareCOCak;fa karkøayCasmaCiksmaKmplitEtlYg
NaMfa BitCamansar³sMxan;sRmab;GaCIvkmrbs;BYkeKEmn . smaCikminRKan;EtmanlT§PaB
begáInkarplitplEtb:ueNÑaHeT EtKuNPaBEtrbs;BYkeKkan;EtRbesIrEfmeTot emøaHehIyBYkeK
manlT§PaBrkTIpSar Edl[témøx<s;eTA[EtBYkeK . BYkeKdwgKuNcMeBaHesvanana EdlsmaKm
)anpþl;CUnBYkeK ehIysmaKmk¾TTYl)ankitþis½BÞ nigkarTTYlsÁal;BImCÄdæanepSg² faCaGñkplit
Et EdlmanKuNPaBx<s; . CalT§pl smaCiksmaKmmankarekIneLIgdl; 200 nak; . smaCik
mñak;²bg;éføsmaCikPaBRbcaMqñaMcMnYn 120000erol . edaysarcMnYnsmaCikmankarekIneLIg
BYkeKGaclk;EtkñúgbrimaNCaeRcIneTA[TIpSarGnþrCati . GñkplitEtepSg²eTot k¾mancMNab;
GarmN_eTAelIkarbNþúHbNþalGMBIrebobdaMEt nigkarEkécñ ehIyBYkeKs½RKcitþbg;éføvKÁsikSaenH .
smaCiksmaKmdwgfa kmviFI UNDP nwgbBa©b;enAqñaM 2004 ehIyBYkeKRtUvEsVgrkyuT§saRsþ
edIm,IeFVI[smaKmenAbnþeTAeTot)an eTaHbICaKankarKaMRTEpñkhirBaØvtßúBI UNDP nigrdæGMNacmUl
dæank¾eday . smaCik)anCYbCuMKña edIm,IBiPakSaKñaGMBIbBaðaenH .
enABak;kNþalqñaM 2003 smaCik)anÉkPaBKñakñúgkarbegáIncMnYnsmaCikPaBdl; 300 nak; nig
begáInéføbg;smaCikPaBrhUtdl; 160 000 erol kñúgmYyqñaM. BYkeK)anÉkPaBpþl;karbNþúHbNþal
eTA[GñkEdlminEmnCasmaCiksmaKm ehIy[BYkeKbg;éføvKÁsikSa nigbBa©úHtMéleTA[GñkEdl
CasmaCiksmaKm . BYkeKk¾)ansMerccitþdkR)ak; 3 PaKry BIéfølk;Ettamry³smaKm TuksRmab;
smaKm .
naeBlbc©úb,nñenH smaKmmanesßrPaB nigmandMeNIrkar)anl¥RbesIr . smaCikmancMnYn 427
nak; . minEtb:ueNÑaH smaKm)anbnþpþl;esvanana EdlKYr[eBjcitþ eTAdl;smaCikxøÜneTotpg .
emeronTI 14 ³ RbPBcMNUl
75
lMhat;TI 13 ³ dMeNIrbRBa©as;vdþ
lMhat;sRmab;Rkum
esckþIENnaMsRmab;Rkumkargar ³
1/ cUrBinitüemIlRkahVikdUcxageRkamenH rYcBnül;Gtßn½yrbs;va .
2/ BüayamBnül;BIdMeNIrbRB©aas;vdþkñúgn½yviC¢man ³
etIman\T§iBlviC¢manGVIxøH BIkarEdlmancMnYnsmaCikeRcIneLIg eTAelIskmPaBnana nig
karpÁt;pÁg;mUlniFirbs;smaKm ?
etIGñkeFVIdUcemþc edIm,ITTYl)an\T§iBlCaviC¢manTaMgenH)an ?
etIGñkRtUveFVIskmPaBGVIxøH edIm,IseRmc[)annUv\T§iBlCaviC¢manTaMgenH ?
3/ cUrbgðajcemøIynanarbs;GñkCaKMnUsRkahVik ehIyBnül;dl;RkumFM .
vdþénkareFVIkarmin)anl¥rbs;smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
cemøIynanaEdlGacTTYl)anKW ³
76
77
emeronTI 15 ³ karcuHbBa¢IsmaKmGaCIvkmrbs;GñkenAkm<úCa
eKalbMNg
enAcugbBa©b;emeronenH sikçakamnwg ³
EsVgyl;BICMhansMxan;²EdlBak;B½n§kñúgkarcuHbBa¢IsmaKmGaCIvkmenAkm<úCa .
bøg;emeron ¬40 naTI¦
esñI[sikçakamTaMgGs;EckrMElkbTBiesaFn_nanakñúgkarcuHbBa¢IsmaKmrbs;BYkeK .
etIsmaKmrbs;Gñk)ancuHbBa¢IehIyb¤enA ? ebI)ancuHehIy ehtuGVI ? ebImin)ancuHeT ehtuGVI ?
RbsinebI)ancuHehIy etIGñkcuHvaenAÉNa ?
etIGñk)aneFVItamCMhanxus²KñaGVIxøH kñúgkarcuHbBa¢IsmaKmrbs;Gñk ?
