scibus.caMagazine of the Waterloo Science & Business Program

2006 High S

chool Editi

on

2

scibus.ca CONTENTS

myBUSINESS 4

STUDENT OPINION 5

THE SCIENCE AND BUSINESS UPDATE 8 - 9

PROFESSOR PROFILE 12

CO-OP 18 - 19

CAMPUS CHRONICLE 23

BOOK REVIEW 24

SCIENCE / BUSINESS LEADERS 25

BEYOND ACADEMICS 26

SCIENCE IN THE NEWS 27

FEATURE ARTICLES Waterloo Scientists Develop Intellectual Property 6

A view from Globalization: The Impact on Science and Technology 10The State of the Industry: The Biotechnology Industry in Canada 20

PROGRAM OUTLINESBiotechnology/Chartered Accountancy 14

Biotechnology/Economics 15

Honours Science and Business 16 - 17

editor OWEN WARD (opward@uwaterloo.ca) / assistant editor GENNY BROWN (gL2brown@uwaterloo.ca) / production-layout editor GENNY BROWN student associate DAVE DILWORTH / photography GENNY BROWN, DAVE DILWORTH

COVER ILLUSTRATION: GENNY BROWN

Publisher: scibus.ca is published by the Science and Business Program, University of WaterlooPrinted in Canada by Allprint Ainsworth Associates Inc., 65 Hanson Ave., Kitchener ON, N2C 2H6

MAILING ADDRESS: scibus.ca Science and Business Resource Centre Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo Waterloo ON, N2L 3G1

Further information on the Science and Business Programs may be found at www.scibus.uwaterloo.ca.

ISSUE 1, 2006

3

DIRECTOR’S MESSAGE

Welcome to the 2006 high school edition, also the

launch edition of scibus.ca, the magazine of University of Waterloo’s innovative Science and Business Programs. Our programs are designed for excellent and highly motivated high school graduates and to deliver business savvy scientists as leaders for the new economy. We strive to provide you, our future students, with the highest quality academic experience, as well as to develop, the requisite personal- and career-related skills that will enable you to follow a variety of successful and fulfilling career paths, including:

~ employment in Technical & Managerial Positions in science and technology oriented firms

~Prospective Entrepreneurs with a broad mix of academic, business, soft skills and work experience

~Professional Schools, including medicine and law, where business and soft skills are a real advantage

~Postgraduate Programs, especially those directed towards business executives, for example MBAs

We will work closely together with you as a team, to achieve our mission of preparing graduates who are in strong demand among recruiters. Our workshops and other

activities develop research, communication and team skills. Our myBusiness program helps you to develop your personal career plan. Our student Ambassadors mentor and support you throughout your undergraduate career at Waterloo. Our student society, ‘SCRUBS’, organizes a variety of events for you and runs the annual Science and Business Conference. All of these on-campus experiences are enhanced by the off-campus Co-operative Education Work Experience. This magazine provides ample evidence of the great team spirit that exists among our students, our staff and faculty. You will see that almost all of the articles, as well as the design

and production of scibus.ca involved the excellence and dedication of current students and alumni of our programs. We invite you to read our feature articles. Discover the Science Faculty’s highly creative and innovative technology development and commercialization environment that provides such a perfect learning setting for you (pg. 6). Read about the impact of globalization on Science and Technology (pg. 10). Gain an understanding of the state of Canada’s Biotechnology Industry (pg. 20). We invite you to meet our students by reading both their profiles and their contributions to this publication. You will glean from their comments, that personal development is a priority for the Science and Business Team. If you “desire flexibility, versatility, knowledge and more than that – opportunity”, as Stephanie Bell writes (pg. 5), consider joining our program. If you desire an excellent academic program with supporting extracurricular activities, aimed at developing a well rounded individual, consider being a part of our team. Thanks to all of our authors and to our production team for their contributions to this issue, and in particular thank you for taking time to read our magazine.

Professor Owen WardEditor and Science & Business Program Director

Leaders for the New Economy

4

myBUSINESS

WHAT IS myBUSINESS? Your personal development is something that we, the Science and Business Team at UW, strongly believe is important. In addition to motivating you to attain high academic standards, heavy emphasis is placed on developing your personal and career skills. The intent is to help develop you into an individual who is confident with your life decisions. For this reason the myBusiness program has been developed. You will be challenged, mentored and motivated to develop specific plans and goals related to your personal formation and career development. This program helps you identify the entrepreneur, manager, leader and scientist in yourself. The result is a well-rounded personality able to comprehend and understand the challenges within the framework of the curriculum, the job market, the national environment as well as the global economy.

Everyone has some idea on the broader scale where they want to go in life. But few of us ever take the time to sit down and really think about it. For me, the myBusiness program offered exactly that; a reason to really sit down and give “me” some thought. At the start of the myBusiness program, when we were discussing our strengths and weaknesses, it seemed that everyone was a bit hesitant. After all, it’s hard enough to consider these things individually, much less to share them with a group. But the myBusiness sessions showed all of us that this sharing aspect is truly among the program’s most positive aspects. I found the meeting environment to be entirely supportive. I have learned as much by hearing others speak about themselves as I have while considering my own situation. I cannot recall another experience on campus that has facilitated this type of open discussion amongst students and staff. After having completed only half of the myBusiness steps, I feel more confident and comfortable with where my life might go,

and why. I have documented what my vision is for the next two years, as well as for the long term. I know what missions I need to complete in order to help achieve my visions. However, an important lesson from the myBusiness sessions is that these missions and visions (both professional and personal) may change – and that’s okay. Some excellent discussions have taken place on what happens when you have multiple visions conflicting with each other, and I think we all took away the same message from this. Different things will be right at different times in anyone’s life, and your vision or mission should not be considered set in stone. Flexibility and contingencies within your vision are important. Because of the myBusiness program, I feel much more confident that I truly understand why I am pursuing the career I have chosen, and that in general I understand “me” as well as I should. This is truly an hour a week well spent. I hope that others will take advantage of this opportunity in the future.

“An hour a week well spent” by Terri Hodge, Fourth Year Science and Business Student

For more information please visit: www.scibus.uwateloo.ca/myBusiness.html

5

Meet Jay…Name: Jay AthiaProgram: Biotechnology/Economics (Co-op)Year: 2A

His extracurricular involvements:I have been involved on campus since the first week of my first year in university. It’s a great feeling to accomplish something outside of schoolwork. I first started off as the Events Coordinator for our Science and Business student society, SCRUBS. I worked with the rest of the executive committee in planning events for Sci/Bus students and was able to lend a hand in planning the SCRUBS conference. While being the events coordinator, I also volunteered for Warrior Weekends. Luckily, I was able to secure the position of Term Director for Warrior Weekends and I am now responsible for planning and running alternative night life programming once a month. There are many activities that I plan for these weekend events, some of which consists of free food, movies, and crafts. Some larger activites include the Amazing Race competition, Dance Lessons, Karaoke Nights.

His advice to new students:Everyone should get involved! All you need is an hour a week!

Too often we are forced into one path or another, as everyday we are faced with decisions. Sometimes these decisions impact the entire course of our lives. As a first year student I have already recognized that there will be many decisions to make; decisions as to what career to pursue, or better yet, what degree to obtain in order to pursue that career. Waterloo’s Science and Business program is anything but limiting. When I originally applied to this program it was simply because I could not decide which academic stream, science or business, would open more doors for me when it came time to find a job. Now, after my first term at Waterloo, my eyes have been opened to the possibilities presented as a result of versatility. I have realized that no one needs to choose one path over another, as there is no need to limit oneself or their opportunities. I have learned that a background in both science and business provides me with so much more than either only science or only business expertise. I can see that it will create opportunities for me as a graduate, allowing me to be proficient in both disciplines. Because the thought process and learning strategies are different between the two disciplines, this program leaves its students open minded and flexible. This attribute alone proves useful not only in a professional context, but in everyday life and during human interactions. In short, the mixed nature of UW’s Science and Business degree best equips students who desire flexibility, versatility, knowledge and more than anything – opportunity. I feel privileged to be part of a program that suits my interests, while providing me with the necessary skills to succeed. I am looking forward to my four years at Waterloo and I strongly recommend Waterloo’s Science and Business program to those who seek boundless possibilities in their careers.

by Stephanie Bell,

First Year Science and Business Student

“After my first term at Waterloo my eyes have been opened! ... the mixed nature of UW’s Science and Business degree best equips students who desire flexibility, versatility, knowledge and more than anything - opportunity.”

STUDENT OPINION

6

Leaders in co-operative education, research, innovation and technology transfer: The unique character of the University of Waterloo is reflected in its desire to implement teaching and research programs which address the needs of the public and private sector. This commitment is evident through Waterloo’s world renowned Co-operative Education Program and through the University’s leadership in transferring technology to industry by supporting the creation of many spin-off commercial enterprises from research undertaken by its professors. These characteristics have contributed in a special way to the University of Waterloo’s reputational standing, as rated by Maclean’s magazine as best overall University in Canada. The Science Faculty has the largest research income in the University. The Faculty has strong research activities in areas such as biotechnology, aquatic ecology, environmental biology, groundwater contamination clean-up, solid state chemistry, laser science, quantum computing and astrophysics. Many of the Faculty’s professors have developed and commercialized products and processes arising from their research findings. Details of the research of individual professors may be found by visiting the web sites of the Schools and Departments within the Faculty of Science. The patents cited below may be viewed on the internet at http://patft.uspto.gov/netahtml/srchnum.html .

