Second language teaching and learning:

A bibliography on research design Phil Benson, English Department, Hong Kong Institute of Education

This bibliography has been compiled to help research students explore the literature on their

chosen approaches to research. There is an emphasis on qualitative research, but quantitative

approaches are also covered. There is also selective reading list on qualitative research

outside the field of second language teaching and learning at the end of the bibliography.

Most sections include a short list of example studies. These are selected mainly for their clear

descriptions of data collection and analysis methods.

CTRL + Click to follow links Second language teaching and learning research

Overviews # Research manuals # Surveys of research tends # Discussion and debate #

Research and teaching # Research areas

Quantitative research

Overviews and research manuals # Experimental research # Surveys and

questionnaires # Statistics

Qualitative research

Overviews and research manuals # Discussion and debate # Ethnography # Narrative

and life history research # Introspective diary study # Interviewing # Observation

Research synthesis

Case study

Longitudinal research

Think aloud and stimulated recall

Programme evaluation

Text-based research

Discourse analysis # Conversation analysis # Corpus research

Classroom research

Teacher research

Action research # Reflective practice # Exploratory practice

Mixed methods

Complex Systems / Dynamic Systems theory

Qualitative Research in education, the humanities and social sciences

Overviews # Paradigms # Research Writing

Action research # Biography, Life history, Narrative inquiry # Case Study #

Ethnography # Content analysis # Grounded Theory # Interviewing # Phenomenology #

Research synthesis

Mixed methods

Second language teaching and learning research

Overviews Brown, J. D. (2005). Research Methods for Applied Linguistics: Scope, Characteristics, and

Standards. In A. Davies & C. Elder (Eds.) The Handbook of Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.

Duff, P. A. (2002). Research approaches in applied linguistics. In R. Kaplan (Ed.), The

Oxford handbook of applied linguistics (pp. 13-23). Oxford University Press.

Nunan, D. (2000). Research methods. In M. Byram (Ed.), Routledge encyclopedia of

language teaching and learning (pp. 501-505). London: Routledge. Research manuals Allison, D. (2002). Approaching English language research. Singapore: Singapore

University Press. Ellis, R., & Barkhuizen, G. (2005). Analyzing learner language. Oxford: Oxford University

Press. Brown, J. D., & Rodgers, T. S. (2002). Doing second language research. Oxford: Oxford

University Press. Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics : quantitative, qualitative, and

mixed methodologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gass, S. M., & Mackey, A. (2007). Data elicitation for second and foreign language

research. Mahwah: NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Johnson, D. M. (1992). Approaches to research in second language learning. New York:

Longman. McDonough, J., & McDonough, S. (1997). Research methods for English language

teachers. London: Arnold. Mackey, A., & Gass, S. M. (2005). Second language research: Methodology and design.

Mahwah: NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Mackey, A., & Gass, S. M. (2012). Research methods in second language acquisition : a

practical guide. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell. Nunan, D. (1992). Research methods in language learning. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press. Paltridge, B., & Phakti, A. (Eds.) (2010). Continuum companion to research methods in

Applied Linguistics. London: Continuum. Perry, F. L. (2005). Research in applied linguistics: Becoming a discerning consumer.

Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

See also Burns (1999) # McKay (2006) # Porte (2002) # Richards (2003) # Seliger &

Shohamy (1989) # Wallace (1998)

Research trends Benson, P., Chik, A., Gao, X., Huang, P., and Wang, W. (2009). Qualititative research in 10

language teaching and learning journals, 1997-2006. The Modern Language Journal, 93:1, 79-90.

Catford, J. C. (1998). Language Learning and applied linguistics: A historical sketch.

Language Learning, 48(4), 465-496. Gao, Y. H., Li, L. C., & Lü, J. (2001). Trends in research methods in applied linguistics:

China and the West. English for Specific Purposes, 20, 1-14. Lazaraton, A. (2000). Current trends in research methodology and statistics in applied

linguistics. TESOL Quarterly, 34(1), 175-181. Lazaraton, A. (2005). Quantitative research methods. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of

research in second language learning (pp. 209-224). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Nunan, D. (1991). Methods in second language classroom-oriented research: A critical

review. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13, 249-274. Richards, K. (2009). Trends in qualitative research in language teaching since 2000.

