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CHAPTER 5
The Air Around Us
State what is air made of
Explain why air is mixture
State the everage percentage of nitrogen, oxygen
and carbon dioxide
Carries out activities that shows:
1. The percentage of oxygen
2. That air contains water vapour,
microorganisms and dust
5.1 What is air made of
All living things need air to live.We can fast for
a day or two without taking any food or water,
but how long can we live without air? Take a
deep breath and hold it as long as you can.
Then exhale onto your palm. Can you feel the
air coming out from your nostrils? We cannot
see the air but we know it is there.
Earth is surrounded by 30 kilometres of air: a
mixture of several different gases
mixed together in different proportions.
Unfortunately the air around us is becoming
polluted by the day. Can we live in polluted air?
What must we do to keep the air clean to save
ourselves and the rest of the world?
What Is The Composition Of Air ?
Air is a mixture of different gases. The pie chart shows
the composition of air by percentage. What is the
average percentage of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon
dioxide and inert gases in the air? Why is the word
‘average’ used in the
earlier question?
Oxygen
21%
Nitrogen
78%
Carbon
dioxide 0.03%
Inert gases
<1%
Air as Mixtures
Air over busy cities
often contains toxic gases such as sulphur dioxide
and carbon monoxide. Air over industrial areas may
even contain traces of hydrogen and methane in
addition to the other components of the air.
As a mixture, the composition of air
varies from place to place and time to
time.
Air also contains varying amounts of water
vapour.
It can vary from practically zero in the hot
deserts to
about 5% in the tropical forests.
Microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses are
also present in the air. Do you know that we often
catch common cold because of the
microorganisms in the air?
Why do we often detect the strong smell of disinfectants in
hospitals?
Chlorofluorocarbons, dust, grit,
smoke, and compounds of
lead are some of the tiny solid
particles that are contained in
the air. These particles often
pollute the air. What particle or
particles in the air cause haze?
Haze causes serious health problems.
People with asthma have died from breathing in hazy air.
What must we do to prevent the air from being hazy?
Ozone is a compound made up of
three oxygen
atoms chemically combined together.
It forms a
layer high up in the Earth’s
atmosphere.
This
layer protects the Earth from the
harmful
ultraviolet rays of the Sun.
O3
Notes
Toxic gases, microorganisms, dust, smoke, grit,
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
compounds of lead and ozone are also present in our air.
Air is a mixture of gases consisting of :
• Nitrogen
•Oxygen
•Inert gases
•Carbon dioxide
•Dust, microogranisms and water
vapour
78%
21%
<1%
0.03%
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CHAPTER 5
The Air Around Us
List the properties of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Identify oxygen and carbon dioxide based on their
properties
Choose suitable test for oxygen and carbon dioxide
5.2 Properties of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
is a colourless and odourless gas at room
temperature.
is soluble in water.
is very active as it readily combines chemically
with many substances to form new substances.
supports combustion as burning will not occur
without oxygen.
is needed for respiration by living things.
is produced by green plants during
photosynthesis.
Properties of Oxygen
is a colourless and odourless gas at room
temperature.
is slightly more soluble in water than oxygen.
Does not burn nor support combustion.
Is needed by plant to make food during
photosynthesis
is produced when living things respire, when carbon
or carbon compounds such as hydrocarbons and
carbonates are burnt and when carbohydrates such
as sugars and starch are fermented.
Dissolves in water to form weak acids
Properties of Carbon Dioxide
Properties Oxygen Carbon dioxide
Solubility in water Slightly soluble Slightly soluble
Solubility in sodium
hydroxide solutionNot soluble Very soluble
Effect on glowing
splinter
The splinter ignites
Oxygen supports burning
The splinter goes out
Carbon dioxide does not
support burning
Effect on burning
wooden splinter
The splinter burns brighter
Oxygen supports burning
The splinter goes out
Carbon dioxide does not
supports burning
Effect on moist blue
litmus paper or moist
red litmus paper
Oxygen has no effect on blue
litmus paper or red litmus
paper
Oxygen is a neutral gas
Blue litmus paper :
Changes to red
Red litmus paper :
No Change of colour
Carbon dioxide is an acidic
gas
Effect on lime water No change Lime water turns cloudy
Effect on bicarbonate
indicatorNo change
Changes the colour of
bicarbonate indicator from
red to yellow
State that energy, CO2 and water vapor are the products of
respiration
Relate that living things use oxygen and give out , CO2 during
respiration
Compare and contrast the content of oxygen in inhaled and
exhaled air in humans
State that oxygen is needed for respiration
Carry out experiment to show that living things use O2 and give
out CO2 during respiration
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CHAPTER 5
The Air Around Us5.3 Oxygen is needed in respiration
Respiration The process where our body obtains energy from
food is called respiration.