Intellectual property protection: The United States Patent and Trade Office (USPTO) is the largest institution in the world involved in the examination and approval of patent applications. Located on the outskirts of Washington, DC the USPTO houses almost 4000 patent examiners, each of whom is responsible for the judging and approval (or rejection) of United States patent applications. Two years ago I had the exciting opportunity to visit this huge building complex and to meet the patent examiner who was handling my 5th United States patent application. I was there to address some objections which he had expressed. The meeting was very successful and as a result we were granted the patent for “Treatment of Sewage Sludge” (United States Patent No. 6,808,636). The process is now being commercialized by a spin-off company from my laboratory, Lystek International, in collaboration with Waterloo’s international environmental engineering company, CRA and other partners. In the knowledge-based economy, where science and technology increasingly represents the core capital or value of businesses, it is essential that these companies have a means with which to protect their technology-based products, processes and services, also known as intellectual property (IP). Patents provide the means by which companies and/or researchers and investors in research receive protection of their intellectual property, so that they can commercialize the results. In return for inventors sharing their breakthroughs with the public, countries provide them with sole rights of commercialization and protection of inventions for a period of about 20 years, to provide them with the opportunity to realize the resulting commercial benefits. Many of our Scientists at Waterloo are inventors who have been granted patents such that their technologies can be made available for commercialization through spin-off or established companies, through licensing agreements or by other arrangements with industrial partners. Some examples of scientific breakthroughs which have been made by our Science Professors are highlighted below. In each case the researchers applied for and were granted patents by the Canadian and/or United States Patent Office and in some cases by other jurisdictions also.

Waterloo Scientists Develop Intellectual Propertyby Professor Owen Ward, Director of Waterloo Science and Business Programs

7

Cleaning up our water supplies: In our Earth Sciences Department technologies related to remediation of contaminated groundwater and soil have been patented. Professor Gillham and his co-inventors have developed and exploited metal-mediated processes for degradation of highly toxic chlorinated organic compounds in water (United States Patent No. 5,868,941). Professor Blowes and his co-researcher invented methods for purification of water involving use of metal oxide which can adsorb certain inorganic contaminants, increase pH and precipitate calcium and some phosphates (United States Patent No. 5,876,606). Other professors in the Earth Sciences Department have developed methods for remediation of contaminants in groundwater aquifers and clays. In one widely used system, known as the funnel and gate system, contaminated groundwater is directed using in-ground walls so that it passes through materials capable of degrading the contaminant (United States Patent No. 5,487,622).

Synthesis of useful chemicals and new analytical methods: Some of the research in our Chemistry Department focuses on developing new methods for synthesis of useful molecules and polymers as well as establishing better methods for analysis of selected natural chemicals and undesired contaminants present in the environment. Professor Pawliszyn (United States Patent No. 5496741) has pioneered a method for analysis of low concentrations of volatile organic compounds, such as some of the components present in petroleum, by first concentrating the contaminant on a suitable contaminant adsorbing material in a process known as solid phase microextraction (SPME). SPME has been used successfully for analyzing volatile and semivolatile compounds in aqueous and in more complex samples such as soil and sludge and as such these methods are particularly applicable for environmental analysis. Other researchers invented methods for using specific chemical complexes in the polymerization of olefins to produce polyethylene and other polymers (United States Patent No. 6268448). A process for controlling the molecular weights of certain kinds of chemical polymers (United States Patent No. 6194343) was also developed.

Prolonging shelf life of fruits and other plants, controlling cell death in animals and humans: In our Biology Department Professor Thompson and his collaborators have developed a number of strategies for control of senescence in fruits, vegetables and flowers. One method involved identification and characterization of natural molecules and their derivatives which inhibited ethylene formation associated with senescence and which prolonged the shelf life of perishable fruit (United States Patent 5087417). Molecular biological approaches have also been patented whereby genetic sequences encoding enzymes and other factors associated with senescence can be manipulated to regulate the mechanisms involved in programmed cell death (apoptosis) in plants, thereby delaying senescence. Genes encoding similar factors in animals and humans are also induced at the onset of apoptosis and molecular methods and biochemical strategies are available to modulate apoptosis in these species (United States Patent 6,867,237).

From plant molecular markers to antifreeze proteins: Also in our Biology Department Professor Moffatt patented specific purified genetic material, which encodes a specific enzyme, from the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. This cDNA material has a variety of potentially useful applications in molecular and cellular biotechnology (United States Patent No. 5,770,718). Some related work is described in United States Patent No. 5,869,320. Our esteemed colleague, Professor Griffith (recently deceased), recognized that certain protein polymers present in cells of plants which are tolerant to frost have antifreeze properties and envisaged applications of these unusual proteins in preventing the formation of ice crystals in frozen foods (United States Patent No. 5,972,679).

Treatment of high volume organic wastes: from petroleum to sewage sludges: My research colleagues and I have invented a number of processes in the area of petroleum biotechnology. In one of these processes hazardous petroleum sludges, produced during oil refining, are biodegraded in an accelerated bioreactor-based process (United States Patent No. 6,652,752). In another process microorganisms are used to catalyze the breaking of oil-water emulsions which develop when crude oils are recovered at oil wells and are difficult to separate (United States Patent No. 6,171,500). Other patented inventions from this group use hydrophobic materials, such as polystyrene to remove contaminating oil (United States Patent No. 6,153,017) or hazardous contaminants (United States Patent No. 6,251,058) from soil. The safe disposal of sewage sludges (otherwise known as biosolids) by municipalities represents a major environmental challenge and is also a business opportunity estimated to be worth 10 billion dollars per annum in North America alone. Our team has developed and patented a cost-effective process for eliminating pathogens present in these sludges and for producing a concentrate which may be easily injected into agricultural land as a fertilizer. This process has been scaled up and the commercializing spin-off company from the University, Lystek International, is implementing strategies to have this technology widely used in Canada, in the United States and in other world markets.

A perfect learning setting for our Science and Business students: These selected examples illustrate how scientific research at University of Waterloo serves the community and the economy by creating solutions and technology in support of industry and business. This highly creative and innovative technology development and commercialization environment provides the perfect learning setting for our excellent Science and Business students. You, as Waterloo students, will be inspired by our professors who are outstanding teachers and researchers. You will be encouraged to become high calibre scientists, enriched with business. You will be well prepared to become leaders in the new economy.

8

The Science and Business Ambassadors are a newly formed group of volunteers working in association with the Science and Business resource centre. We are a group of eleven science and business students from all three streams (Science and Business, Biotechnology/ Chartered Accountancy and Biotechnology/ Economics). We are from various years of our program and we are dedicated to helping our fellow peers through a mentoring program. Established in September 2005, we have already bridged the gap between the three streams and set up a system of contact with all Sci/Bus undergraduate students – our peers. We are currently in the process of planning events involving alumni and the making of valuable employer contacts. Our goal will continue to be focused toward the enhancement of the Science and Business program by making connections between prospective students, current students and alumni. For more information please visit: www.scibus.uwaterloo.ca/people/ambassadors.

The Science Committee of Revolutionary Undergraduate Business Students (SCRUBS) hosts an annual conference at the University of Waterloo. The concept of holding a student-run Science and Business conference was developed by Diana Low (SCRUBS President, 2003), and it has become an annual tradition since. The conference is a great opportunity to extend student learning beyond the classroom with keynote symposia, seminars and interactive sessions. The conference attracts industry guests, faculty members, and like-minded students from a variety of disciplines. The conference enables Science and Business students to network with representatives from the industry as well as with each other. Delegates gain knowledge from speakers, and are also introduced to different corporate cultures. Many industry guests (including sponsors and speakers) are open to discussing employment opportunities, which represents an additional incentive for students to attend the conference. Students who get involved with the conference preparations are challenged to raise the bar above and beyond the success of the previous year. The conference organizers get great satisfaction and experience from volunteering their time and effort towards a successful event. The conference allows students to help increase awareness of their unique multi-disciplinary programs through interaction with the industry, media and other university students. Whether you choose to help to plan the event, in terms of hospitality, marketing, finance and program coordination, or attend the conference as a delegate, you will find the experience invaluable.

students helping studentsby Jas Banwait,Fourth Year Science and Business Student

from “science to business” - the annual conference reportby Saba Rehmani,Third Year Science and Business Student

Meet Jamie…Name: Jamie SooProgram: Biotechnology/CAYear: 4th Year

His extracurricular involvements:Being in this program has given me the opportunity to become involved in many different ways on campus. I was involved in the Accounting Students Association, a student run society that represents all accounting students. From this experience, I had the opportunity to lead a team of 16 directors and 30+ subcommittee members in enriching the lives of the accounting students by organizing, term by term, many different professional development and social events. Being a part of the Sci/Bus Ambassador team is also an extremely valuable learning experience. I learned about the different facets of science and met many extremely intelligent and interesting people.

As an Impact conference organizer, I had the opportunity to negotiate a partnership with the University of British Columbia, arrange Harry Rosen as the keynote speaker, and form solid working relationships with academic organizations such as UBC Commerce Undergraduate Society. These were all extremely valuable experiences, and the lessons I have learned will benefit me for the rest of my life.

His advice to new students:Try to get involved! It’s a great learning experience and a great way to make friends!

