Scientific Analysis of Road Traffic Accidents Requirements ...

Saving Lives through

Accident Research

Scientific Analysis of

Road Traffic Accidents

Requirements and Training Needs

SAFE Annual Convention 25 April 2013

Shimla

JP Research India Pvt Ltd JP Research India Pvt Ltd

Overview

Importance of In-Depth Accident Data (the feedback loop)

Requirements for Crash Investigations

Crash Data Documentation

Sample Analysis and Results

25 April 2013


Transportation in India – An Open System

25 April 2013

Safe, efficient and

comfortable travel


Transportation in India – An Open System

The reality : Highest road accident deaths in the world

25 April 2013


Need for closing the loop!

25 April 2013

Crash Investigations



Methodology

Crash Notification

Crash Investigation

Crash Reconstruction

Injury

Analysis

25 April 2013

Examination

Crash Scene

Crash Vehicles

Engineering Data

PC Crash

Speed Estimations

Delta - V

Injury Data

AIS (AAAM)

ICD-10 (WHO)

Injury Severity & Correlation


Requirements for Crash Investigations

25 April 2013


Most important requirement!

To be “on the spot”

Why?

Vehicle final rest positions (before towing)

Volatile evidence on the scene (skid marks, debris, etc.)

Understanding the events

This requires – “Immediate notification of accidents.”

25 April 2013


Crash scene … on the spot!

25 April 2013


One day later…

25 April 2013

Determining scene evidence is very difficult


Tools required for Crash Investigation

On-scene:

GPS Logger

Measuring wheel and other length measuring instruments

High resolution camera with flash

Scene evidence marking chalk, spray paint, magnetic arrows

Safety equipment (reflective jackets, gloves, masks, torches, etc.)

Coding Forms and Stationary

Most importantly… an open mind!

25 April 2013



Back at the office:

CAD software for creating to-scale scene diagrams.

Software for resizing/editing/storing photos.

A database to store all the data.

25 April 2013



Absolutely important:

Standardized procedures for data collection.

Clear documentation of procedures and methodologies.

Accident scene and vehicle photography

Scene inspection procedures

Vehicle examination procedures (Motorcycles, Trucks, Buses, Cars, etc.)

Checking use of safety systems (Helmets, Seatbelts, Pre-tensioners, Airbags, etc.)

A coding manual explaining each and every variable coded.

25 April 2013


Crash Data Documentation

25 April 2013


Documentation

Crash Scene (Road)

Road infrastructure – design and condition

Roadway categorization

Traffic conditions, Weather, Lighting, etc.

Compliance with standards

Crash Vehicle(s)

Damage documentation

Compliance with MV Act and CMVR

Safety System availability and use (Seatbelts/Airbags/ABS/ESP)

People Involved

Age, Sex, Medical condition, Injury severity and Injuries

Driver Documentation

Alcohol/Drug Use

Distraction/Vision Obstruction

Avoidance Maneuver

25 April 2013

RASSI

Database has

over 500

variables.


Basic Coding Form to start with…

Date and Time of Accident

Location (GPS Log: Latitude and Longitude)

Injury Severity – Fatal, Serious, Minor, No Injury

Roadway Type: NH, SH, Other

Location Type: Urban, Semi-urban, Rural

Most affected Road User Type

Pre-Crash Event

Kind of Accident

Crash Configuration

25 April 2013


Pre-crash event

Describes the event that occurred just before the crash.

Each event is a 3 digit code.

Divided into 7 major types:

Type 1: Driving Accident

Type 2: Turning off Accidents

Type 3: Turning in / Crossing Accident

Type 4: Pedestrian Crossing Road Accident

Type 5: Accident with Parking Traffic

Type 6: Accident in Lateral Traffic

Type 7: Other Accident

25 April 2013


Pre-crash event - Example

25 April 2013


Kind of Accident

1. Collision with another vehicle which starts, stops or is stationary

2. Collision with another vehicle moving ahead or waiting

3. Collision with another vehicle moving laterally in the same direction

4. Collision with another oncoming vehicle

5. Collision with another vehicle which turns into or crosses a road

6. Collision between vehicle and pedestrian

7. Collision with an obstacle in the carriageway

8. Leaving the carriageway to the right

9. Leaving the carriageway to the left

10. Other accidents

25 April 2013


Crash Configuration

Multiple-Vehicle Accidents

Head-On Sideswipe Front-Rear Front-Side

Single-Vehicle Accidents

Pedestrian Rollover Fire Object

25 April 2013


Use/Effectiveness of Safety Systems

Use of Helmets (including pillion riders and children)

Seatbelts (including rear occupants)

Airbags

Are effective only with seatbelt use.

Can result in serious injuries if seatbelts are not used.

Under-run protection

25 April 2013


Handling Urban crashes

Traffic movement is given priority.

Hence, “on-the-spot” may not be possible.