CMhanTI 2 - 330 naTI
eyageTAelI]bsm<½n§ x énesovePAGñkGan ehIyENnaMsikçakamTaMgGs;GMBIbTbBa¢a nignItiviFI
nana edIm,IbegáItsmaKmGaCIvkmenAkm<úCa. cUrBüayameqøIysMnYrnanarbs;sikçakam b¤bEgVrsMNYr
TaMgenaHeTA[sikçakamdéTEdlyl;c,as; b¤vaKinEdlmkBIRksYgBaNiC¢kmCaGñkeqøIyvij .
emeronTI 15 ³ karcuHbBa¢IsmaKmGaCIvkmrbs;GñkenAkm<úCa
kMNt;cMNaMrbs;RKUbNþúHbNþal
78
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
eKalbMNg
enAcugbBa©b;emeronenH sikçakamnwgGac ³
)a:n;RbmaNsßanPaBbc©úb,nñrbs;smaKmBYkeK)an
eFVIEpnkaryuT§saRsþTukCamun edIm,IBRgwgsmaKmsRmab;eBlxagmux
bøg;vKÁsikSa
CMhanTI 1 - 660 naTI
saksYrsikçakam faetIenAcugbBa©b;énvKÁbNþúHbNþalenH BYkeKmanKMnitc,as;las; sRmab;kar
GPivDÆsmaKmGaCIvkmrbs;eKEdrb¤eT .
EbgEcksikçakamCaRkumtUc² EdltMNag[smaKmdUcKña . EcklMhat;TI 14 sþIBI {karviPaK
EbbsVt nigkareFVIEpnkarskmPaB } . cUrBiPakSaedaysegçb GMBIktþasMxan;² dUcCa cMNucxøaMg
cMNucexSay »kas nigkarKRmamkMEhg skmPaB nighaniyP½ynana . esñI[RkumnImYy²eFVI
lMhat;enHsRmab;smaKmrbs;eKpÞal;. rYcGnuBaØat[BYkeKeLIgbgðajlT§pl dl;RkumFM .
cUreqøIytbnUvsMNYrnanaEdlRkumGacman sRmab;karKaMRTbEnßmeTotdl;smaKmGaCIvkm
rbs;BYkeK . etIBYkeKGacrMBwgTTYl)ankarKaMRTbec©keTs nighirBaØvtßúEdrb¤eT ?
emeronTI 16 ³ kareFVIEpnkarskmPaB
kMNt;cMNaMrbs;RKUbNþúHbNþal
emeronTI 16 ³ kareFVIEpnkarskmPaB
79
lMhat;TI 14 ³ karviPaKEbbsVt nigkareFVIEpnkarskmPaB
lMhat;sRmab;Rkum
1/ sVt ³ cMNucxøaMg cMNucexSay »kas nigkarKRmamkMEhg (SWOT)
1/1 etIsmaKmrbs;GñkmancMNucxøaMgépÞkñúgGVIxøH ehIyetIRtUveRbIR)as;cMNucxøaMgTaMgenaHedayrebob
Na edIm,I[kan;EtRbesIrEfmeTot ? etIGñkmanRTBüsm,tþiGVIxøH ³ FnFanmnusS CMnaj karebþCJacitþ
bTBiesaFn_ bNþajkargar kitþis½BÞ RTBüsm,tþiCasmÖar³ TIkEnøg eRKOg]bkrN_ R)ak;kas ?
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
1/2 etIsmaKmrbs;GñkmancMNucexSayépÞkñúgGVIxøH ? etImanCMnajGVIxøHEdlGñkenAxVHxat ? etI
lkçnþik³manlkçN³eBjeljehIyb¤enA ? etIenAmankarxVHxatenAkñúgkarR)aRs½yTak;Tg Edrb¤eT ?
etIGaCIvkrRsþIenAminTan;mantMNagrbs;xøÜnkñúgsmaKmenAeLIyb¤ ?
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////>
1/3 etImankarKRmamkMEhgBIxageRkAGVIxøH EdlsmaKmrbs;GñkkMBugRbQmmux ? etImanGMNac
xagplRbeyaCn_Na EdlraraMgmin[GñkeCaKC½yEdrb¤eT ? etIsmaCikTaMgLaykMBugman ¬CabeNþaH
Gasnñ¦bBaðaesdækic© EdlraraMgkarKaMRTrbs;eKdl;smaKmEdrb¤eT ?
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
1/4 etIsmaKmrbs;Gñkman»kasBIxageRkAGVIxøH ? etImanbMNgl¥BIrdæaPi)al b¤BIGgÁkareRkArdæa
Pi)alnana EdlGñkGacRsUbTajykplRbeyaCn_)anEdrb¤eT ? etImanskþanuBlEpñkesdækic©
sRmab;smaCiknanarbs;GñkEdrb¤eT RbsinebImankarerobcMBYkeK[)anl¥CageBlbc©úb,nñ ? etIman
»kasTIpSarnana b¤»kasBIkarTijdulEdrb¤eT RbsinebIBYkeKerobcMcgRkgKñIKñaedayxøÜnÉg ?