Language Teaching, 42(2), 147-180.

Discussion and debate Beretta, A. (1991). Theory construction in SLA: Complementarity and opposition. Studies

in Second Language Acquisition, 13, 493-511. Block, D. (1996). Not so fast: Some thoughts on theory culling, relativism, accepted

findings and the heart and soul of SLA. Applied Linguistics, 17(1), 63-83. Block, D. (2003). The social turn in second language acquisition. Edinburgh: Edinburgh

University Press. Canagarajah, A. S. (1996). From critical research practice to critical research reporting.

TESOL Quarterly, 30(3), 321-330. Corson, D. (1997). Critical realism: An emancipatory philosophy for applied linguistics?

Applied Linguistics, 18, 166-168. Duff, P. A., & Bailey, K. M. (Eds.). (2001). Identifying research priorities: Themes and

directions for the TESOL International Research Foundation. TESOL Quarterly, 35(4), 595-616.

Firth, A., & Wagner, J. (1997). On discourse, communication and some fundamental

concepts in SLA research. Modern Language Journal, 81 (3), 285-300. Firth, A., & Wagner, J. (1998). SLA property: no trespassing! Modern Language Journal,

82, 91-94. Frowley, W., & Lantolf, J. P. (1984). Speaking and self-order: A critique of orthodox L2

research. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 6(2), 143-159. Gass, S. M. (1998). Apples and oranges: Or, why apples are not oranges and don’t need to

be. Modern Language Journal, 82, 83-90. Kasper, G. (1997). “A” stands for acquisition: A response to Firth and Wagner. Modern

Language Journal, 81(3), 307-31.

Lantolf, J. P. (1996). Second language acquisition theory-building: ‘Letting all the flowers

bloom!’ Language Learning, 46(4), 713-749. Larsen-Freeman, D., & Cameron, L. (2008) Research methodology on language

development from a complex systems perspective. The Modern Language Journal,

92(2), 200-213. Lee, E., & Simon-Maeda, A. (2006). Racialized research identities in ESL/EFL research.

TESOL Quarterly, 40(3),573-594. Long, M. (1990). The least a second language acquisition theory needs to explain. TESOL

Quarterly, 24(4), 649-666. Long, M. H. (1997). Construct validity in SLA research: A response to Firth and Wagner.

Modern Language Journal, 81(3), 318-323. Low, M. (1999). Exploring cross-cultural inscriptions and difference: The effects of

researchers’ positionalities on inquiry practices. TESOL Quarterly, 33, 292-298. Ortega, L. (2005). Methodology, epistemology, and ethics in instructed SLA research: An

introduction. Modern Language Journal, 89(3), 317-327. Pennycook, A. (2001). Critical applied linguistics: A critical introduction. Mahwah, NJ:

Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Rampton, B. (1997). Returning in applied linguistics. International Journal of Applied

Linguistics, 7, 3–25. Sealey, A., & Carter, B. (2004). Applied linguistics as social science. London: Continuum. Tarone, E. E., Gass, S. M., & Cohen, A. D. (Eds.) (1994). Research methodology in second-

language acquisition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Van Geert, P. (2008). The dynamic sytems approach in the study of L1 and L2 acquisition:

An introduction. The Modern Language Journal, 92(2), 179-199. van Lier, L. (1994). Forks and hope: Pursuing understanding in different ways. Applied

Linguistics, 15(3), 328-346. van Lier, L. (1997). Apply within, apply without? International Journal of Applied

Linguistics, 7, 95–105.

Zuengler, J. & Miller, E. R. (2006). Cognitive and sociocultural perspectives: Two parallel

SLA worlds? TESL Quarterly, 40(1), 35-58.

Research and teaching Crookes, G. (1997). What influences what and how second and foreign language teachers

teach? Modern Language Journal, 81(1), 67–79. Goldstein, T. (1997). Language research methods and critical pedagogy. In N. H.

Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.), Research methods in language and education (pp. 67-78). Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Johnson, K. E. (1996). The role of theory in L2 teacher education. TESOL Quarterly, 30(4),

765-771.

Markee, N. (1997). Second language acquisition research: A resource for changing teachers'

professional cultures? Modern Language Journal, 81(1), 80-93.