Alternative approach:

Using CCTV camera footage (Intersection cameras)

Coding from detailed accident records Historical police records

City buses

Fleets

25 April 2013


Using CCTV Camera

25 April 2013

NDTV Video: Woman escapes truck accident


Data collection using accident video

Vehicles Involved – Scooter and Truck

Affected road user – Scooter

Injury Severity – Minor

Safety System Use

Helmet use? No

Underride accident? – Yes

Road Structure – Intersection (GPS Latitude/Longitude???)

Other factors:

Driver vision obstruction

Overtaking from left side

25 April 2013


Data collection using accident video

Pre-Crash Event

Type 2: Turning off Accidents

Kind of Accident:

Collision with another vehicle which turns or crosses the road

Crash Configuration: Front-Side

“Front” of the truck and right “Side” of the scooter

25 April 2013

JP Research India Pvt Ltd JP Research India Pvt Ltd 25 April 2013

Coimbatore project

iRAP project

Mumbai-Pune Expressway project

Sample analysis and results


Pre-Crash Events

25 April 2013

Distribution of Crashes by Pre-Crash Event Source: RASSI database Coimbatore (2011-2013)

Total no of accidents=377

47%

11% 11% 10% 9% 8% 4% 0%

100%

Accidents in

Lateral traffic

Other

accidents

Turning In

accidents

Turning Off

accidents

Loss of

Control

accidents

Pedestrian

Crossing

Collisions with

or Avoiding

Parked traffic

Pe

rce

nta

ge

of A

cc

ide

nts

Pre-Crash Event


Kind of Accident

25 April 2013

Distribution of Crashes by Kind of Accident Source: RASSI database Coimbatore (2011-2013)


37%

18%

10% 8% 7% 6% 5% 5% 2% 0% 0%

100%

Kind Of Accident

Pe

rce

nta

ge

of

Ac

cid

en

ts


Crash Configuration

25 April 2013

Distribution of Crashes by Crash Configuration Source: RASSI database Coimbatore (2011-2013)


31%

15% 13.5% 13% 11% 10% 5%

1.5%

0%

100%

Head-on Front-side Front-rear Sideswipe Pedestrian Object Rollover Other

Pe

rce

nta

ge

of

Ac

cid

en

ts

Crash Configuration


Contributing Infrastructure Analysis

In 2011-12 JPRI conducted a project for iRAP

The project was funded by World bank

To understand the infrastructure factors influencing accidents

25 April 2013


Contributing Infrastructure Factors (SH17)

25 April 2013

Crash Configurations Pre-crash Event Contributing Infrastructure

Factor

Percentage

contribution

(out of 23 accidents

examined)

Front-Rear Collisions Slowed down vehicles

Speed Breaker 12%

Gap-in-Median 8%

4%

Stopped Gap-in-Median 4%

Front-Side Collisions Taking U-turn Gap-in-Median 8%

Turning in/off/crossing over Intersection 12%

Rollovers/Loss of

Control Loss of Control

Speed Breaker 4%

Gap-in-Median 4%

Pedestrian Impacts Walking alongside Or Standing on

road side Poor pedestrian infrastructure 8%

Head-On collision Loss of Control during avoidance

maneuver Gap-in-Median 4%


Contributing Infrastructure Factors (SH6)

25 April 2013

Crash Configurations Pre-crash Event Contributing Infrastructure

Factor

Percentage

Contribution

(out of 152

accidents in 3 years)

Front-Rear Collisions Parked vehicles Insufficient shoulder width 17.10%

Slowed down vehicles Junction/Gaps-in-median 12.50%

Pedestrian Impacts Walking alongside and crossing

the road Poor Pedestrian Infrastructure 15.13%

Head-On Collisions Traveling in wrong lane Junction/Gaps-in-median 9.21%

Loss of Control Unknown 1.30%

Rollovers

Loss of Control/Avoiding vehicle

in wrong direction Junction/Gaps-in-median 3.94%

Infrastructure issues Road Under Construction 3.94%

Front-Side Collisions Vehicles crossing Junction 3%


Preliminary Accident Study on Mumbai-Pune Expressway

25 April 2013


Causal and Contributing Factors

25 April 2013

The 87 accidents examined have been distributed by their contributing factor(s) and shown in the figure alongside.

The numbers in the figure are percentage of the total number of accidents examined.

Hence, the influence of each factor is:

Human : 70%

Vehicle : 30%

Infrastructure : 33%

39%

4% 23%

4%

18% 2%

4%

vehicle

human

infrastructure


Conclusions – Top 3 Causes

HUMAN VEHICLE INFRASTRUCTURE

Sleep / Fatigue Brakes failed Lack of road-side & median barriers

Over speeding Tyre defect Lack of traffic control

Loss of control Steering defect Lack of road signage

25 April 2013

Note: The above is based on only 87 accidents examined from 8th October 2012 to

31st March 2013 and the order may change as more and more accidents are

examined in the following months.


Use of Data

25 April 2013

Median barriers need to be placed:

• At high speed straight stretches

• At sections with concrete structures

This will prevent or significantly reduce the possibility of vehicles crossing over

to the other side and also object impacts with median structures.

JP Research India Pvt Ltd JP Research India Pvt Ltd 25 April 2013

Accident Research is an on-going process

Thank you! [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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