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
2/ skmPaB
2/1 enAkñúgGnaKtEdlGacRbemIl)an etIGñkGaceFVIGVI)anxøH edIm,IBRgwgsmaKmrbs;Gñk ? etIman
eKaledAGVIxøHEdlGacseRmc)an CamYynwgFnFanbc©úb,nñrbs;Gñk ?
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
2/2 etImankic©karsMxan;²GVIxøHEdlRtUveFVImun ? nigeFVIbnÞab; ? etInrNanwgTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaH
skmPaBnImYy²enaH ? bBaðaEdlRtUveFVIPøam²KW ³
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
enAkñúg 6 ExbnÞab;BIeBlbc©úb,nñ eyIgnwgman ³
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
enAkñúgry³eBl 2 qñaMbnþeTot eyIgnwgman ³
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
eyIgnwgEklMGEpnkarenHenAerogral; 1 ¼2¼3?¦ Exmþg ³
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
3/ haniyP½y
vaCakarsMxan;EdleyIgminPJak;ep¥IlenAeBlmankMhusqÁg. bBaðaTaMgLayRtUveRbIR)as;eBl
evla EtPaBeCaKC½ymanel,ÓnyWt ehIyeKGacpþÜlGñk)an . vaCakarl¥EdlGñkRtUveRtomlkçN³
TukCamunsRmab;lT§PaBTaMgenH ehIyenAkñúgkrNImYycMnYn cUrbegáItCMhannana edIm,IkarBarkuM[
bBaðaTaMgenHekIteLIg)an .
3/1 etImanGVIxøH EdlGacRbRBwtþimin)anRsYll¥ ?
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
3/2 etImanyuT§saRsþGVIxøH EdlGacTb;Tl;)an enAeBlmanbBaðaekIteLIg ?
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
80
El,gpþl;famBl
El,gpþl;famBl
81
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
mancMNuceRcIndUcKña
kalviPaK ³ elgenAmuneBlcab;epþIm b¤bnÞab;emeronTI 2 { critlkçN³smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc :
eKalbMNg ³ edIm,Ibgðajfa Cajwkjab;smaCikTaMgLayrbs;smaKmGaCIvkmmYy manGVI²eRcIn
EdldUcKña CaCagmanGVIeRcIn EtepSgBIKña .
smÖar³ ftcmøg {TRmg;lkçN³dUcKña} sRmab;sikçakamTaMgGs; .
nItiviFI ³ Eck { TRmg;lkçN³dUcKña } eTA[sikçakammñak;² . esñI[sikçakamTaMgGs; EsVgrk
édKUmñak;[)anqab;rh½s . enAeBlpþl;CasBaØa[cab;epþIm ENnaMBYkeK[EsVgrkGVI²
EdlédKUTaMgBIrnak;mandUcKña [)aneRcIntamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an . esñI[BYkeK
sresreQaHrbs;édKU ehIycuHenAkñúgkUeLanTImYy nUvGVI²EdleKrkeXIjfa man
lkçN³dUcKña TaMgBIrnak; .
karqøúHbBa©aMg ³ 1/ etImansikçakambu:nannak; Edl)anrkeXIjlkçN³dUcKñaeRcInCag 15 ?
2/ etIGñk)anrkeXIjGVIxøH EdlCaerOgminFmta ?
3/ etIGñk)anrkeXIjlkçN³dUcKñaTaMgenH edayrebobNa ?
4/ etIeyIgTMngCaGacEsVgrkcMNucRsedogKña)aneT enAkñúgsmaKmGaCIvkmTaMg
Lay? eBalKWeyIgmanGVI²eRcIn EdlmanlkçN³dUcKñaCagkarKitTukrbs;eyIg?
5/ etIkarEdlmanGVI²dUcKñaenH CYyGVIxøHdl;eyIgkñúgnamCasmaCiksmaKmGaCIvkm ?
eBlevla ³ 15 naTI
82
El,gpþl;famBl
TRmg;lkçN³dUcKña
cUrbMeBjtaragxageRkamenH nUvGVI²EdlGñkrkeXIjfamanlkçN³dUcKñarbs;sikçakambInak; ³
83
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
eCaKC½yKW>>>
kalviPaK ³ elgenAmuneBlcab;epþImb¤bnÞab;BIemeronTI 3 { karGPivDÆsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc }
eKalbMNg ³ edIm,Ipþl;»kasdl;sikçakamTaMgGs; eFVIkareRbobeFobKMnitepSg²rbs;BYkeKenAelI
GVICa {eCaKC½y} mann½ydUcemþcsRmab;BYkeK b¤manGtßn½yy:agNa enAdMNak;kal
epSg²KñaenAkñúgCIvitrbs;BYkeK .
nItiviFI ³ esñI[sikçakamKitdl;Baküfa { eCaKC½y } ehIyBYkeKTTYlGarmN_y:agNa .
CadMbUg cUresñI[BYkeKKitBIGtItkal enAeBlEdlBYkeKenACakumarPaB faetI {eCaK
C½y : manGtßn½ydUcemþccMeBaHxøÜneKenAeBlenaH . ]TahrN_ kalenAv½ykumarPaB
BYkeKKitfa eK)anTTYleCaKC½y ebIsinCaeKkøayCat®nþIkr taraPaBynþnana .l.
cUrpþl;eBl[ 2 - 3 naTI .