McDonough, J., & McDonough, S. (1990). What's the use of research? ELT Journal, 44(2),

102-109. Stewart, T. (2006). Teacher-researcher collaboration or teachers’ research? TESOL

Quarterly, 40(2), 421-430.

Toohey, K. (1995). Qualitative research and teacher education: from the ethnography of communication to critical ethnography in ESL teacher education. TESOL Quarterly, 29(3), 576-581.

Yoshida, T., et al. (Eds.) (2009). Researching language teaching and learning: An

integration of practice and theory. Oxford: Peter Lang.

Research areas Burns, A., and Richards, J. (2009). The Cambridge guide to second language teacher

education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Burns, A., and Richards, J. (2012). The Cambridge guide to pedagogy and practice in

second language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Byram, M. (Ed.). (2000). Routledge encyclopedia of language teaching and learning.

London: Routledge. Carter, R., & Nunan. D. (Eds.). (2001). The Cambridge guide to teaching English to

speakers of other languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chapelle, C. (2013). The encyclopedia of applied linguistics. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Corson, D. (Ed.). (1997). Encyclopedia of language and education. 8 volumes. Amsterdam:

Kluwer. Cummins, J., & Davison, C. (Eds.). (2007) The international handbook of English language

teaching. 2 volumes. Norwell , MA : Springer. Davies, A., & Elder, C. (Eds.). (2004). The handbook of applied linguistics. Oxford:

Blackwell. Doughty, C. J., & Long, M. H. (Eds.). (2003). The handbook of second language

acquisition. Oxford: Blackwell. Groom, N., & Littlemore, J. (2011). Doing Applied Linguistics: A guide for students.

London: Routledge. Hall, C. J., Smith, P. H., & Wicaksono, R. (2011). Mapping Applied Linguistics: A guide

for students and practitioners. London: Routledge. Hinkel, E. (Ed.). (2011). Handbook of research in second language learning. Second

edition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Kaplan, R. (Ed.). (2002). The Oxford handbook of applied linguistics. Oxford: Oxford

University Press. Paltridge, B., & Phakti, A. (2010). Continuum companion to research methods in Applied

Linguistics. London: Continuum.

Richards, K., Ross, S. J., and Seedhouse, P. (2011). Research methods for applied language

studies. London: Routledge.

Schiffrin, D., Tannen, D., & Hamilton, H. (Eds.). (2001). The handbook of discourse

analysis. Oxford: Blackwell.

Quantitative research Overviews and research manuals Brown, J. D. (1988). Understanding research in second language learning. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press. Brown, J. D. (2004). Resources on quantitative/statistical research for applied linguists.

Second Language Research, 20(4), 372-393. Henning, G. (1986). Quantitative methods in language acquisition research. TESOL

Quarterly, 20, 701-708. Phakti, A. (2010). Analysing quantitative data. In B. Paltridge & A. Phakti (Eds.),

Continuum companion to research methods in Applied Linguistics (pp. 39-49). London: Continuum.

Porte, G. K. (2002). Appraising research in second language learning: A practical approach

to critical analysis of quantitative research. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Seliger, H. W., & Shohamy, R. (1989). Second language research methods. Oxford

University Press. See also, Second language teaching and research manuals Experimental research Blom, E., & Unsworth, S. (Eds.) (2010). Experimental methods in language acquisition

research. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Gass, S. (2010). Experimental research. In B. Paltridge & A. Phakti (Eds.), Continuum

companion to research methods in Applied Linguistics (pp. 7-21). London: Continuum.

Verhoeven, L. (1997). Experimental methods in researching language and education. In N.

H. Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.), Research methods in language and education (pp. 79-88). Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

McDonough & McDonough, 1997 (Chapter 10) # Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 2) # Surveys and questionnaires Baker, C. (1997). Survey methods in researching language and education. In N. H.

Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.), Research methods in language and education (pp. 35-46). Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Block, D. (1998). Exploring interpretations of questionnaire items. System, 26(3), 403-425. Brown, J. D. (2001). Using surveys in language programmes. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press. Brown, J. D. (2009). Open-response in questionnaires. In J. Heigham & R. Croker (Eds.),

Qualitative research in applied linguistics (pp. 200-219). Basingstoke: Palgrave

Macmillan. Dörnyei, Z. (2003). Questionnaires in second language research: Construction,

administration, and processing. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Low, G. (1999). What respondents do with questionnaires: Accounting for incongruity and

fluidity. Applied Linguistics, 20(4), 503-533. Wagner, E. (2010). Survey research. In B. Paltridge & A. Phakti (Eds.), Continuum

companion to research methods in Applied Linguistics (pp. 22-38). London: Continuum.

McDonough & McDonough, 1997 (Chapter 11) # Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 7) Wallace, 1998

(Chapter 7) Statistics Brown, J. D. (1991). Statistics as a foreign language – Part 1: What to look for in reading

statistical language studies. TESOL Quarterly, 25(4), 569-585. Brown, J. D. (1992). Statistics as a foreign language – Part 2: More things to consider in

reading statistical language studies. TESOL Quarterly, 26(4), 629-664. Hatch, E. (1991). The research manual: Design and statistics for applied linguistics. Boston,

Mass.: Heinle & Heinle. Woods, A., Fletcher, P., & Hughes, A. (1986). Statistics in language studies. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.

Qualitative research

Overviews and research manuals Benson, P., Chik, A, Gao, X., Huang, J. and Wang, W. (2009). Qualititative research in 10

language teaching and learning journals, 1997-2006. Modern Language Journal, 93:1, 79-90.

Croker, R. (2009). An introduction to qualitative research. In J. Heigham & R. Croker

(Eds.), Qualitative research in applied linguistics (pp. 3-24). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Freeman, D. (2009). What makes research “Qualitative”? In J. Heigham & R. Croker

(Eds.), Qualitative research in applied linguistics (pp. 25-44). Basingstoke:

Palgrave Macmillan.

Heigham, J., & Croker, R. (Eds.) (2009). Qualitative research in applied linguistics.

Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Holliday, A. (2002). Doing and writing qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Holliday, A. (2010). Analysing qualitative data. In B. Paltridge & A. Phakti (Eds.),

Continuum companion to research methods in Applied Linguistics (pp. 98-110).

London: Continuum. Matsuda, T. K., & Silva, T. (Eds.) (2005) Second language writing research : perspectives

on the process of knowledge construction. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Rallis, S. F., & Rossman, G. B. (2009). Ethics and trustworthiness. . In J. Heigham & R.

Croker (Eds.), Qualitative research in applied linguistics (pp. 263-287). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Richards, K. (2003). Qualitative inquiry in TESOL. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Richards, K. (2009). Trends in qualitative research in language teaching since 2000.

Language Teaching, 42(2), 147-180.

Talmy, S. (2010). Analysing qualitative data. In B. Paltridge & A. Phakti (Eds.), Continuum

companion to research methods in Applied Linguistics (pp. 127-142). London: Continuum.

See also, Second language teaching and research manuals

Discussion and debate Blot, R. K. (1991). The role of hypothesis testing in qualitative research: A second

researcher comments. TESOL Quarterly, 25(1), 202-205. Cumming, A. (1994). Alternatives in TESOL research: Descriptive, interpretive, and

ideological orientations. TESOL Quarterly, 28(4), 673-583. Davis, K. A. (1992). Validity and reliability in qualitative research: Another researcher

comments. TESOL Quarterly, 26(3), 605-608. Davis, K. A. (1995). Qualitative theory and methods in applied linguistics research. TESOL

Quarterly, 29(3), 427-453. Edge, J., & Richards, K. (1998). May I see your warrant, please? justifying outcomes in

qualitative research. Applied Linguistics, 19(3), 334-356. Freeman, D. (1991). Asking “good” questions: Perspectives from qualitative research on

practice, knowledge, and understanding in teacher education. TESOL Quarterly, 29(3),

Grotjahn, R. (1991). The research programme subjective theories: A new approach in

second language research. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13, 187-214. Holliday, A. (2004). Issues of validity in progressive paradigms of qualitative research.

TESOL Quarterly, 38(4), 731-734. Johnson, D. M., & Saville-Troike, M. (1992). Validity and reliability in qualitative

research: Two researchers comment. TESOL Quarterly, 26(3), 602-605.