THE SCIENCE AND BUSINESS UPDATE

For more information please visit: www.scibus.uwaterloo.ca

9

THE SCIENCE AND BUSINESS UPDATE

providing students with an opportunityby Ryan McCartney,Third Year Science and Business Student

Did you ever wonder how your Students’ Council managed to host all of those cool events that you went to? Did you ever wish you could get more involved with your program, school, or peers with the same interests? If you were interested in Science and Business before, you’ll be happy to know that when you come to Waterloo, there are opportunities galore for you to get involved! SCRUBS (Science Committee of Revolutionary Undergraduate Business Students) is your community club for students in the Science and Business, Biotechnology/CA, and Biotechnology/Economics programs. Each term SCRUBS elects a new group of representatives from the program to assist in planning and executing events that encourage social and educational interactions amongst like-minded students in the program. Our goal is to enhance the community of the Science and Business program by bringing learning opportunities to students who share academic and career objectives. We also strive to inspire our peers to interact with their surroundings so that they are able to get the most value out of their university experience. Since you are paying for it, you might as well take advantage of as many learning, networking, and social opportunities as soon as you can! From speakers to sports, some recent events that SCRUBS has hosted include: a “Learning to Network” session, a Poker tournament, a Dinner Etiquette presentation, a Camping Trip and a Wine Etiquette seminar. SCRUBS will also be hosting an annual, single day conference endorsing the concept of “From Science to Business”. The conference is specifically designed to give students a chance to meet potential employers, learn about what’s hot in Science and Business, and hear from industry leaders in the field. This year’s conference will be held on March 11, 2006 at the university and titled The Driving Force: From Science to Business. For more information on SCRUBS and how you can get involved when you arrive on campus, email us at scibus@gmail.com and visit our website: www.scrubs.uwaterloo.ca.

The Driving Force: From Science to Business

2006 Conference Details

March 11th, 2006@ University of Waterloo, Davis Centre

A time to network, to gain insight and to take home valuable information about the direction of Science and how it drives

business today.

Registration opens February 1, 2006Visit: www.scrubs.uwaterloo.ca

Meet Liz…Name: Elizabeth GoreProgram: Science & Business Chemistry Co-opYear: 4B

Why she chose the program:I chose Sci/Bus because it gave me the opportunity to merge what I love (Science) and what I’m good at (Business) as well as giving me the advantage of having two disciplines when I reach the work force.

Her international experience:I took full advantage of the exchange program offered at UW and spent my 3rd year in Australia at the University of Queensland. I definitely recommend this international experience to everyone; I had the opportunity to see a wonderful part of the world, meet people from all over and at the same time finished a year of study.

10

The emergence of a global trading regime can be traced to the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT), a multilateral free trade organization (succeeded by the WTO in 1995), with the main objective of creating one big economic community of all nations with market economies. In recent years we have seen a major structural transformation in the world economy. This is due in part to the fact that the USA’s strength as an economic power has been shared by others, mainly the European Union (EU) and Japan, and more recently China and India. Canada joined in the trend toward globalizationwhen they worked with the United States to create the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) which officially commenced in January 1994. The focus, of course, was on the liberalization of trade relations with the United States, seeking to open up the continent to increased tariff-free trade and investment. NAFTA is also the most comprehensive free trade pact negotiated between regional trading partners. The Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (FTA), on which NAFTA was based, was in itself the first agreement of its kind to explicitly cover trade in financial services. NAFTA was more liberalizing than that. Its innovations included the freeing up of agricultural trade and trade in textiles, areas which were not covered under GATT until the conclusion of the Uruguay Round that started in 1986. It also includes protection of intellectual property rights, rules against distortions to investment, coverage of transportation services, and opens up financial services even further than FTA did. Having discussed that, there is little doubt that the business environment for science and technology in a global context is also changing radically. Science, technology and innovation are central to improved economic performance. Science and technology are influencing society as never before. Scientific achievements continue to expand the frontier of knowledge at a sustained pace and increasingly contribute

to technological progress that effects our ways of living and working. One of the key features influencing the use of new technologies in countries is the changing character of research and development (R&D) and the associated processes of globalization. It is clear that science, technology and innovation policies need to adapt to the needs of globalization. At the same time, science, technology and innovation are becoming increasingly global. The combined R&D expenditures of China, Israel and Russia were equivalent to 15% of those of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries in 2001, up from 6.4% in 1995. The OECD consists of 30 member nations including the United States, Canada, Japan, and members of the EU. Within many OECD countries, the share of R&D performed by foreign affiliates of multinational enterprises (MNEs) has also increased. Hence the argument that globalization is an ‘uncontrollable phenomenon’ does not hold ground anymore as it is now a planned activity for some nations. This is evident by the progress made by India and China in various global domains. According to the OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2005, the importance of non-OECD-countries in driving global innovation is increasing quickly. Proof of that comes from China that has become the third largest R&D performer behind the United States and Japan. Today, economic progress rides on advances in technology, the increased globalization of markets and the emergence of liberal trading regimes that are fundamentally changing the way nations conduct their business. Long removed from an economy based almost exclusively on natural resources, countries such as Canada are rapidly moving toward a knowledge-based economy built on innovation and technology. The new economy is also a ‘smarter’ economy: Canada’s

A view from Globalization:The Impact on Science and Technology

I will start the first article of a series to come in subsequent editions with the word “Globalization”. Some of us want more of it, yet we have also observed, at some global conferences, that others are against it. For example, during the Ministerial Conference in Hong Kong (December 2005) protesters showed their extreme displeasure with the concept of globalization. Furthermore, some of us are totally oblivious of the word and what it means. The emergence of a new global economy has given shape to a new set of rules being laid down for the nation state system. This is largely due to the fact that the institutional structures are being realigned through multilateral institutions such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), the United Nations (UN), the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

by Kashif Memon Science and Business Advisor/Coordinator

11

priority fields. Japan and the Slovak Republic, for example, have increased the autonomy of universities or transformed them into private or quasiprivate institutions and removed obstacles to their co-operation with industry. And of course the University of Waterloo is a world leader in this area, through its co-op program and by encouraging its professors to commercialize their technology by leaving ownership of that technology with the researchers. Funding structures have also been changed in many countries to make universities and government laboratories less dependent on institutional funding and more reliant on competitively awarded project funds for research. Many countries have stepped up efforts to evaluate public research organizations, with a view toward improving the quality of teaching and research. In recent years the United Kingdom and Australia have implemented a number of new measures to attract foreign and expatriate workers and have taken benefit of a large pool of international students wanting to get into western universities. This is also an opportunity for Canadian universities to tap into the huge pool of international applicants from developing countries vying to get places in academic institutions. From this introductory piece on globalization, we have a fair understanding of the vast opportunities present worldwide for our talented pool of students. While much discussion has focused on the potential down-sides to globalization – i.e. movement of labor and loss of jobs to other countries, as well as loss of control to foreign-owned enterprises – there is a need to recognize the benefits to home and host countries and design policies to capture those benefits. Policies designed to limit globalization may not be effective means of strengthening domestic economies, as they will limit links to important sources of knowledge and productivity growth. The focus should be on managing the relationship between innovation and science to ensure a sustainable development of human resources, whether they exist in the developing or developed world. Globalization should encourage the competitiveness of the work force. Consequently, the spill over effect should be to improve domestic economies to take advantage of foreign direct investment (FDI), by encouraging linkages with local firms and suppliers in down stream industries. A classic example of this is the Indian automobile industry, where one of the major changes in the industry has been the opening up and growth of several emerging markets. India is one of the most important emerging car economies in the world today. In 1991, the Government of India embarked on an ambitious structural adjustment program aimed at economic liberalization, based on the pillars of Delicensing, Decontrol, Deregulation and Devaluation, all outfalls of global opportunities. As of April 1997, a total of 7 automakers (Daewoo, Peugeot, Fiat, Ford, General Motors, Mercedes, Audi) had started selling cars, while another 8 companies (Honda, Mitsubishi, Renault, VW, BMW, Toyota, Hyundai, Chrysler) either began operations in India or planned to start soon. Some Indian companies like Telco and Kinetic are also working on introducing small car models. Hence, Globalization is a two-way process and to benefit from this, nations have to take advantage of global opportunities. There has to be a clear demonstration of the ability to participate in the global race. Entrepreneurial opportunities emerge when certain countries have insights into the value of global resources that others do not.