CaelIkTIBIr cUresñI[BYkeKsresrGMBIGVI EdlBYkeKTTYlGarmN_fa)an {eCaKC½y}
enAeBlEdlBYkeK)ancab;epþImGaCIvkmpÞal;xøÜn . cUrpþl;eBl 2 - 3 naTI .
TIbI cUresñI[BYkeKsresrfa etIeCaKC½ymanGtßn½yy:agNacMeBaHxøÜneK kñúgnamCasma
CiksmaKmGaCIvkm . pþl;eBlevlaBI 2 - 3 naTI edIm,Ikt;RtacemøIynanarbs;BYkeK
bnÞab;mk cUrEbgEcksikçakamTaMgGs;CaRkumtUc² EdlmansmaCikBI 3 eTA 4 nak;
ehIyesñI[BYkeKeFVIkareRbobeFobcemøIyTaMgLay rYcBiPakSaelIcMNucRsedogKña
nigcMNucepSg²Kñanana eTAtamkaryl;eXIjepSg²rbs;BYkeK .
karqøúHbBa©aMg ³ 1/ etIGñk)ankMNt;PaBeCaKC½yenAGMLúgeBlxus²Kñay:agdUcemþc ?
2/ etIehtuGVI)anCamankarpøas;bþÚr ?
3/ etIGñk)aneronsURtGVIxøH BIcemøIynanarbs;sikçakamdéTeTot ?
eBlevla ³ 15 eTA 20naTI
84
El,gpþl;famBl
El,gdeNþImekAGI
kalviPaK ³ elgenAmuneBlcab;epþIm b¤bnÞab;BIemeronTI 4 { ebskkmnigeKaledArbs;smaKm
GaCIvkmFuntUc } .
eKalbMNg ³ edIm,Isgát;bBa¢ak;BIsar³sMxan; énkarxitxMnanarbs;smaCikTaMgGs; nigkarrYm
kmøaMgKña enAkñúgsmaKmGaCIvkm .
kareRtomlkçN³ cUrsresrkic©karsMrab;RkumnImYy²dUcteTAenH ³
RkumTI 1 ³ kargarrbs;Gñk KWRtUvRbmUlekAGITaMgGs; dak;cMkNþalbnÞb;
RkumTI 2 ³kargarrbs;Gñk KWRtUvRbmUlekAGITaMgGs; eTAdak;kñúgRCugxageqVgbnÞb;
RkumTI 3 ³kargarrbs;Gñk KWRtUvRbmUlekAGITaMgGs; dak;enAkñúgRCugxagsþaMbnÞb;
nItiviFI ³ EbgEcksikçakamCabIRkum ehIyesñI[BYkeKeTAtamkEnøgepSg²Kña . pþl;kMNt;Rta
cMNaMeTA[RkumnImYy² ehIyR)ab;BYkeKmin[bgðajeTARkumdéTeTot . pþl;eBl
[BYkeKBI 1-2 naTI edIm,IGankMNt;RtacMNaMenaH ehIyBiPakSaenAkñúgRkumBI
viFIsaRsþ edIm,IbMeBjkargarenH[)aneCaKC½y .
cUrerobcMbnÞb; edaydak;ekAGITaMgGs;enABaseBjbnÞb; . esñI[RkumTaMgGs;cUl
mkkñúgbnÞb; ehIypþl;sBaØadl;BYkeK edIm,Icab;epþImkñúgeBlEtmYy . pþl;eBlBI 3
eTA 4 naTImuneBlpþl;sBaØabBaÄb;BYkeK .
karqøúHbBa©aMg ³ 1/ etIRkumNamYyTTYl)aneCaKC½y ? ehtuGVI ?
2/ etIEl,genHcg;bgðajGMBIGVI ?
3/ etIEl,genHmansar³sMxan;²GVIxøH ?
4/ RbsinebIKannrNamñak;cg;Qb; edIm,IBiPakSaCamYyRkumdéTeTot etInwgmanGVI
ekIteLIg ? etInwgmanplvi)akGVIxøH ?
eBlevla ³ 10 naTI
85
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
karksagRkum
kalviPaK ³ elgenAmuneBlcab;epþImb¤bnÞab;BIemeronTI6 {karCRmuj[mankarcUlrYmBIRsþI }
eKalbMNg ³ edIm,Isgát;bBa¢ak;BIsar³sMxan;énkarcUlrYmrbs;smaCikmñak;² nigsar³sMxan;énkar
eFVIkarCaRkum .
smÖar³ ³ RkdasBN’ nigkéRnþ
kareRtomlkçN³ ³ kat;RkdasCaragkaer[)anbYnRCugesIKñacMnYnR)aMsnøwk. kat;kaernImYy²[eTACabI
cMENk eTAtamviFIxus²KñaTaMgR)aMsnøwk . Ca]TahrN_ ³
erobcMeRsamsMbuRtcMnYn 4 b¤ 5 ¬eTAtamcMnYnRkum¦ ehIyenAkñúgeRsamsMbuRt
nImYymanRkdaskaerEdl)ankat;Ca 15 cMENktUc² .
