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Seaplanes within a Seabase Environment
Originally Presented at ASNE Seabasing Conference27-28 Jan 05
• Seaplane Background
– Rough Water Operations
• Seaplane Integration in a Sea Base
• Summary
OutlineOutline
Sponsors/Mentors - ExternalSponsors/Mentors - External • Rear Admiral Jay Cohen, CNR• Rear Admiral Paul Sullivan, NAVSEA 05• Jeff Hough, NAVSEA 05D1• Sharon Beermann-Curtin, ONR, NNRNE
Mentors - NSWC CarderockMentors - NSWC Carderock
• Jack Offutt• Kelly Cooper• LCdr Russell Peters : Can Navy• Mark Selfridge : UK MoD
Industry & Academia ContactsIndustry & Academia Contacts• USN Museum at WNY• National Air & Space Museum• Shin Meiwa Industries• Beriev Aircraft Company• SNAME Panel SD-5• SAIC• Dr. Dan Savitsky, SIT
• Jessaji Odedra : UK MoD DESG• Geoff Hope : UK MoD DESG• Brent Lindon : US Acq. Intern • Dr Colen Kennell : NSWC-CD• Bill Horn : NAVAIR• August Bellanca : NAVAIR• Carey Matthews : NAVAIR
TeamTeam
The Defense Science Board’s report on Seabasing identifies 12 issues that must be addressed to make Seabasing a reality. The report states:
“Among the issues on the list, three stand out as especially important that must be developed ... 2) a heavy-lift aircraft (>20 tons) with theater wide range that can be based at sea.”
“The bottom line: future heavy lift aircraft must be capable of operating in austere environments and from the Seabase.”
Seaplane Background
Flying boat
Float plane
Amphibian
Types of
Seaplanes
Alternate Landing Systems
Convair Seadart
De Havilland XC8a Buffalo
Bell ACLS
Stroukoff YC-123E HRV-1 Hydrofoil Amphibian
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
Curtiss HydroplaneWright Flyer PBY Catalina JMR MarsYankee Clipper Princess
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
A-42Tradewind
PS-1 Be-200
Seamaster
Seaplanes Evolution
• Operated seaplanes ~ +50 years• Thousands in service
PBY Catalina
217 - PB2Y Coronado
1,366 - PBM Mariner
284 - P5M Marlin
464 - HU-16 Albatross
6 - JMR Mars
11 - R3Y Tradewind
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Nu
mb
er B
uil
t fo
r U
S N
avy
1935
1940
1945
Year of First Delivery
PBN-1PBY-6
PBY-5PBY-4
PBY-3PBY-2
PBY-1
2,026 USN aircraft & 1,255 non-USN
Rich USN Seaplane Legacy
A-40
CL-214USA-1
BE -200
Modern Seaplanes
Anatomy of an Aborted Take-off
“Porpoising worst when stability limits close together & porpoising frequencies = rate of striking crests”
Perception – consequences of loss of control are critical
•Plow-in•Stall
Crash
Rough Water Operation
Wat
er S
pee
d (
kn
ots)
0
40
80
15
0
0
5
10
605040302010
<3 sec
~10 deg
Time (sec)
Pit
ch (
deg
rees
)
Take-off abandoned
Pitch
Speed
Swell height 1.5-3 ft length 150 ftWind speed 2 knots
Solent82,000 lbs
Bre
akin
g W
aves
SS
5 SS
4
Conventional Flying Boat
0123456789
101112131415
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000
Wave length (ft)
Wav
e h
eigh
t (f
t) ~90%
Operating Limits~ 80,000 lb Aircraft
Trials with Issues
Successful Trial
Bre
akin
g W
aves
SS
5 SS
4
Conventional Flying Boat
0123456789
101112131415
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000
Wave length (ft)
Wav
e h
eigh
t (f
t) ~90%
Operating Limits~ 80,000 lb Aircraft
Trials with Issues
Successful Trial
Bre
akin
g W
aves
SS
5 SS
4
Conventional Flying Boat
0123456789
101112131415
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000
Wave length (ft)
Wav
e h
eigh
t (f
t) ~90%
US-1A
Operating LimitsShin Meiwa US-1A - 79,000 lb Aircraft
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
Range (miles)
Pay
load
(po
unds
)
R3Y-2
R3Y-1
JRM-2
C-130J
Princess
GoalTe
chno
logy
JRM-2 MarsC-130J
R3Y-1 Tradewind
R3Y-2 Bowloader
RANGE vs PAYLOAD
Princess
Seaplane Integration in a Sea Base