knowledge-intensive industries are generating advances in their abilities to produce high-tech machinery, equipment and products, and encouraging industrial innovation as a result. The liberalization of trade through the WTO and the NAFTA has reduced the costs associated with international trade, increased production and encouraged specialization. This rapid diffusion of information and communication technologies has cut transportation costs and improved delivery times. Technological progress and productivity gains in the global marketplace have also lowered prices of many goods. As a result, Canadians are enhancing an already strong reliance on international trade, particularly in North America. Indeed, with a small domestic market, the steady expansion of multilateral trade is critical to the structure of the Canadian economy and to the continued prosperity of the nation. Globalization is also leading to the increased specialization of trades and the diffusion of technology. This has given rise to knowledge based employees and executives making them an indispensable asset in the international trade environment. Renewed attention is being directed to ways of tapping into science, technology and innovation to achieve economic and societal objectives. The continued transition to more knowledge-based economies, coupled with growing competition from developing countries, has increased the race towards the creation, diffusion and exploitation of scientific and technological knowledge, as well as other intellectual assets, as a means of enhancing growth and productivity. High-technology industries account for a growing share of world-wide international trade and can be expected to play a significant role in economic activity. With the requisite skills, training and education needed to participate effectively in high-tech industries, knowledge based workers are finding themselves in great demand the world over. These include commercial services that have also been leading Canada’s growth in exports since the 1990s. Commercial services play a key role in Canada’s success on international markets, as they account for nearly half of Canada’s international trade in services. This importance will be reinforced by trends like globalization and advances in information and communications technologies that increase the tradability of commercial services. These include services in the communications, construction, insurance and other financial sectors. They also include computer and information services, royalties and license fees, non-financial commissions, equipment rentals, advertising and related activities. Other service areas include research and development, architectural, engineering and other technical support activities, miscellaneous services to business, the audio-visual sector, and personal, cultural and recreational services. Also included are the high-growth and high technology sectors such as: biopharmaceuticals, telecommunications, bioagriculture, and geomatics. Despite financial constraints, many governments around the world are committed to increasing R&D spending. Several countries, as well as the EU, have established explicit targets for boosting R&D expenditures, by both the public and private sectors. Public money is increasingly aimed at scientific and technological fields believed to have great economic and societal value, in particular, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), biotechnology and nanotechnology. Several countries, including Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Norway, have created special funds to finance research in

12

PROFESSOR PROFILE

Dr. Elisabeth Daub ~ Reviewing the Basics, Teaching the Concepts

by Jasmine Lamba,

Fourth Year Science and Business Student

The University of Waterloo has long been hailed as one of the top comprehensive universities in Canada. This is partly attributed to the competence and expertise of the faculty and staff. The University of Waterloo holds some of the highest regarded intellects in Canada who lecture and guide the minds of future scholars and professionals. Their teaching provides the fundamental tools that current students will use to formulate a successful career in the future.

Elisabeth Daub is currently a Chemistry professor at the University of Waterloo. Her extensive research, education and lecturing experience make her an excellent candidate to profile. Dr. Daub finished her undergraduate degree at Pomona College in Claremont, California before completing her Ph.D. at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Famous for its advancements in the science and technology sectors, the culture of MIT fits well with the highly academic and applied nature of the University of Waterloo. As an undergraduate student, Elisabeth Daub investigated the ubiquitous enzyme, glyoxalase-1. It has been eluded that this enzyme is involved in detoxification; however, its function is yet to be proven. Her research focus changed while at MIT where she studied the biosynthesis of the cell wall in bacteria. Since the completion of her Ph.D., Dr. Daub has reverted back to the elusive enzyme glyoxalase-1. She is currently working in cooperation with Dr. Honek, also a University of Waterloo professor and, coincidentally, Dr.Daub’s husband. The two collaborate on further research focused on glyoxalase-1; its function, use, and relevance in the cell and body. Although Dr. Daub’s research is significant, her primary role is as a lecturer. Undergraduate science students at UW meet Dr. Daub in their second year of study within the context of an introductory biochemistry course. This is the first instance where students are exposed to the cohesion of biology and chemistry. Consequently, Dr. Daub strives to simplify the information while teaching the course. Many times, this involves recapping on the basics of biology and chemistry, as if to answer questions in the minds of many of

the students sitting in her lectures. This approach is greatly appreciated by students as it helps to ease them into the subject of biochemistry while providing them with the relevant knowledge needed for future courses. As chemistry and biochemistry specialization students progress through their undergraduate degrees, they have the opportunity to take courses on metabolism and advanced biochemistry under Dr. Daub’s instruction. At this point Dr.Daub emphasizes application rather than memorization. The course curriculum calls for students to propose their own mechanisms and enzyme side chain activity without any previous exposure to, or knowledge about, the particular chemical reaction. A study of relevant and current journal articles helps to achieve an understanding of the latest research. Students learn the art of reading scientific articles and of comprehending and interpreting the results. These courses prepare students for graduate studies as well as future careers where it is necessary to work with autonomy. The University of Waterloo employs many high-quality professors in numerous fields of study. In the Chemistry department, Elisabeth Daub’s easy going and friendly personality make her approachable to many otherwise shy students. Her teaching style adapts to the level of difficulty of the courses and provides students with the skills needed at that time. It is professors like Dr. Daub that shape students into efficient and capable employees. We thank them for their efforts.

Meet Shazeen…Name: Shazeen Bandukwala Program: Science & Business BioChem Year: 3A

Why she chose the program: Sci/Bus provides the chance to become more academically well-rounded. The small program size and specialized courses are a major bonus too.

Why she chose UW:The common answer here is Co-op and I’m no exception - almost. A combined Science and Business program is not offered at any other University in Ontario, aside from UW, and that was my main reason. Her experience with SCRUBS:Currently I am the VP for SCRUBS- the Science and Business Student’s Society club. Why am I doing it? Because I did similar extracurricular activities in high school and I didn’t want that to end in university. What am I getting out of it? Everything. It has been a terrific experience so far - one that has been challenging and exciting. It has also helped me build a stronger science and business community, make some contacts, but more importantly, experience something new. Her advice to new students:University life spans so much further than the classroom. Get involved (and I’m not just talking about extracurricular activities either!) and experience as much as you can. You’d be surprised at how quickly 4 (or even 5) years go!

Program OutlinesBiotechnology / Chartered Accountancy

Biotechnology / EconomicsScience and Business

14

Our Biotechnology/Chartered Accountancy program is geared towards providing students pursuing careers in the accounting profession with the requisite technical experience to make them more effective in interacting with and working in modern technology intensive organizations. This unique program integrates advanced courses in biology, biochemistry, and biotechnology with studies in financial management, accounting, auditing, and taxation.

This program provides a unique opportunity that gives students an integrated educational experience while preparing them for a role in providing accounting and advisory services in the rapidly growing science and technology business sector of the economy. Offered through the co-op system only, graduates may choose to continue to obtain their Certified Chartered Accountant designation.

Course Guide by Term:

Coop Schedule

Fall 2006 (1A) - SchoolWinter 2007 (1B) - School

Spring 2007 - OFF

Fall 2007 (2A) - SchoolWinter 2008 - Co-op

Spring 2008 (2B) - School

Fall 2008 (3A) - SchoolWinter 2009 - Co-opSpring 2009 - Co-op

Fall 2009 (3B) - SchoolWinter 2010 (4A) - School

Spring 2010 - Co-op

Fall 2010 (4B) - SchoolWinter 2011 - MAcc *Spring 2011 - MAcc *

MAcc* - Masters of Accounancy

Biotechnology / Chartered Accountancy

“The diverse classes have allowed me to bring a different perspective to solving problems and conceptualizing ideas in the accounting world.” Ryan Moynes, 2004 MAcc, 2004 B.Sc. Biotechnology/CA

At Work (Co-op and Alumni)

Staff Accounant - Deloitte

Research and Validation Analyst - GlaxoSmithKline

Microbiology Research Technician - Environment /

Agricultural Canada

Audit - Deloitte & Touche LLP

This is only a suggested program outline. For complete details about courses (titles, descriptions, etc.) please visit:http://www.scibus.uwaterloo.ca/corecourses.html orhttp://www.scibus.uwaterloo.ca/academic/biotechca.html

15

Biotechnology / Economics

The Waterloo Biotechnology/Economics program has a specific technical focus on biotechnology which will impact many facets of our lives including healthcare, food and agriculture, energy and the environment. This program integrates fundamental principles and applications of biotechnology with a more specialized business focus on economics.

This relatively new program is offered through the co-op system only. Career opportunities vary from working for a pharmaceutical company to a brokerage house, from a bank or government agency to a research firm or consulting company. Waterloo’s Biotechnology/Economics program can uniquely qualify you to capitalize on the opportunities created by the expanding field of biotechnology.

Coop Schedule

Fall 2006 (1A) - SchoolWinter 2007 (1B) - School

Spring 2007 - OFF

Fall 2007 (2A) - SchoolWinter 2008 - Co-op

Spring 2008 (2B) - School

Fall 2008 - Co-opWinter 2009 (3A) - School

Spring 2009 - Co-op

Fall 2009 (3B) - SchoolWinter 2010 - Co-opSprint 2010 - Co-op

Fall 2010 (4A) - SchoolWinter 2011 (4B) - School

GRADUATION!

At Work (Co-op and Alumni)

Sales Analyst - PetroCanInvestment Manager

Research Officer - National Taiwan University

Chief Economic OfficerPolicy Strategist

Business Analyst - CIBC World Markets

“The Biotech/Econ program at Waterloo, apart from being the only one in Canada, has given me dual capabilites; analytical and innovative skills as an economist, as well as a sound scientific background.” Zahra Musa, Fourth Year Biotech/Econ Student

For complete details about courses (titles, descriptions, etc.) please visit:http://www.scibus.uwaterloo.ca/corecourses.html orhttp://www.scibus.uwaterloo.ca/academic/biotechecon.html

Course Guide by Term:

Leticia Kwok,Fourth Year Biotech/Econ Student:

~ Student Representative for her program

~ Leticia is very interested in Entrepreneurship and plans on exploring the possibilities of starting her own company.