nItiviFI ³ EbgEcksikçakamCabIRkumtUc² EdlmansmaCikBI 4 eTA 5nak; . kargarrbs;BYkeK
KWRtUvpÁúMRkdastUc²TaMgenaH[eTACakaer EdlmanTMhMesI²KñaeLIgvijkñúgry³eBl2
naTI. cUrEckRkdaspÞaMgtUc²TaMgenaHcMnYn 2 b¤3pÞaMg[smaCikRkummñak;² .
minGnuBaØat[mankarBiPakSaKñaeTkñúgcMeNamsmaCikkñúgRkum enAGMLúgeBleFVI
kic©karenH. pþl;CasBaØadl;RkumTaMgGs;edIm,Icab;epþIm RKUbNþúHbNþalTaMgGs;
caM)ac;RtUvsegátemIlBIviFIEdlRkumnImYy²eFVIkic©karrbs;eK edIm,Ipþl;eyabl;eqøIytb
enAeBleFVIkarqøúHbBa©aMg .
karqøúHbBa©aMg ³ 1/ etIRkumNamYy)anTTYleCaKC½y ? ehtuGVI ?
2/ etIGñkmanRbtikmGVIxøH enAeBlGñk)aneXIjBIsar³sMxan;rbs;Gñkdl;Rkum
TaMgmUl?
3/ etIkarEdlmansmaCikRkum ¬manbMNg¦ CYyGñk GacmanplRbeyaCn_GVIxøH ?
4/ RbsinebIGñkelgEl,genHmþgeTot etIGñknwgeFVIGVIxøH[xusBImun ?
5/ etIGñk)aneronsURtGVIxøHBIkarelgEl,genH ?
eBlevla ³ 20 naTI
86
El,gpþl;famBl
El,gedaHRsaybBaða
kalviPaK ³ elgenAmuneBlcab;epþIm b¤bnÞab;BIemeronTI 7 { PaBCaGñkdwknaM } .
eKalbMNg ³ edIm,Isgát;bBa¢ak;fa GñkdwknaMTaMgLay nwgseRmceKaledArbs;eK)anRbesIr
ebIsin BYkeKepÞrkargar nigGnuBaØat[smaCikeRbIR)as;KMnitpþÜcepþImrbs;BYkeK.
nItiviFI ³ eRCIserIsGñks½RKcitþBIrnak;edIm,IeFVICaGñkdwknaM ehIyGnuBaØat[BYkeKecjeTAeRkA
bnÞb; . esñI[sikçakamdéTeTotTaMgGs;QrCargVg; edaykan;édKña . esñI[sikçakam
EdlkMBugQrkan;édGñkEdlenACitKñasgçag edIreTAcUleRkamédsikçakamdéT²
eTot edIm,IbegáItCaKMnYcbBaða . BYkeKGacbBaÄb;karedIreTAcUleRkamédKñaenH
enAeBleXIjmanKMnYcbBaðaeRcInkEnøg ehIyEdlKannrNamñak;GacemIleXIj
c,as;fa nrNa kMBugkan;édnrNa .
muneBlGnuBaØat[GñkdwknaMTaMgBIrnak;cUlmkkñúgbnÞb;vij cUrENnaMsikçakam Edl
kMBugkan;édKñaTaMgGs;enaHfa BYkeKKYreFVItamkarENnaMrbs;GñkdwknaM edayKankar
eRbIR)as;KMnitpþÜcepþImpÞal;rbs;eKeT . BYkeKminRtUvElgédGñk EdlxøÜnkMBugkan;éd
TaMgenaHeLIy .
dMNak;kalTI 1 ³
esñI[GñkdwknaMTaMgBIrnak;cUlmkkñúgbnÞb;vij ehIyBnül;BIkargarrbs;BYkeKKWRtUv
edaHRsaybBaða edIm,InaMsikçakamRtLb;mkQrCargVg;vijkñúgry³eBl2 naTI .
BYkeKminGacb:HBal;sikçakamTaMgenaH)aneLIy bu:EnþeKGacesñI[sikçakamTaMgenH
eFVIkarbnøas;TI)an . CaFmta GñkdwknaMTaMgBIrnak;enaH minGacseRmckargarenH
)aneT kñúgry³eBlEdl)anpþl;[ .
dMNak;kalTI 2 ³
esñI[sikçakamTaMgGs;eFVI[manKMnYcbBaðananaTaMgenaHdUckñúgdMNak;kalTI 1
bu:EnþmincaM)ac;esñI[GñkdwknaMTaMgBIrnak;eTAeRkAbnÞb;eT . enAeBlKMnYcbBaðaRtUv)an
begáIteLIg cUrR)ab;eTA[Rkum { sUmGñkRtLb;mkCaCYrvij bu:EnþRtUvrkSakarkan;éd
Gñksgçagrbs;GñkkuM[rbUtecj } . CaFmtaBYkeKGaceFVI)anEtkñúgry³eBl 1 naTI
bu:eNÑaH .
87
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
karqøúHbBa©aMg ³ 1/ etImanPaBxusEbøkKñaGVIxøHrvagdMNak;kalTI 1 nigTI 2 ?