Lazaraton, A. (1995). Qualitative research in applied linguistics: A progress report. TESOL

Quarterly, 29(3), 455-472.

Lazaraton, A. (2003). Evaluative criteria for qualitative research in applied linguistics:

Whose criteria and whose research? Modern Language Journal, 87(1), 1-12. Norton Pierce, B. (1995). The theory of methodology in qualitative research. TESOL

Quarterly, 29(3), 569-576.

Ulichny, P. (1991). The role of hypothesis testing in qualitative research: A researcher

comments. TESOL Quarterly, 25(1), 200-202.

Ethnography Garcez, P. M. (1997). Microethnography. In N. H. Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.),

Research methods in language and education (pp. 187-198). Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Harklau, L. (2005). Ethnography and ethnographic research on second language teaching

and learning. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of research in second language learning (pp. 179-194). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Heigham, J., & Sakui, K. (2009). Ethnography. In J. Heigham & R. Croker (Eds.),

Qualitative research in applied linguistics (pp. 91-111). Basingstoke: Palgrave

Macmillan. Holliday, A. (1996). Developing a sociological imagination: Expanding ethnography in

international English language education. Applied Linguistics, 17(2), 234-255.

Holliday, A. (2004). The value of reconstruction in revealing hidden or counter cultures.

Journal of Applied Linguistics, 1(3), 275-294. May, S. A. (1997). Critical ethnography. In N. H. Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.),

Research methods in language and education (pp. 197-206). Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Ramanathan, V., & Atkinson, D. (1999). Ethnographic approaches and methods in L2

writing research. Applied Linguistics, 20(1), 44-70. Starfield, S. (2010). Ethnographies. In B. Paltridge & A. Phakti (Eds.), Continuum

companion to research methods in Applied Linguistics (pp. 50-65). London: Continuum.

Tusting, J., & Maybin, J. (2007). Linguistic ethnography: Links, problems and possibilities.

Special issue of Journal of Sociolinguistics, 11 (5). Watson-Gegeo, K. A. (1988). Ethnography in ESL: Defining the essentials. TESOL

Quarterly 22(4), 575-592. Watson-Gegeo, K. A. (1997). Classroom ethnography. In N. H. Hornberger & D. Corson

(Eds.), Research methods in language and education (pp.135-144). Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 3)

Example studies Breen, M.P., Hird, B., Milton, M., Oliver, R., & Thwaite, A. (2001). Making sense of

language teaching: Teachers’ principles and classroom practices. Applied Linguistics, 22(4), 470-501.

Canagarajah, A. S. (1993). Critical ethnography of a Sri Lankan classroom: Ambiguities in

student opposition to reproduction through ESOL. TESOL Quarterly, 27(4), 601-

626. Duff, P.A. (2002). The discursive co-construction of knowledge, identity, and difference: an

ethnography of communication in the high school mainstream. Applied Linguistics, 23(3), 289-322.

Goldstein, T. (1997). Two languages at work: Bilingual life on the production floor. New

York: Mouton de Gruyter. Harklau, L. (2000). From the “good kids” to the “worst”: Representations of English

language learners across educational settings. TESOL Quarterly, 34(1), 35-67. Lam, W. S. E. (2000). L2 literacy and the design of the self: A case study of a teenager

writing on the Internet. TESOL Quarterly, 34(3), 457-482. McKay, S., & Wong, S. L. (1996). Multiple discourses, multiple identities: Investment and

agency in second-language learning among Chinese adolescent immigrant students. Harvard Educational Review, 66(3), 577-608. Norton, B. (2000). Identity and language learning: Gender, ethnicity and educational

change. London: Longman. Shaw, P. (1996). Voices for improved learning: the ethnographer as co-agent of pedagogic

change. In K. M. Bailey & D. Nunan (Eds.) Voices from the language classroom (pp. 318-337). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Toohey, K. (2000). Learning English at school: Identity, social relations and classroom practice. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

Willett, J. (1995). Becoming first graders in an L2: An ethnographic study of L2

socialization. TESOL Quarterly, 29(3), 473-504.