16

Honours Science & Business

fall term Management (AFM 131)Calculus 1 for the Sciences (MATH 127)* Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter (CHEM 120/L) Introduction to Microeconomics (ECON 101) SCIENCE Elective - depends upon the specialization you have chosen

* Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Biology Specializations take MATH 109 in the Fall term and no MATH course in the Winter term

First Year Courses:

Our technology-driven world requires a new type of business professional. To remain competitive the business person of the 21st century needs to increasingly understand the technologies that underpin modern enterprises and be able to speak the language of science-based clients. As technological developments are introduced at an ever-increasing pace, there is a demand for individuals with the ability to integrate and apply scientific know-how in the world of business. Waterloo’s Science and Business programs are designed to produce graduates who can excel in fields as diverse as high-tech stock and mutual funds, technical sales, marketing, accountancy, pharmaceutical sales,

economic forecasting, business development as well as in the areas of technology development and commercialization and project management. Our programs prepare students to compete and prosper in the current technology-intensive global market place. These programs attract very high caliber student entrants. Consistent with the University of Waterloo’s technology and business oriented mission, Waterloo’s Science and Business-related programs have been developed to serve the important needs of modern national and international businesses. Our mission is to deliver outstanding highly sought-after graduates to the private and public sector work force.

winter term Science & Business Workshop 1 (SCI 123)Calculus 2 for the Sciences (MATH 128)* Concepts for Advanced Computer Usage (CS 200) Chemical Reactions, Equilibria and Kinetics (CHEM 123/L)Management of Business Organizations (SCI 122)SCIENCE Elective - depends upon the specialization you have chosen

Understanding Course Codes:AFM - Accounting and Financial Management AFM 123:Accounting Info for Managers, AFM 131:Management, AFM 231: Buiness Law, etc...SCI - Science and Business Workshop Course SCI courses are designed for Science and Business and Biotech/Econ students and are taken once every year.ECON - Economics (Micro / Macro) ECON 221:Statistics, ECON 344:Principles of Marketing, ECON 371:Business Finance, etc...

For a Complete Listing of Course Codes and Course Titles for all SciBus Programs please visit: www.scibus.uwaterloo.ca/corecourses.html

17

BIOTECHNOLOGY (CO-OP)

“The theories we learned, combined with the research projects and presentations we did, involving researching some of the up and coming businesses and technologies, really helped to tie the subjects of Science and Business together. We learned about all stages of Science in Business, from Start-up Companies to the long-term power player. The business of science is slightly different than regular business and I felt these classes really addressed those differences.” Natalie Assoud, 2004 B.Sc. Science and Business

HYDROGEOLOGY (CO-OP)

8 Specializations:

BiologyBiochemistryBiotechnologyChemistryEnvironmental SciencesHydrogeologyNo SpecializationPhysics

For full (co-op and regular)program outlines for all 8 Specializations please visit: www.scibus.uwaterloo.ca/academic/course_outlines_2006_entry.html

Science and Business CO-OP students at work

Project Analyst, University Health Network Product Marketing Manager, Research in Motion Marketing Strategist, Voice and Data Solutions, Bell Canada-SympaticoSpecial Project & Buyer Support, GM Canada Business Development Intern, MDS Proteomics Product Marketing Associate (Desktop Products), Microsoft Canada

The SCI Workshop CoursesThe cutting edge of this program is captured in our workshops where scientific background is amalgamated with strong business fundamentals. These workshops infuse an ability within our students to critically scrutinize business problems of technical companies (including detailed product knowledge) using analytical thought.

Course Guides by Term ~ 2 examples:

18

CO-OP

Workshops Now, after just completing my third year in SciBus-Biology I can honestly say that the one aspect of the program that truly sets it apart, and is enjoyed by all the students, is the Science and Business workshops. These workshops are integrated into our program each year and give us the opportunity to learn exactly how science and business are integrated together by examining real life examples and applications. The learning methods range from class discussions, to case studies, to group work, to presentations and even guest speaker presentations. This class offers an excellent opportunity to develop skills necessary to work independently as well as to develop analytical and presentation skills that are valued by employers.

Co-op In addition to the great academic environment, Co-op has definitely helped enrich my university education. I found that the skills I gained through my courses at Waterloo were easily transferable to my Co-op work settings. My first Co-op experience was as a Research Analyst with the Ministry of Finance. It was here that I received the opportunity to assist in conducting economic analysis for the 2004 Ontario budget. I have also worked as a Research Assistant at Princess Margaret Hospital at the Familial Ovarian Cancer Clinic. These opportunities have allowed me to realize just how many

Sukirtha Tharmalingam, Third year Science and Business student (Biology)

professions demand employees to have the knowledge of a scientist and the interpersonal and soft skills of the business world. I am relieved and excited that I can gain both of these components from the Science and Business program at Waterloo. This job also sparked in me an interest in cancer research. I am currently working at Toronto Sunnybrook Regional Cancer Centre as a Clinical Research Assistant. This current co-op placement requires me to interact with different health care professionals and patients on a daily basis, while maintaining the ability to conduct research independently. Co-op has truly allowed me to explore a variety of potential career paths and has allowed me to find out where my interests lie with the added benefit of a break away from classes every four months to a new and exciting location.

Personal Support I have found an enormous amount of support is available from the Science and Business program team. They truly want to see students excel and meet their goals. I personally have benefited from the individual attention I have received and feel more confident with my career strategy. The structure of the Science and Business program gives the opportunity to network and build relations that will support the achievement of everyone’s goals.

Hope to see you at Waterloo!

While I was in high school, I was not sure of what I wanted to do but I didn’t want to limit my learning process to one field. The Science and Business program is giving me several choices for building my career path and opens windows to many new career opportunities. It wasn’t until after my first full year of science courses that I realized my interests were focused in Biology. I quickly changed my Science and Business specialization to Biology so that I would be able to do more coursework in this field. I have just completed my third year in Science and Business.

“The structure of the Science and Business program gives the opportunity to network and build relations that will support the achievement of everyone’s goals.”

For more information about Co-op please visit: www.cecs.uwaterloo.ca

19

CO-OP

I am currently in my fourth Co-op term working for the Government of Canada as an Assistant Project Manager. I have been a student at the University of Waterloo since September 2002 and I am a huge fan of my program. I feel that Science and Business is one of the best and most innovative programs in Canada. The Science and Business program demands a lot from students but the effort is well rewarded. Science and Business will force you to learn in different ways. How I study and prepare for chemistry exams is completely different from how I study for economics or finance tests. By learning different ways to learn we have a superior ability to adapt and deal with new challenges. In addition to this, with technology’s accelerating learning curve there is an increasing demand for clear communication between the average consumer, and the scientist in the lab inventing new medicines and devices. Science and Business will give you the tools to fluently communicate with both markets by developing in you the communication skills to effectively present and explain these concepts to others. Perhaps one of my favourite things about the program is the camaraderie that you develop with other Science and Business students. Science at Waterloo is a huge faculty but you’ll often find that many Science and Business students are sitting next to you in class, and as such camaraderie develops.

I am also a strong believer in the Co-op program at Waterloo. Be forewarned, however, that moving every four months can make you feel like a nomad! The skills you develop through Co-op work placements enhance your learning in the classroom. Co-op allows students to develop practical ‘real-world’ skills as well as the skills they learn in the classroom. In addition to all of this, with a planned budget, I have been able to use Co-op to pay off my entire university fees and I hope to be debt-free when I graduate. If you want to take on responsibility and make the most of your opportunities you will gain great experience in the Co-op program. These are examples of some of the responsibilities I’ve had at previous coop placements:• Conducted competitor market analysis with recommendations on how best to increase market share• Responsible for the preliminary stages of launching an entirely new product in Canada• Front-line manager at a manufacturing plant with authority for over 100 employees at a time• Independently involved in a process improvement project that increased the efficiency of manufacturing operations I am very happy that I chose Science and Business as my undergraduate degree. Often people will ask me what this program is all about and the simple answer is: “I’m preparing myself to be a leader of tomorrow’s technology.”

Peter Cronin, Third year Science and Business student (Chemistry)

Meet Saba…Name: Saba RehmaniProgram: Science & Business (Co-op), BiochemistryYear: 3B

Why she chose the program:I always LOVED Science, but I knew that my career goals differed from those who pursue a typical Bachelor of Science. Some people choose Science and Business so that they don’t need to close either door. I believe that our multi-disciplinary program provides an invaluable combination of skills, and thus chose the program to open entirely new doors!

Her involvement with SCRUBS:As past SCRUBS President (2004/2005) and Conference Chair of the second annual SCRUBS conference, “Keys for Success: From Science to Business,” I encourage everyone to get involved to make the most of their university career. My experience in those roles has helped to enhance my leadership skills, and provided me with additional insight to event management, marketing strategy, and more. Employers value involvement with extracurricular activities, and I have been truly fortunate to have a wide variety of co-op placements at large, multi-national corporations including S.C. Johnson, Eli Lilly Canada and Microsoft Canada.

Her advice to new students:It is never too early or too late to find an initiative that you are passionate about and help shape its success. Bottom line: get involved and have fun!

“If you want to take on responsibility and make the most of your opportunities you will gain great experience in the Co-op program.”

Editor’s Note: Saba Rehmani was a recipient of the Science and Business Leadership Awards for 2005.

