School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Lecture 1: History of Rocketry and the American Space Program

Marat Kulakhmetov

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We choose to go to the moon and do the other things not because they are easy but

because they are hard

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g25G1M4EXrQ

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The Origins•Concepts required for rocket

flight were developed in ancient times.– Archytas Wooden Pigeon – Hero Aeolipile

First true rockets were probably created by Chinese:

Gunpowder fireworks Fire Arrows (1232 in a battle

of Kai-Keng) Wan-Hu rocket chair

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Modern Rocketry• Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

– A Russian school teacher developed “The Rocket Equation” and proposed to use rockets for space flight in 1898

– He discovered the advantages of multiple stages

• Robert H. Goddard – Published “ A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes”

that described sounding rockets– In 1926 he flew the first liquid-propellant rocket that

climbed only 12.5 m– He also developed jet vanes, guidance control and many

other rocket systems

• Dr. Werner Von Braun – Helped Develop the German V-2 Rocket– Was in charge of the American Space Program that lead

to the Saturn V rocket

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Space Race

SputnikOctober 4, 1957

SputnikApril 12, 1961

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Mercury 1 and 2

• Mercury 1: – November 21, 1960– Four inch flight, improper launch pad

separation

• Mercury 1A– Successful spacecraft qualification

• Mercury 2:– Jan 31, 1961– Flown by Ham the Chimp– Besides higher stresses and capsule

taking on water Ham Survived

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MercuryProgram Launch

DateAstronaut Description

Redstone 3

May 5, 1961

Alan Shepard

First American in space. Suborbital

Redstone 4

July 21, 1961

Virgil Grissom

Second American in space

Atlas 6 Feb 20, 1962

John Glen First American to orbit Earth 3 times

Atlas 7 May 24, 1962

Scott Carpenter

Verify the results of Mercury-Atlas 6

Atlas 8 Oct 3, 1962

Walter Schirra

6 orbits

Atlas 9 May 15, 1963

Gordon Cooper

22 orbits, 1st live TV broadcast from space

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Alan Shepard, First American in Space

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdPlFM6hIIc

• From Earth to the Moon

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GeminiProgram Launch

DateAstronaut Description

3 Mar 23, 1965

Grissom, Yong

Test flight of Gemini rocket

4 June 3, 1965

McDivitt, White

First 21 min EVA

Titan II

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Gemini 4

• First space Walk, “ From The Earth to The Moon”

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ryEgx5iOdOA&feature=related

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GeminiProgram Launch

DateAstronaut Description

5 Aug 21, 1965

Cooper, Conrad

Evaluate guidance and navigation systems

7 Dec 4, 1965

Corman, Lovell

Stayed in space for 14 days, First rendezvous

6 Dec 15, 1965

Schirra, Stafford

Rendezvous with Gemini 7

8 Mar 16, 1966

Armstrong, Scot

First docking. First emergency in space

9 Jun 3, 1966

Stafford, Cernan

Docking with Agena but failed because it did not separate from shroud

10 July 18, 1966

Yong, Collins

First use of Agena propulsion system

11 Sep 12, 1966

Conrad, Gordon

Altitude record with Agena ( 740 mi)

12 Nov 11, 1966

Lovell, Aldrin

Record EVA ( 5h 30 min)

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Gemini 8, Dealing with Emergencies

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zvWBnkPvqME&feature=related

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Apollo

• Part 3: Landing The Eagle, “When We Left Earth.”• 51 min

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ApolloProgram Launch

DateAstronaut Description

1 Jan 27, 1967

Grissom, White, Chaffee

Crew died in a fire

7 Oct 11, 1668

Schirra, Eisele, Cunningham

First manned Apollo launch, First live TV broadcast

8 Dec 21, 1968

Borman, Lovell, Aners

First manned Saturn V launch, First humans to orbit the moon

9 Mar 3, 1969

McDivitt, Scott, Schweickart

First flight of the lunar module

10 May 18, 1969

Stafford, Young, Cernan

Test Lunar Module in Lunar Orbit

11 July 16, 1969

Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins

FIRST MOON LANDING

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Video

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u1ssw5aJyrk&feature=related

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How big is the Saturn V?