Narrative and life history research Bell, J. S. (2002). Narrative inquiry: More than just telling stories. TESOL Quarterly, 36,

207-218. Benson, P. (2004). (Auto)biography and learner diversity. In P. Benson & D. Nunan (Eds.),

Learners’ stories: Difference and diversity in language learning (pp. 4-21). Cambridge University Press.

Cameron, D. (2000). Difficult subjects. Critical Quarterly, 42(4), 89-94. Johnston, B. (1997). Do EFL teachers have careers? TOFEL Quarterly, 31(4), 681-712. Kouritzin, S. (2000). Bringing life to research: Life history research and ESL. TESL

Canada Journal, 17(2), 1-35. Murray, G. (2009). Narrative inquiry. In J. Heigham & R. Croker (Eds.), Qualitative

research in applied linguistics (pp. 45-65). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Pavlenko, A. (2001). Language learning memoirs as a gendered genre. Applied Linguistics,

22(2), 213-240. Pavlenko, A. (2002). Narrative study: Whose story is it, anyway? TESOL Quarterly, 36,

213-218.

Example studies Benson, P., & Nunan, D. (Eds.). (2002). The experience of language learning. Special issue

of the Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics, 7(2). Benson, P., & Nunan, D. (Eds.). (2004). Learners’ stories: Difference and diversity in

language learning. Cambridge University Press. Casanave, C. P., & Schecter, S. R. (Eds.). (1997). On becoming a language educator:

Personal essays on professional development. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum. Evans, C. (1988). Language people: The experience of teaching and learning modern

languages in British universities. Milton Keynes: Society for Research into Higher Education & Open University Press.

Johnston, B. (1997). Do EFL teachers have careers? TESOL Quarterly, 31(4), 681-712. Kanno, Y. (2000). Bilingualism and identity: The stories of Japanese returnees.

International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 31, 1-18. Kouritzin, S. (2000). Immigration mothers redefine access to ESL classes: Contradiction

and ambivalence. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 21(1), 14-19.

Marx, N. (2002). Never quite a ‘native speaker’: accent and identity in the L2 - and the L1.

Canadian Modern Language Review, 59(2), 264-281. Pavlenko, A. (2001). Language learning memoirs as a gendered genre. Applied Linguistics,

22(2), 213-240. Shedivy, S.L. (2004). Factors that lead some students to continue the study of foreign

language past the usual 2 years in high school. System, 32(1), 103-119.

Takeuchi, O. (2003). What can we learn from good foreign language learners? A qualitative

study in the Japanese foreign language context. System, 31(3), 385-392.

Tse, L. (2000). Student perceptions of foreign language study: A qualitative analysis of

foreign language autobiographies. The Modern Language Journal, 84(1), 69-84.

Introspective diary study Bailey, K. M. (1991). Diary studies of classroom language learning: The doubting game

and the believing game. In E. Sadtono (Ed.), Language acquisition and the second/foreign language classroom (pp. 60-102). RELC Anthology Series 28, Singapore: RELC.

Bailey, K. M., & Ochsner, R. (1983). A methodological review of the diary studies:

Windmill tilting or social science? In K. M. Bailey, M. H. Long & S. Peck (Eds.), Second language acquisition studies (pp. 188-198) Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.

Grotjahn, R. (1987). On the methodological basis of introspective methods. In C. Faerch &

G. Kasper (Eds.), Introspection in second language research (pp. 54-81). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

McDonough & McDonough, 1997 (Chapter 8) # Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 6)

Example studies Bailey, K. M. (1980). An introspective analysis of an individual’s language learning

experience. In R. C. Scarcella & S. D. Krashen (Eds.), Research in second language acquisition (pp. 58-65). Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.

Block, D. (1996). A window on the classroom: classroom events viewed from different

angles. In K. M. Bailey & D. Nunan (Eds.) Voices from the language classroom (pp. 168-194). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Brown, C., Sagers, S.L., & LaPorte, C. (1999). Incidental vocabulary acquisition from oral

and written dialogue journals. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 21(2), 259-283.