2/ etIman\T§iBlGVIxøH enAeBlEdlmansikçakamcUlrYmkñúgkaredaHRsaybBaða ?
3/ etIGñk)aneronsURtGVIxøHBIkarelgEl,genH ?
eBlevla ³ 15 naTI
88
El,gpþl;famBl
El,gsagsg;kariyal½ysmaKm
kalviPaK ³ elgenAmuneBlcab;epþIm b¤bnÞab;BIemeronTI 8 { karR)aRs½yTak;Tg } .
eKalbMNg ³ BiPakSaGMBI]bsKÁnanadl;kareFVIkarR)aRs½yTak;Tg nigviFIedIm,IykQñHelI]bsKÁ
TaMgenaH .
smÖar³ ³ RkdasEdlmanBN’xus²Kña kéRnþ kavs¥it .
kareRtomlkçN³ ³ sg;kariyal½ysmaKmmYyeFVIGMBIRkdasTukCaKMrU ehIyrkSavaTukkñúgRbGb;mYy .
cUreFVI[R)akdfa KannrNamñak;GacemIleXIjvaeT .
nItiviFI ³ EbgEcksikçakamCaRkumtUc² EdlmansmaCik 5 nak; . R)ab;BYkeKfakargarrbs;
BYkeK KWRtUvsg;kariyal½ysmaKmmYy EdlemIleTAdUcKñaeTAnwgKMrUedIm kñúgry³-
eBl 20naTI . smaCikRkumnImYy² edIrtYnaTIxus²Kña .
k/ GñksegátkarN_ ³ BinitüemIlKMrUedIm rYcBnül;vaeTAkan;GñknaMsarmñak; . Gñk
segátkarN_GacniyayeTAkan;)anEtGñknaMsar nigGñkpþl;cemøIytbmñak;bu:eNÑaH .
x/ GñknaMsar ³ sþab;GñksegátkarN_ rYcBnül;R)ab;Gñksg; . minGacemIlKMrUedIm
nig minGacb:HBal;sMNg;EdlkMBugsg; .
K/ Gñksg; ³ sþab;GñknaMsar rYcTTYleRKOgsMNg;BIGñkpÁt;pÁg; nigeFVIkarsagsg;kari
yal½y . manEtGñkmñak;bu:eNÑaH EdlGacb:HBal;sMNg; EdlkMBugsagsg;enH)an .
X/ GñkpÁt;pÁg; ³ RtYtBinitüemIleRKOgsMNg; nigpþl;karpÁt;pÁg;eTA[Gñksagsg; .
GñkminGacniyayeTAkan;GñksegátkarN_)aneLIy .
g/ Gñkpþl;cemøIytb ³ BinitüemIlKMrUedIm rYcBinitüemIlsMNg;EdlkMBugsagsg; .
GñkGacniyayeTAkan;mnusSRKb;Kña)anedaykar eqøIy { )aT¼cas+ } b¤ }eT }
EtenAeBlNaEdlmankarsaksYr bu:EnþminGacpþÜmepþImkarR)aRs½yTak;TgNamYy
eLIy .
89
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
eKalkarN_ nigbTbBa¢anana
1/ GñkmaneBl 5 naTIedIm,IeRtomlkçN³kargarenAkñúgRkumrbs;Gñk. cUrcat;taMg
tYnaTI nigBinitüemIlsmÖar³sagsg;nana .
2/ ral;karR)aRs½yTak;TgTaMgGs; KWRtUveFVIeLIgedaypÞal;mat; . minGnuBaØat[
mankarsresreT enAeBlKMrUedImRtUv)andak;bgðajCUndl;GñksegátkarN_ .
3/ Gñksagsg;GacmaneRKOgsMNg;EtbIbu:eNÑaH rIÉeRKOgsMNg;déT²eTotRtUv
emIlEfedayGñkpÁt;pÁg; .
RKUbNþúHbNþalcaM)ac;RtUvsÁal;tYnaTIrbs;smaCikRkumnImYy² kñúgkarsEmþg edIm,I[
BYkeKGacBinitüemIl)anRbesIrkñúgGMLúgeBlénkarsEmþg. pþl;CasBaØacab;epþIm
dl;BYkeK . cUrBinitüBYkeK edIm,IeFVI[R)akdfa KannrNamñak;kMBugbnøMEPñkeT .
cUrbBaÄb;karsEmþgenHenAeBl 20 naTI)anknøgputeTA .
karqøúHbBa©aMg ³ 1/ etIRkumNamYyEdl)ansagsg;kariyal½y EdlmanPaBRsedogxøaMgeTAnwgKMrU
edIm? etImanktþaGVIxøHEdlCYy[BYkeK)anTTYleCaKC½y ?
2/ etIGñk)anCYbRbTHnwgbBaðaGVIxøH ?
3/ RbsinebIGñkelgEl,genHmþgeTot etIGñknwgeFVIxøH[xusBImun ?
