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INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE

CHAPTER 1:

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The Bunsen Burner

Luminous flame

Non-luminous flame

Correct way to light up a Bunsen Burner

Hazard Warning and Symbols

Measurement

Measuring length

Measuring areaMeasuring volume

Measuring mass and weight

SI Unit

Importance of SI Unit

Chapter highlights

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The Bunsen Burner

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- Yellow flame- Flame produce a lot of soot- Quiet flame- Flame flickers- The temperature is lower

- Not suitable for heating

Luminous flame (air-hole is

closed):

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Non-luminous flame (air-hole is opened):

Blue flame

Flame does not produce soot

Roaring flameFlame burns steadily

The temperature is higher

Suitable for heating

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Correct way to light up a Bunsen burner:

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Hazard warnings and symbols

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Do not touch with bare hands and do not

smell (mercury, chlorine gas, sulphur, methanol,

lead, chloroform, benzene

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Keep away from fire (ethanol, phosphorus, methanol, petrol

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Do not knock or heat and keep away from

fire.

(mixture of hydrogen and oxygen, sodium,potassium)

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Handle with care and keep off skin

(Concentrated acids and alkalis)

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Do not expose yourself to these substances

(radioactive carbon, uranium, plutonium,radium, x-ray)

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Keep off skin and do not smell

(alcohol, bromine vapour, chloroform,

ammonia, dilute acids)

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Measurement

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Measuring length

Straight line: meter ruler can be used to measure the length of ashort straight line or an object such as pencil. Accuracy: 0.1cm

Curved lines: a piece of thread and a ruler is used. Place thethread along the curved line. Mark the end of the curved line onthe thread. Measure the length of the thread using a ruler.Opisometer can also be used to measure curved lines.

External diameter: a pair of external calipers and a ruler is used

to measure the external diameter

Internal diameter: a pair of internal calipers and a ruler is used tomeasure the internal diameter

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Measuring area

Regular shape

Square: length x length

Rectangle: base x length

Triangle: x base x height

Trapezium: x (the sum of 2 parallel sides) xheight

Parallelogram: base x height

Circle: x radius (= 3.142)

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The area of an irregular shape Irregular

shape

can be estimated by using a graph paper.

Steps: trace the figure on a graph paper

count the number of 1cm squares coveredby the figure

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Measuring volume

Liquid:

Apparatus: measuring cylinder, burette

Meniscus: the level of liquid in anymeasuring tool is curved

Reading method: place the eyes at the samelevel as the bottom of the meniscus

Solid

method: water displacement method forboth regular and irregular solids

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Mass and Weight

Definition: mass is the quantity of matter in anobject. Weight is the Earths gravity force that actson an object.

Mass of an object does not change Weight of an object changes from place to place

depending on the gravitational force acting on theobject

Measuring tools to measure mass: level balance,triple beam balance

Measuring tools to measure weight: springbalance, compression balance

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S.I. UNIT

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Length

Meter

m

Area

Metersquare

m

Weight

Newton

N

Mass

Kilogram

kg

Volume

Cubicmeter

m

Temperature

Kelvin

K

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The importance of S.I. Unit

facilitate international communication

all the countries around the world will use the

same unit of measurement