20

The State of the Industry:

The Biotechnology Industry in Canada

by Al Lalani, Fourth Year Biotechnology/Economics Student

The scientific revolution during the 20th century led to the spawning of thousands of biotechnology companies globally, including hundreds in Canada. These innovative companies are developing a broad spectrum of products which are transforming our everyday lives from the food we eat, the healthcare we receive to the integrity of our physical environment. This revolution will improve our health and environment, maintain our high standard of living and build the knowledge-based economy. The impact of this revolution may be more dramatic than that of the telecommunication and computers era. Canada has developed a comprehensive strategy aimed at keeping our country as a leader in Biotech. Leading the world in areas such as vaccines, stem cell research, and plant biotechnology, Canada now houses over 490 innovative biotech companies. Canada is second, to the US, with respect to the number of biotech companies. The importance of this industry has helped Canada to become the third largest producer of genetically modified crops. In the area of therapeutics, Canada has over 540 products either already on the market or in development (22% are in Phase II or Phase III clinical trails). The health sector accounts for more than 80 percent of Canadian and global investment in biotech Research and Development (R&D). The Canadian Genetic Diseases Network has been associated with the discovery of over 50 human disease genes. Biotechnology also brings controversy to our country. The ability to manipulate life forms has caused a wide debate on the principles and ethics of interfering with nature. Some innovations challenge the values of our society and have forced Canadians to confront complex ethical issues. A prominent concern deals with privacy issues on genetic testing. Should individuals’ information be made accessible, potential discrimination may result on specific genetic predispositions. As a result, in the late 1990’s the government of Canada undertook consultations to gauge the concerns of Canadians within this expanding industry. The Canadian Biotechnology Strategy Task Force was created in 1997 to establish values on the issues of biotechnology leading to the creation of the 1998 Canadian Biotechnology Strategy, a blueprint to enhance daily lives, with regard to safety, innovation and health.

Distribution of Innovative Biotech Companies

From 1997 to 2003 Canada had a 74% increase in the number of innovative biotechnology firms. The largest portion of this growth, however, was primarily observed during a three year excessive growth phase. Even so, Canada has a lot of room for growth since the majority of biotechnology firms have less than 50 employees. Medium and large size firms make up 16% and 12% respectively, of the total.

21

The biotechnology industry contains 4 sectors: Human Health, Agriculture and Food Processing, Environment and Other. At the end of 2003, firms in the Human Health sector accounted for 51% of the Canadian biotech industry while those in Agriculture and Food Processing accounted for 28%. Canada is most strongly advancing in the Agriculture and Food Processing as well as in the Human Health sectors. The annual growth rates, from 1997 to 2003, for the Agriculture and Food Processing, Human Health, Environment and Other sectors were 26, 25, 7 and 18% respectively. The majority of firms (70%) tend to locate in Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia. While the other provinces only host a small number of innovative biotech companies, the growth in these areas is also substantial, especially in the Prairies, where the number of firms doubled from 44 to 99 between 2001 and 2003. Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver are the most popular cities in all of Canada in which biotechnology companies establish.

Revenue Growth and Division

Revenue growth can be used as an indicator of future sustainability and profitability. It is essential, however, to differentiate between revenues generated from specific biotechnology-related activities and total revenues of biotechnology firms. From 1997 to 2003 total revenues of all biotechnology firms doubled, whereas their revenues from specific biotechnology-related activities more than quadrupled. Specific biotechnology-related revenues in 2003 were $3.8 billion, as compared with $813 million in 1997. Over half of the biotechnology revenues in 2003 were generated from the Human Health sector. British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec contributed close to 86% of the total biotech revenue generated in 2003. Ontario has led the way by contributing the highest amount for the past seven years.

Only 20% of biotechnology firms are making profits or simply just breaking even. This creates a challenge for companies seeking investments. Investors are now becoming increasingly product oriented, only seeking firms with short to medium term profit potential. A recent report indicates that close to two-thirds of public biotechnology companies have less than 24 months of cash on hand. In 2003, ten leading companies represented 70% of the market capitalization in Canada’s biotech sector, obtaining more than 57% of the distributed investments.

R&D Expenditures

R&D is important to the survival of the industry. Over the past seven years expenditures on R&D by innovative biotechnology companies have tripled to approximately $1.5 billion. In 1999, R&D expenditures by large companies made up 56% of the total, however, unexpectedly in 2003 the largest share of biotechnology related R&D was generated from medium size companies (47%) followed closely by small companies and leaving large companies way behind (20%). The Human Health sector, as expected, accounted for the largest share of total R&D expenditures on biotechnology (89%), followed at a distance by the Agriculture and Food Processing sector, which contributed a minimal 6%. Provincially, Ontario and Quebec contributed the largest share of biotechnology R&D expenditures during 2003. This however, was not consistent in earlier years. British Columbia was the largest provider of biotech R&D during 2001; never-the-less their expenditures fell by 12% from 2001 to 2003. Despite this decline, in 2003, biotechnology-related activities accounted for 92% of total R&D in this province, thus indicating the continuing importance of this industry there. Saskatchewan is another province to note. Biotechnology R&D doubled there between 2001 and 2003 and now accounts for over 70% of total research and development in this province.

22

It is clear that the biotechnology companies within our country understand the importance of R&D and as a result have increased expenditures by over 115% since 1997. The Human Health sector will continue to dominate the Canadian biotech industry and will help keep Canada as a leader in the future. Further analysis suggests that Ontario and Quebec are currently the most active provinces in biotech R&D.

Canada on an International Comparison

The biotechnology industry is advancing at lightning speed, and along with this comes its financial impact on the global economy. The global market for biotechnology is expected to reach more than $50 billion by the end of this year, signifying a growth of $30 billion since 1995. The government of Canada, attempting to take advantage of this booming industry, has pinpointed biotechnology as a means to increase both the national economy and international competitiveness of our country. In 1997 Canadian biotechnology sales accounted for less than 5% of the global market. None-the-less with the government’s longstanding efforts to make Canada a leader in this industry, global experts are expecting this figure to double (10%) by the end of 2005. Relating the number of biotechnology companies per million inhabitants of the country displayed that Sweden had the highest ratio of 26.0 while Switzerland came second, lagging with a ratio of 12.6 and Canada followed closely with a ratio of 12.2. Canada places third, in the world, in biotechnology related revenue generation and places first in R&D per employee. Denmark, Canada and New Zealand invest the highest percentage (over 10%) of their R&D expenditures into biotech-related research, while Italy

and Spain invest the least (approximately 1%). Data corresponding to both the US and Japan, two countries that make massive investments in biotech R&D, is currently not available and hence has been excluded from our analysis. Canada offers extensive incentives to conduct business here, including tax incentives, low business costs, high interest yields on investment, collaboration between industry and, universities and a sound economy. It is currently estimated that Canada has a 4.5% lower tax advantage than our counterpart neighbours (the US), making our tax system competitive for firms and keeping the cost of doing business low. As more of an incentive, our capital gains tax is 6.6% lower than that of the US. Governmental Expenditures and Incentives

The government of Canada is actively attempting to develop the biotechnology industry in Canada. Over the past six years the average annual growth rate of the Federal Science and Technology (S&T) expenditures on biotechnology has been 19%. From 2003 to 2004 the S&T expenditures on this industry amounted to $746 million which was 8% of all S&T expenditures during that time. The majority of these expenditures went to four departments and agencies: the Canadian Institute of Health Research ($39 million), Genome Canada ($31 million), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ($9 million) and the Department of National Defence ($5 million). The vast majority (95%) of biotechnology S&T expenditures goes towards R&D. The sector that receives the greatest percentage of federal biotechnology S&T funding has generally been higher education (51% in 2003-2004). The Scientific Research and Experimental Development Program

(SR&ED) encourages Canadian businesses to perform research and development on improving technologically advanced products and processes. The benefactors of the program receive cash refunds and/or tax credits for their expenditures on eligible R&D performed in Canada. In 2003 firms applied for a total of $375 million in tax credits and refunds. Two out of every three biotechnology companies applied for the SR&ED program. The Human Health sector had the most applications for the program, where 76% of firms applied for the program, whereas rates of SR&ED applications from firms in the Agriculture and Food Processing, Environment, and Other sectors were 54, 64, and 65% respectfully. The Federal government granted $212 million in tax credits and refunds to biotechnology companies through the SR&ED program.

Conclusion

The analysis above provides a good indication that the biotechnology industry in Canada is well established and has a promising future. Currently, Canada has the second most biotechnology companies in the world and biotechnology derived revenues for these companies have more than quadrupled in the past seven years. In the same time period investment into biotech R&D grew significantly. Incentives offered by our government and the lower cost of doing business have contributed to Canada’s success. Our competitive edge in the Human Health and Agriculture and Food Processing sectors, will keep Canada as a leader in the biotech industry. Canada is a great place in which to develop stable careers in the biotechnology industry. Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia are the most promising locations to search for a variety of opportunities in this exciting and innovative industry.

What is Biotechnology?Biotechnology is a collection of technologies that capitalize on the attributes of cells, such as their manufacturing capabilities, and our biological molecules, such as DNA and proteins to work for us. Biotechnology will help improve our ability to: customize therapies based on individual genomics; prevent, diagnose, and treat all types of disease rather than rely on rescue therapy and provide

breakthroughs in agricultural production and food safety.