4/ etIGñk)aneronsURtGVIxøHBIkarelgEl,genH edIm,IelIkkm<s;karR)aRs½yTak;Tg
rbs;Gñk ?
eBlevla ³ 50 naTI
90
El,gpþl;famBl
rgVg;edaHRsaybBaða
kalviPaK ³ elgenAmuneBlcab;epþIm b¤bnÞab;BIemeronTI 9 { karseRmccitþelIesvakmnanarbs;
smaKmGaCIvkm } .
eKalbMNg ³ edIm,IEsVgrkdMeNaHRsaynanaedIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgsMNYr kgVl; nigbBaðananarbs;
sikçakam.
nItiviFI ³ erobcMekAGITaMgLayCaBIrrgVg; sikçakamcMnYnBak;kNþalGgÁúyenArgVg;xagkñúg nig
cMnYnBak;kNþaleTotGgÁúyenArgVg;xageRkA . GñkTaMgLayEdl)anGgÁúyenArgVg;
xageRkA nwgRtUveFVICaTIRbwkSa[GñkEdlGgÁúyrgVg;xagkñúg EdlCaGtifiCn .
GtifiCnsYrsMNYr b¤erobrab;bBaðasMxan;²dl;TIRbwkSarbs;eK EdlGgÁúyenATl;muxKña
sRmab;ry³eBl 1 naTI . TIRbwkSamanry³eBl 2 naTI edIm,IeFVIkarBiPakSabBa¢ak;
nigpþl;Caeyabl; . bnÞab;BIry³eBl 3 naTI TIRbwkSaRtUvpøas;TIGgÁúyeTAeqVgéd
ehIybnþeFVIdUecñHCamYyGtifiCnfI EdlelIksMNYr b¤bBaðadUcKñaeTAkan;TIRbwkSafI .
eFVIrebobenH[)anKRmb;bIdg .
ebIsinmaneBlRKb;RKan; cUresñI[sikçakamTaMgGs;EdlGgÁúyenArgVg;xageRkA eTA
GgÁúyrgVg;xagkñúgvijmþg ehIybnþeFVIrebobdUcxagelIenH .
karqøúHbBa©aMg ³ 1/ etIGñkNaxøH)anTTYlcemøIyc,as;las; nigGacykeTAGnuvtþ)an Edrb¤eT ?
2/ etIGñk)anEckrMElkerOgra:vrbs;Gñkdl;GñkdéTeTotEdrb¤eT ?
3/ etIGñkKitfa smaCiknanarbs;smaKm Gacpþl;eyabl;EdlmanRbeyaCn_dl;
smaCikdUcKña)anEdrb¤eT ?
eBlevla ³ 30 naTI
91
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
El,gsagsg;kMEpg
kalviPaK ³ elgenAmuneBlcab;epþIm b¤bnÞab;BIemeronTI 10 { karpþl;esvaBaNiC¢km } .
eKalbMNg ³ edIm,IbBa¢ak;bgðajfa smaCikTaMgGs;rbs;smaKmGaCIvkmmYy caM)ac;RtUvdwgBI
tYnaTI nigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;BYkeK kñúgesvaBaNiC¢kmrYmKña .
smÖar³ ³ RbGb;tUcsRmab;dak;sMPar³sagsg;GaKartUcmYy ¬kMNat;eQI duMekAs‘U b¤RbGb;
eQIKUs¦ nigbnÞat;mYy .
nItiviFI ³ EbgEcksikçakamCaRkumtUc² EdlmansmaCikBI 4 eTA 5nak; . cUrR)ab;eTARkum
TaMgenHfa kñúgnamCasmaKmGaCIvkmTaMgLay BYkeKnwgcUlrYmdMeNIrkaredj
éføKeRmagsagsg;kMEpgmYyenAPñMeBj . vanwgmankarRbkYtRbECgCaeRcIn BIbNþa
Rkumh‘unÉktþbuKÁlnana RBmTaMgBIbNþasmaKmGaCIvkmdéT²eTot . esñI[Rkum
nImYy²eFVICaKMrUkMEpg samBaØmYysinenAelIRkdas rYcRbKl;CUneTA[RKUbNþúH
bNþal. KMrUedImsamBaØenaH KWCakaredjéførbs;BYkeK EdleKcaM)ac;RtUvbBa¢ak;BI ³
1/ kMBs;kMEpgrbs;eK
2/ RTg;RTayrbs;kMEpg
3/ cMnYnRbGb; ¬smÖar³¦ EdlnwgRtUveRbI
cUrsegçbesckþIedjéføenHenAkñúgtaragmYydUcxageRkam enAelIkþarexon ³
92
El,gpþl;famBl
dak;smÖar³nanaenAcMkNþalbnÞb; ehIyesñI[RkumnImYy²ksagkMEpgrbs;BYkeKeTA
tamEpnkar . pþl;eBl[RkumnImYy²cMnYn 5 naTIedIm,IbBa©b;kic©karenH.
karqøúHbBa©aMg ³ 1/ etIRkumNamYyEdl)anksagkMEpgrbs;eKeTAtamEpnkar ?
2/ etIsmaCikRkumTaMgGs; TaMgbursnigRsþI)ancUlrYmenAGMLúgeBleFVIEpnkar nigkar
GnuvtþEdrb¤eT ?