Seabase issues required to supportseaplanes as Seabase connectors
Loading/Unloading
Refuelling
MaintenanceAircraft Safety
Equipment
Mooring
Docking/Undocking
Terminal Facilities
Seabase issues required to supportseaplanes as Seabase connectors
Mission Reconfiguration
Op Area Management
Loading/Unloading
Mooring
Docking/Undocking
Seabase issues required to supportseaplanes as Seabase connectors
Op Area Management
Mooring and Docking
Payload transfer with the seaplane at the Seabase requires either:
(a) Securing and interfacing with the aircraft in the water(b) Removing the aircraft from the water via beaching or docking
Early seaplane at sea mooring and interfacing concepts
Early seaplane out of the water docking and interfacing concepts
We propose expanding the ITS concept to be a Seabase – Seaplane interface
Seabase to Shore Connector
Early seaplanes beaching concepts
Op Area Management
Seabase operational area management for airstrip:
• Control of pollution• Control of intruders on airstrip (commercial or
military traffic)• Maintenance (or movement) or markers• FOD and debris control and removal• Aircraft crash, rescue, safety• Sensors to measure sea state
• Seaplanes can provide useful capabilities to the Sea Base
• Methods to integrate seaplanes in a Sea Base are known
• Safe & efficient personnel/cargo transfer in rough seas is critical
Conclusions
Intra-theater Inter-theater
Questions
Backup
• Reliable rough water operation is crucial– Take-off– Landing– Taxiing– Load/unload– Survival
• Demonstrated in gales• Appropriate mooring systems
• Required operability is undefined– Operations through SS 4 selected as target
• Good rough water performance data is scarce
0
25
50
75
100
0 5 10 15 20
Wave Height (ft)
Cum
mul
ativ
e P
erce
nt
45
WorldwideOpen Ocean
CharacteristicsMTOW (lbs) - sheltered water 94,800 - open ocean 79,400Speed (knots) 230Range (nm) 2,300Mission SAR
Technology1967 deliveryHull - slender hull - spray suppression systems - STOL - blown flaps, rudder, elevator
Over-wing blowing
High T-tail
Bow noseun/loading
Large fuselage x-sectional
area & volume
‘Doublechine’ hull Retractable
wingtip floats
Reverse thrustTurbo-props
Faired stepRear door
hatch
Aircraft weights (lbs)• MTOW = 260,000
Payload & Cargo • Payload weight = 60,000 lbs• Cargo = 180 troops or 20’ ISO containers
Speed & Range• Cruise speed = 325 kts• Range = 2000 nm
2.5 Million lb. Gross Weight
1 Million lb. Gross Weight
Boeing 747 400 seat airliner 800,000 lbs
Conclusions:
• Seaplanes can be effective Seabase connectors (either from intermediate base for force closure or to shore)
• The technology exists and has been demonstrated to interface seaplanes with the Seabase
• The ITS, when combined with existing concepts, will make an efficient seaplane-Seabase interface
Comparison of conceptual design
C-130
US-1A
C-17
C- 5
Shin Meiwa US-1A
C-130J Seaplane Design Concept
C-17 C- 5
MTOW (lbs) 94,800 155,000 260,000 585,000 840,000 Payload (lbs) 30,000 34,000 60,000 170,900 270,000 Empty weight (lbs) 56,200 79,291 127,000 278,000 337,935 Length / Height (ft) 110 / 33 98 / 39 144 / 47 174 / 55 247 / 65 Wing span, b, (ft) 109 132.6 163 171 223 Wing Area, S (ft2) 1,460 1,745 2,650 3,800 6,200 Range, (nm) (with payload)
2,300 1,600 2,000 4,741 6,320
Cruise Speed, (kts) 230 362 368 450 450
plan side
front
• Force closure
• Logistics delivery
• Refueling
SecondarySecondary
• Reconnaissance
• Search & rescue
• Para - drop
PrimaryPrimary
00.020.040.060.080.1
0.120.140.160.18
Pow
er t
o W
eigh
t ra
tio
(lh
p/l
b)
Rapid take-off & landing is important - awareness of sea surface and weather - exploit benign patches of water - STOL technology - power
Cargo handlingCargo handling