SOURCE: http://www.minnesotapartnership.info/genomics_biotechnology/terms.cfm

23

it never closes! There is always someone there to answer your questions, sell greyhound tickets, give directions, sign out study rooms, make coffee and more! The SLC houses many different businesses that are managed by the Student Council executive. The very, very popular Wasabi Sushi Stand and Scopes Ice-Cream booth will both be getting a face-lift this winter to help the flow through the busy SLC and the aesthetics of the stands. Other businesses include the campus bar, The Bombshelter or “Bomber”, BruBaker’s Cafeteria, Aussie’s Variety Store, The Used Bookstore, Campus Cove Arcade, Tim Horton’s, and a range of others. Campus Recreation and Varsity Sports also play a large role in campus life. Campus Recreation, often referred to as Campus Rec, is one of Canada’s largest Campus Recreation programs and offers a range of competitive and non-competitive sports leagues in volleyball, hockey, ultimate Frisbee, water polo, basketball and more. Luckily the UW campus has two fully functional fitness facilities for students. The Physical Activities Complex (PAC) is located right on campus and houses the varsity courts as well as the pool, racquet courts and a few fitness studios. The Columbia Ice Fields complex, or CIF, houses a full cardio and weight gym as well as the

ice rink and a number of multipurpose courts. If you prefer to watch the game, withover 31varsity teams at Waterloo, there is bound to be a regular season home or away game throughout the term. Game schedules can be found on the campus recreation website, posted around campus, in the PAC or in the CIF. This winter you can expect to see varsity basketball, hockey, and volleyball. So come out and support the Warriors, you are guaranteed to have a good time.

Go Explore UW’s Campus:

University’s Main Pagewww.uwaterloo.ca

Campus Rec & Varsity Sportswww.athletics.uwaterloo.ca

Student Serviceswww.adm.uwaterloo.ca/infosa/studentservices

Event Infowww.feds.ca/events/index.html

www.uwevents.uwaterloo.ca

Warrior Weekends www.warriorweekends.uwaterloo.ca/index.html

Off Campus Travel & Entertainment Guide (KW Area)www.kw-online.com

PAC / CIF HOURSMon - Fri 7:00am-11:30pmSat /Sun 9:00am-11:30pm

PAC - Pool, workout studio, raquet courts, varsity B.Ball/V.Ball court

CIF - Ice rink, workout gym, B.Ball/V.Ball courts

Winter at Waterlooby David Dilworth, Second Year Science and Business Student

The Federation of Students, also known as Feds, is the student voice at Waterloo, and is responsible for organizing many exciting events for the students of UW. This winter term is filled with awesome events which provide opportunities for student participation and /or volunteering. Specifically, a few such events that are worth mentioning include Warrior Weekends, Carnival Diablo, and a 70’s themed Bomber Night. Warrior weekends, that run once a month, give UW students a chance to take a break from their busy class schedules and to get out and have some fun. These student-run events host a diverse assortment of activities for everyone. Some past events include movie nights featuring the newest releases from theatres, an Amazing Race spin off contest, Chef Competitions, open gyms and so much more. Fed Bus is one of the most popular services on campus, delivering students to and from the Toronto and GTA area over weekends for a very reasonable student price. Tickets for the Fed Bus are sold from the Turnkey desk in the Student Life Centre (SLC). Speaking of the Turnkey desk, it is by far the best place to find out information on just about anything on campus. One of the unique features of the desk is that

Each year, the University of Waterloo hosts a wide variety of activities and events for staff and students. There are always plenty of ways to get involved, ranging from joining clubs, watching concerts or cheering at UW sporting events.

CAMPUS CHRONICLE

24

Regardless of your profession, or lack thereof, you will most likely be familiar with the term ‘visionary’. This term is often used to describe a revolutionary innovator, or innovation, which has made a significant impact on the world. For example, the innovations of Nobel Laureates qualify as visionary pursuits. However, there are many different perceptions of what the term visionary truly means and who or what can be termed “visionary”. This commonly used business ‘buzzword’ is prevalent throughout management theory texts and a single search in Google will yield thousands of results, many of which are articles attempting to decipher the illusive characteristics of whatever is being considered visionary. A book written by a team from Stanford University’s Graduate School of Business, Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary Companies, sets out to dispel several conventional management myths of what makes a visionary company. Each of the ‘visionary’ companies chosen by the authors was required to be: world famous, at least 50 years old, have a trusted brand and be known to the average person as ‘different’. Disney, Wal-Mart, Hewlett Packard and 3M all made the cut and were compared with successful, but not quite visionary, companies to determine what traits were common to a visionary company. Through six years of research, the authors found that many of their preconceived notions were slightly wrong or completely incorrect when applied to real-world visionary companies. So as not to destroy the reading of this enlightening book, we will look at four of the common myths of visionary companies that are proven to be wrong in Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary Companies.

“Myth 1: It takes a great idea to start a great company.” Many of the studied visionary companies started without any specific idea and some even started with an absolute failure. Many of the 18 companies started slowly and initially did not have great entrepreneurial success. Many of their non-visionary counterparts had a much greater entrepreneurial success but failed to maintain their momentum. The author eloquently compared a visionary company to the tortoise that started slowly but won the long race. A few of the companies that started with no specific idea were companies such as Hewlett Packard, Sony and Wal-Mart.

“Myth 2: Visionary Companies require visionary and charismatic leaders.” The most important characteristic of the company leaders was that they were able to focus on maintaining and designing enduring institutions, rather than being great individual leaders. For example, very few people recognize the name,

William McKnight, even though he was the chief executive and chairman of 3M. In some cases having a great and charismatic leader was detrimental to the long term prospects of the company.

“Myth 3: The first and foremost priority of successful companies is to maximize profits.” Visionary companies have many goals, one of which is to maximize profits. This, however, is not the only or most important goal for truly visionary companies. It was found that the visionaries followed an ideology of core values that provided a purpose beyond the pursuit of profits. Counter to common perceptions, the authors found that the companies that were purely profit-driven often were not as financially successful.

“Myth 4: The most successful companies concentrate mainly on overcoming the competition.” Visionary companies walk to their own rhythm. They are not concerned with what their competition is doing and instead focus their attention and energy internally. They compete with themselves and continuously try to improve their position even if they are miles ahead of their competitor. Beating the competition is just a residual result for these visionary companies.

These are just four of the myths that Built to Last dismisses. There are many more commonly held beliefs that are dismissed in the book and many great examples of visionary companies. However, the most important idea that prevails throughout the book is that these visionary companies have strong core ideologies. Additonally, their ideology is firmly believed and adhered to by all members and employees of the corporation. These corporations truly walk to their own rhythm and many of the ‘rules’ for success are not followed by the visionaries. Whether you are a student or business professional, Built to Last will prove to be a very interesting and useful read. The core ideas of this book are applicable to many different areas of life, not just business.

BOOK REVIEW

Visionary Companies – What Rules Do they Follow? Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary Companies, by authors James C. Collins and Jerry I. Porras A Book Review by Cayleah Matthews, Fourth Year Science and Business Student

25

Linus Pauling was born on February 28, 1901 in Portland, Oregon and received his undergraduate degree in Chemical engineering from Oregon State University. His curiosity as to how atoms bond together to form molecules led him to enroll in a doctoral program at the California Institute of Technology. Pauling earned his Ph.D. in 1925, and learnt the theory and mathematics that underlie bond theory, and began to apply quantum mechanics to problems of chemical structure and function. His work, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, is considered as the most influential of scientific books of the 20th century. By the 1930’s he shifted his focus to large biomolecules, especially proteins. It was his team which discovered the molecular basis of sickle-cell anemia and the alpha-helix structural conformation in proteins. He also conducted research in explosives, rocket propellants and immunology. Pauling received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954, “for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances.”

Linus Pauling – A Multifaceted Geniusby Gaurav Mulji,

Fourth Year Science and Business Student

After the death of his father, Monaghan’s mother left him and his brother James to grow up in foster homes and a Catholic orphanage. Monaghan was a hard worker and did random part time jobs to help pay for college, but it was still not enough and eventually he dropped out. His childhood dream was to become a priest, but that was shot down when he was dismissed from seminary for being too ‘mischievous’. Despite all that, he was not discouraged and possessed a confidence. Inspired by Abraham Lincoln’s story of endurance and hard work, he decided that he would also have the best that life could offer. So in 1960, Monaghan and his brother, James, borrowed some money to buy a pizzeria named Dominick’s. In 1961, Monaghan traded a Volkswagen Beetle for James’ half of the business. For 13 years, he worked for 100 hours, 7 days a week, taking only one vacation—and that was for six days to get married to Margie. His success was not attributed only to perseverance but also to an ingenious and innovative strategy to sell and deliver pizza hot and fresh within 30 minutes. He expanded to over 200 locations, and grew astoundingly in sales from $1 billion in 1985 to $2 billion in 1988. With over 5000 locations by the end of the decade, Domino’s became the number one pizza delivery company in the world.

“Hard Work and Determination” Profile of Thomas Monaghan, Founder and CEO of Domino’s Pizzaby Cherry Kwan,

Second Year Science and Business Student

Monaghan did not only succeed in the pizza business. He bought the Detroit Tigers baseball franchise in 1983. They became the World Series champions the very next year. Monaghan is one of the top 400 richest Americans with an estimated net worth of $485 million. During an interview, he commented on why he felt he was so successful. He stated that it was his five priorities that guided him through life: spiritual, social, mental, physical and financial. In 1998, Thomas Monaghan sold Domino’s Pizza for $1 billion at the age of 61. He gives this advice to anyone chasing their dream, “No matter what an individual decides to become, hard work and determination is very important in today’s competitive world. You may also encounter hardships along the way, but you must not get discouraged and you push on in order to fulfill your goals.”