3/ etIRkumnImYy²)anCYbRbTHnwgkarlM)akGVIxøH ?
4/ etImankarlM)akGVIxøHeTot RbsinebIsmaCikTaMgGs;minyl;c,as;GMBItYnaTI
rbs;BYk eKenAkñúgkarpþl;esvaBaNiC¢kmrYmKñaTaMgenH ?
eBlevla ³ 20 naTI
93
karRKb;RKgsmaKmGaCIvkmFuntUc - esovePAsMrab;RKUbNþúHbNþal
El,gKUrrUbPaBLandwkTMnij
kalviPaK ³ elgenAmuneBlcab;epþIm b¤bnÞab;BIemeronTI 12 { karTTYlxusRtUv nigParkic©nana
enAkñúgsmaKm } .
eKalbMNg ³ edIm,IelIkeLIgfaetIsmaCikmñak;²emIleXIjy:agdUcemþc cMeBaHtYnaTIrbs;eK enA
kñúgsmaKmGaCIvkm .
nItiviFI ³ esñI[sikçakammñak;²KUrrUbLandwkTMnijmYy EdltMNag[smaKmGaCIvkmrbs;
BYkeK ehIykMNt;rkEpñkNamYyénLanenaH EdlBYkeKKitfaCaxøÜneKpÞal; eday
eRbobeFob eTAnwgtYnaTIrbs;eKenAkñúgsmaKmGaCIvkm .
esñI[sikçakamTaMgLaybiTrUbPaBrbs;eKenAelICBa¢aMg ehIy[BinitüemIlrUbPaB
nanarbs;sikçakamdéT²eTot .
karqøúHbBa©aMg ³ 1/ etIEpñkNamYyrbs;LanenH CarUbGñk ? cUreRbobeFobcemøIyrbs;sikçakamRsþI
nigsikçakambursTaMgLay . RbsinebIsikçakamRsþInanamanGarmN_faxøÜneK KWCaEpñk
tUcmYyrbs;Lan EdlminsUvsMxan;sRmab;smaKmrbs;BYkeK etImkBImUlehtuGVI
EdlGacbNþal[BYkeKmankarKitdUecñaH ? etIvaman\T§iBlGVIxøHdl;smaKm ?
2/ etIGVIxøHEdlGaceFVIeTA)an edIm,ICYysmaCiknanaCaBiessRsþI edIm,Iksag
kareCOCak;elIxøÜnÉg nigkareKarBcMeBaHxøÜnÉg ?
3/ RbsinebIsikçakammYycMnYneTot EdlmkBIsmaKmdUcKñamanGarmN_fa BYkeK
dUcCaEpñkEtmYy etIkarN_enHmanGtßn½ydUcemþc ?
eBlevla ³ 15 naTI
94
El,gpþl;famBl
etImanGVIxøH EdleFVI[smaKmGaCIvkmFuntUcrbs;Gñk mankarGPivDÆn_ nig eCOnelOneLIg
kalviPaK ³ elgenAmuneBlcab;epþImemeronTI 16 { kareFVIEpnkarskmPaB } .
eKalbMNg ³ edIm,IelIkeLIgBIGVIxøH EdlCYy[smaKmGPivDÆ nigeCOnelOn ehIysmaCikmñak;²
KYrmankatBVkic© nigkarebþCJacitþGVIxøH .
smÖar³ ³ RkdaskatBN’ nighVwtsresr .
nItiviFI ³ cUrKUrrUbPaBpÞHmYyenAelIkþarexon rYcR)ab;dl;sikçakamTaMgGs;fa vatMNag[smaKm
GaCIvkmFuntUcrbs;BYkeK . saksYreyabl;BIsikçakam faetIGVIxøH EdlGacCYy
[pÞHenHmanPaBkk;ekþA nigrwgmaM. EckRkdaskatBN’eTA[BYkeK ehIyesñI[BYkeK
sresrKMnitmYyenAelIkatmYy. biTkatEdlmancemøIyTaMgGs;enaHenAelIkþarexon .
cUrKUrrUbk,almnusStUc²enAxagkñúgpÞHenaH ehIysaksYrBYkeKfa etImanGVIxøHsMrab;
Tak;TajsmaCikfI² nigelIkTwkcitþsmaCikbc©úb,nñ[cUlrYm ? etImanGVIxøH EdlGac
CYy[BYkeKRbkbkic©karGaCIvkm)aneCaKC½yTaMgGs;Kña ? elIkTwkcitþBYkeK[
BiPakSaKñaGMBIkarcUlrYmviPaKTannigplRbeyaCn_nanarbs;smaCikTaMgLay . esñI[
BYkeKsresrKMnitTaMgenaHenAelIkatBN’Edl)anpþl;CUnBIelIkmun ehIybiTkat
cemøIyTaMgenaHenAelIkþarexon .
enAcugbBa©b;lMhat;enH sikçakamnwgmanKMnitCaeRcIn edIm,IykeTABRgwgsmaKmGaCIvkm
FuntUcnana EdlGacykeTAeRbIR)as;sRmab;emeronTI 16 { kareFVIEpnkarskm } .
eBlevla ³ 30 naTI
95