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Apollo Moon LandingsProgram Launch

DateAstronaut Description

12 Nov 14, 1969

Conrad, Gordon, Bean

2nd Moon landingFirst major Exp.

13 Apr 11, 1970

Lovell, Swigert, Haise

First deep space abort

14 Jan 31, 1971

Shepard, Roosa, Mitchell

Golfing on the moon

15 July 26, 1971

Scott, Worden, Irwin

First rover, first subsatellite, one of chutes failed on entry

16 Apr 16, 1972

Young, Mattingly, Duke

Highest landing site, land speed record (11 mi/h)

17 Dec 7 1972

Cernan, Evans, Schmitt

Last moon landing

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Sky Lab

Miss Launch Date Astronaut

1 SL July 7 1973 Unmanned

2 SL June 22 1973 Conrad, Weitz, Kerwin

3 SL Sep 25, 1973 Bean, Lousma, Garriott

4 SL Feb 8, 1974 Carr, Pogue, Gibson

• When Apollo was canceled, the last Saturn V rocket was used to launch Sky Lab• Performed scientific experiments and observations of

Earth and Sun• Although 4 SL mission boost was expected to keep

Skylab in orbit until STS (1980s), it actually re-entered in 1979 •

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Space Shuttle

• Reusable launch system and orbital spacecraft• Flown in 1981-2011• Has a crew of 7• Used to launch satellites,

planetary probes, telescopes, ISS, conduct experiments, etc.• The only vehicle capable

of returning things from space

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Shuttle Launch

• Shuttle Takeoff• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zsJpUC

WfyPE • Atlantis Landing• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YOxZsby

jSb8&feature=related

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Shuttle Losses

• Challenger – Jan 28, 1986– Due to cold weather an O-ring

failed in flight allowing hot gasses to reach external tank

• Columbia – Feb 1, 2003– On launch an ice fragment

separated from the external tank and damaged the thermal protection system

– Damaged thermal protection system failed during re-entry

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International Space Station (ISS)

• Largest space station ever constructed• 1998-2020• Laboratory, Observatory and

servicing station• Partnership between USA

Russia, Europe, and Japan• Mean orbit of 173 mi and it

needs to be boosted to

higher orbit a few times each

year

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Tour of the ISS

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8rHarp1GEE

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MNQ8s2jnMTc&feature=related

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The Constellation Program

• Goals:– Replace STS for missions to

ISS– Land on the moon by 2020– Land on mars by 2030

• Components:– Ares I– Ares IV– Orion Spacecraft– Altair Lander (x4.5 than LM)

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The Future

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYaNE49vv9I&feature=channel_video_title

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What is in the future?

What should US do?

What should the humanity do?

Why should we go to space?

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Who is Werner Von Braun ?

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Who is Neil Armstrong

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Who is Alan Shepard

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Name the first 3 American space programs

•Mercury

•Gemini

•Apollo

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Note:

•Notes are posted on:

http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~mkulakhm/GERI.html

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Credits

• Dr. Stephen Heister, “Analysis and Design of Chemical Rocket Propulsion Systems,” Purdue University• Mark Hopper, “Throttle Up!,” US Space Camp• “When We Left Earth, ” Discovery Channel• “From Earth To The Moon,” HBO• NASA• Dozens of websites that I took pictures from

• Dozens of videos from youtube.

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Water Bottle Rocket

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Fundamental Geometry

• Sin (Angle) = Opposite / Hypotenuse•Cos(Angle) = Adjacent / Hypotenuse• Tan (Angle) =Opposite / Adjacent

•H^2 = A ^2 + O^2

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Measuring the Height of the Rocket•When we launch the

rocket we :– Will know A ( how far we

are away from launch pad)

– Can measure X (angle from horizon to the rocket

– Can calculate O ( height of the rocket)

– O = A * Tan (Angle)