Sources:Bickford, Jim. “I am Focusing on God, Family and Domino’s Pizza” American Dreams, http://www.usdreams.com/Monaghan7677.html, Last Accessed: Jan 7, 2006Jones, Del. “Billionaire traded materialism for True Happiness” USA TODAY, http://www.usatoday.com/educate/college/careers/Advice/9-19-05.htm, Sept 19, 2005

Nine years later, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his campaign against the use and proliferation of nuclear weapons. His efforts, contributed significantly to the development of the first nuclear test ban treaty of the Cold War period. Pauling is the only person to win two unshared Nobel Prizes. His research interests varied from physics to chemistry to biology to medicine. At every instance he was eager to jump disciplinary fences and explore new territory. As a scientist he was responsible about educating the public on the adverse health effects as a result of using nuclear weapons. In his life he authored more than five hundred papers and eleven books, and can be considered one of the most significant chemists of his time.

Sources:1.http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/lpbio/lpbio2.html- The Linus Pauling Instititute, Oregon State University. Last Accessed Dec 02, 2005.2.http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/MM/Views/Exhibit/narrative/biographical.html- The National Library of Medicine, Profiles in Science. Last Accessed Dec 02,20053.www.sil.si.edu/.../TNSIL14-P002-05.jpg - Image from the Dibner library of History of Science and Technology. Last Accessed Dec 03, 2005.

SCIENCE / BUSINESS LEADERS

26

BEYOND ACADEMICS

They have beautiful voices… which made me realize even more how tone deaf I really am! They soon brought out a drum and got me to dance. Any time I did any dancing they all screamed with laughter.”

Swimming lessons “After lunch we headed for the beach. Only 3 of Mr. Camilli’s 5 sons joined us… not sure why? It truly was their first time to the beach. The boys had fun playing in the waves and white wash, and trying to put their face in the water. The youngest one was a little unsteady in the waves and a little too tiny for some of the big waves so he held on tight. Mr. Leopold joined the lesson and he and Mr. Camilli would practice what I showed them while I watched and played with the boys. It was a good first lesson I think, I have to remember to go slowly.”

Pangani, Tanzania “I definitely had a few moments today where I said to myself… “oh, I really am in Africa!”. The colours are so vibrant; blue sky, green palms, brown and yellow hut houses, and fabrics of all colours everywhere. If I was to see the houses here in Canada I would think them to be ruins, abandoned for decades. The ceilings were made of flour bags stitched together or the bottoms of cardboard boxes. But I’m not in Canada, and these houses are what they are.”

After three and a half months in Tanzania I was ready to come home. My time there will always be close to my heart and will forever change me as a person of this world.

Coastal Africa pauses in a bucket-dump rainfall that survives long enough to be sopped up by thirsty foliage and famished air. Paths emerge round huge and fetid pools of brown roadwater that remain despite the impressive heat. Insects chime and chirp in electric chorus as tiny yellow birds scramble to devour them alive. Magnetic green lizards dart across wet gravel for high ground in slumping mango trees, anxious to feast on the limitlessness of ant migration. Tides swirl and reel in a full moon rivermouth vacuum, ripping and sucking across the beach with such preternatural urgency that even a floating coconut husk appears lodged on a conveyor belt. - Ryan Shaw, 2002 B.Sc. Science and Business

There is NO hurry in Africa by Genny Brown, 2004 B.Sc. Science and Business

Arriving in Tanzania for the first time “Writing about our arrival even a day later is difficult. How to come up with the words? I can finally understand how culture shock may take some adjustment. We arrived at midnight, and driving through the streets, there were people everywhere. No building looked in good, or even safe, condition and the ride… well it was bumpy to say the least. It was difficult to sleep, I was very anxious, HOT, scared, and the fan sounded like a helicopter.”

Volunteer teaching “Teaching today was kind of hodge-podge and hectic. I decided to read my standard 5 (grade 5) students one of the books I brought, but I think it was too advanced for them. Later, Mr. Camilli explained more about what will be happening for the next 3 weeks. I guess that, because there is a federal election this coming Oct-Nov, the government wants to do a census. They are giving everyone who registers a photo-ID card; I’m assuming one they will have to show to vote. They are closing down all the primary schools in the country so that the teachers can run the registration centres at the schools (they feel only teachers are qualified enough to do this). What is even crazier is that now Ryan and I hold the keys to the school and are in charge of teaching the standard 5 and 6 classes for the next two and a half weeks completely by ourselves! I find this crazy.” “It was soon break-time and it was nice to play volleyball with the girls. They are getting the hang of bumping and volleying, slowly but surely. After I was tired, and they got bored with volleyball, they started singing and dancing with me.

It was almost a year after I graduated from Science and Business at Waterloo that I boarded a plane and was on my way to Tanzania, Africa. I had decided that the time was right for me to undertake an activity I had hoped to do one day – volunteer abroad. I guess in a way I called my own bluff, and actually went. The opportunity was perfect; I was finishing up a contract position, I had saved enough money (you do have to pay to volunteer!), and I had someone to go with – Ryan. The plan was to go to Tanzania for three and a half months, live in a small community and teach English to school children and interested members of the community. I’d rather have you read a few funny and enlightening accounts of my time in Tanzania than an article full of opinion and persuasion, so here are a few entries taken from my journal:

27

From neurons to neutrons, 2005 has been an exciting year in the world of science and technology. There have been advances from all corners of science. Scientists have been working to explain everything from the smallest known particle to the most distant galaxy. The following are some of the most notable events in science over the past year. A hot topic in 2005 was the theory of Evolution. Many exciting breakthroughs in this field were achieved to further our knowledge of how we came to be. The first copy of the chimp genome was cloned, which allowed the first genetic comparison between humans and our close chimpanzee relatives. It was found that the structure of our DNA is very similar to that of the chimpanzee, with a difference of only 4%. Scientists are now using this information to help explain why humans are susceptible to diseases such as HIV, coronary heart disease, hepatitis and malaria among others while chimps are not. Many other successful studies investigated the idea of Evolution, with a large number yielding positive results. The theory of Evolution is guaranteed to be a controversial topic in the next year and certainly a focus of the scientific community. In attempts to further understanding of thought processes in humans, a significant amount of research has been conducted over the past year in the field of neurotechnology. Researchers at Cyberkinetics, a biotech company investigating brain-machine interface technology, have created a technology which is able to sense, analyze and transmit the language of neurons. This technology is a huge step towards understanding the intricate nature of the brain and it gives hope to those who have disabilities associated with the transmissions of neurons. Be sure to look for new developments next year in this revolutionary field.

2005 marked the World Year of Physics. This was a celebration of the contributions physicists have made to our understanding of the physical world. The event also commemorated the hundredth year anniversary of Einstein’s 1905 paper on the theory of relativity. The celebration highlighted the importance of physics in modern science and brought the latest advances to the forefront. The subject, which is often only considered by experts, was seen in a new light by the general public. Waterloo’s Perimeter Institute also joined in the festivities by hosting Einsteinfest, a celebration of the life and work of Albert Einstein. The year of physicists also marked some exciting accomplishments for astrophysicists. On January 14, 2005 the Huygens probe was deployed on the surface of Titan, one of Saturn’s many moons. This marked the first time an interplanetary space craft had landed on any moon other than our own. It was also the furthest mission by distance ever conducted. The probe has been successful in determining the properties of the moon’s surface. Titan is the second largest moon in our solar system and has a methane-rich, nitrogen atmosphere, believed to be similar to early Earth’s atmosphere. Researchers hope this event will shed new light on the way the earth was formed. The probe was brought to Titan via the spacecraft Cassini, which was launched in 1997. The space craft Cassini is set to continue orbiting Saturn to hopefully determine the mystery behind the planet’s orbiting rings. Our quest for knowledge is infinite and with every question answered comes a new question asked. While the year 2005 has proven that it is an exciting time in the world of science and technology, 2006 is sure to usher in new discoveries as well as new mysteries. Keep your eyes open to the world around you and appreciate what we now know and what we may never know.

Innovations & Ideas from 2005: A Year in Science and Technologyby David Dilworth,Second Year Science and Business Student

SCIENCE IN THE NEWS

Waterloo Science Endowment Fund was founded by students for the sole benefit of students. In the winter of 1991, a group of undergraduate Science students felt that additional funding for education and laboratories was needed. The student body at the time decided that WatSEF would be the additional source of funding. This source of funding is necessary as provincial and federal government support for university education lags behind increasing costs. Contributions are obtained from students, faculty, alumni and co-op employers. The students, through their student contributions provide the largest source of funding. The voluntary $50 student contribution is easily donated through your tuition statement and is tax deductible. The contributions are placed into an interest bearing account and each year, the interest generated from these funds is used to enhance all Science and Optometry undergraduate labs with the most recent and advanced equipment. These funds are specifically used for expenditures that cannot be provided for in the annual Science budget. Students’ contributions directly allow all students to work with the latest technology, comparable to that found in industry today. Therefore the Waterloo Science Endowment Fund and each contribution that is made to it by you, the students, will be an investment in the quality of your education and your future!

Waterloo Science Endowment Fund (WatSEF)by Cheryl QuanFourth Year Science and Business Student

www.scibus.uwaterloo.ca

Producing Leaders for the New Economy