Respiration takes place in our body
Oxygen
Food
(Sugar)
Energy
Water Vapour
Carbon dioxide
Breath In Breath Out
Oxygen (O2) Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
INHALE EXHALE
Composition Inhaled Air Exhaled Air
Oxygen High (21%) Low (16%)
Carbon Dioxide Low (0.03%) High (4%)
Water Vapour Less More
Nitrogen No changes No changes
Composition Of Inhaled & Exhaled AIr
State what combustion is
State that oxygen is needed for combustion
List the products of combustion
Carry out experiments to investigate combustion
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CHAPTER 5
The Air Around Us5.4 Oxygen is needed for combustion
Combustion ?
Combustion is an oxidation reaction between a substance and oxygen
to give out
oxide (or oxides) and energy.
If the combustion is accompanied by flames, the process is called
burning.
Thus burning is a rapid combustion reaction between a substance and
oxygen giving out
light and heat.
When carbon (an element) burns in oxygen, an oxide is formed.
Charcoal, an example of carbon, burns in excess oxygen to produce
carbon dioxide gas.Carbon + oxygen →carbon dioxide
Condition for combustion ?
The presence of OXYGEN
The Presence of fuel
Enough amount of Heat is present
Combustion will not take place if any of these
condition is not present
Carbon + oxygen Heat energyCombustion
Light energy
Carbon Dioxide
+
+
Combustion of carbon
Combustion of hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon + oxygen Heat energyCombustion
Light energy
Carbon Dioxide
+
+
Water
+
Explain what is air pollution
List examples of air pollutants
List the sources of air pollutants
Describe the effects of air pollution
Explain the steps needed to prevent and control air
pollution
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CHAPTER 5
The Air Around Us5.5 Air Pollution
We say that there is air pollution when there is a
SUBSTANCE THAT ARE HARMFUL to our health and can
cause damage to our environment are found in the air
POLLUTANTS
DUST
CO2 PESTICIDES
SMOKE
SULPHUR DIOXIDE
CARBON MONOXIDE NITROGEN OXIDE
The sources of air pollutants include motor vehicles,
factories, power plants, open burning and misuse of
pesticides
Air Pollutants Source of Pollutants
Gases (Carbon dioxide) and
smoke
Motor vehicles and factories
Carbon monoxide, sulphur
dioxide
Motor vehicles
Haze Open burning
Chlorofluorocarbon Aerosol spray, electronics
factories
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION TO OUR HEALTH
Air Pollutant Effect
Asbestos particles Lung cancer
Gases from motor vehicles Liver failure and cancer
Carbon monoxide Headaches, brain damage or death
Sulphur dioxide
Bronchitis, pneumonia, lung cancer
Acid rain: damages plants and make
iron rust faster
Chlorofluorocarbon Causes damage to the ozone layer.
Too much exposure to UV rays can
cause, skin cancer, eye diseases and
the break-down of the body’s immune
system
Carbon dioxide Causes green house effect – Will result
global warming, changes in climate,
rising sea levels/ flooding
Describe how life would be without clean air
Suggest ways to keep the air clean
Practice habits that keep the air clean
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CHAPTER 5
The Air Around Us5.6 The Importance of Keeping the Air Clean
Steps to prevent air
pollution
Limit the use of CFC
in industry
Encourage the use of
biodiesel in cars
Encourage the
use of solar
energy
Avoid open burning
Relocate factories
away from urban
areas
Factories of chimneys
are built to a certain
heightMinimise
smoking habit
SMK Perempuan Likas
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