Campbell, C. (1996). Socializing with the teachers and prior language learning experience:

A diary study. In K. M. Bailey & D. Nunan (Eds.), Voices from the language classroom. (pp. 201-223). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Carson, J.G., & Longhini, A. (2002). Focusing on learning styles and strategies: A diary

study in an immersion setting. Language Learning, 52(2), 401-438. Halbach, A. (2000). Finding out about students’ learning strategies by looking at their

diaries: A case study. System, 28(1), 85-96. Jones, F. R. (1994). The lone language learner: A diary study. System, 22, 441-454. Lally, C.G. (2000). Language teaching and learning diaries: French conversation from two

different perspectives. Foreign Language Annals, 33(2), 224-228. Peck, S. (1996). Language learning diaries as mirrors of students’ cultural sensitivity. In K.

M. Bailey & D. Nunan (Eds.) Voices from the language classroom (pp. 236-247).

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Schmidt, R., & Frota, S. (1986). Developing basic conversational ability in a second

language: A case study of an adult learner of Portuguese. In R. Day (Ed.), Talking to learn (pp. 237-326). Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.

Schumann, F. M., & Schumann J. H. (1977). Diary of a language learner: An introspective

study of second language learning. In H. D. Brown, C. A. Yorio & R. Crymes (Eds.), On TESOL ’77 teaching and learning English as a second language: Trends in research and practice (pp. 241-249). Washington, DC: TESOL.

Interviewing Block, D. (1995). Social constraints on interviews. Prospect, 10(3), 35-48.

Block, D. (2000). Problematizing interview data: Voices in the mind's machine? TESOL

Quarterly, 34, 757-763. Goldstein, T. (1995). Interviewing in multicultural/multilingual settings. TESOL Quarterly,

29(3), 587-593. Richards, K. (2009). Interviews. In J. Heigham & R. Croker (Eds.), Qualitative research in

applied linguistics (pp. 182-199). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Rubio, O. (1997). Ethnographic interview methods in researching language and education.

In N. H. Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.), Research methods in language and education (pp. 153-164). Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

McDonough & McDonough, 1997 (Chapter 11) # Richards, 2003 (Chapter 2) Wallace,

1998 (Chapter 7)

Example studies

Flowerdew, J. (2001). Attitudes of journal editors to nonnative speaker contributions.

TESOL Quarterly, 35(1), 121-150.

Observation

Allwright, D. (1988). Observation in the language classroom. London: Longman. Bailey, K. M. (2001). Observation. In R. Carter & D. Nunan (eds.) The Cambridge Guide to

Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages. Cambridge University Press, pp. 114-119.

Cowie, N. (2009). Observation. In J. Heigham & R. Croker (Eds.), Qualitative research in

applied linguistics (pp. 165-181). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Wajnryb, R. (1993). Classroom observation tasks: A resource book for language teachers

and trainers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Burns, 1999 (Chapter 4), McDonough & McDonough, 1997 (Chapter 7)

Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 5) # Richards, 2003 (Chapter 3) # Wallace, 1998 (Chapter 6). Example studies Basturkmen, H., Loewen, S., & Ellis, R. (2004). Teachers’ stated beliefs about incidental

focus on form and their classroom practices. Applied Linguistics, 25(2), 243-272. Borg, S. (1998). Teachers’ pedagogical systems and grammar teaching: A qualitative study.

TESOL Quarterly, 32(1), 9-38. Clair, N. (1998). Teacher study groups: Persistent questions in a promising approach.

TESOL Quarterly, 32(3), 465-492. Hyland, F. (2000). Teacher management of writing workshops: Two case studies. Canadian

Modern Language Review, 57(2), 272-294. Johnston, B., & Goettsch, K. (2000). In search of the knowledge base of language teaching:

Explanations by experienced teachers. Canadian Modern Language Review, 56(3), 437-468.

Mori, R. (2004). Staying-in-English rule revisited. System, 32(2), 225-236. Panova, I., & Lyster, R. (2002). Patterns of corrective feedback and uptake in an adult ESL

classroom. TESOL Quarterly, 36(4), 573-595. Porto, M. (2003). Stereotyping in the representation of narrative texts through visual

reformulations. Foreign Language Annals, 36(3), 347-369.

Turnbull, M. (1999). Multidimensional project-based second language teaching:

Observations of four Grade 9 core French teachers. Canadian Modern Language

Review, 56(1), 7-30.

Research synthesis

Overviews Ortega, L. (2010). Research synthesis. In B. Paltridge & A. Phakti (Eds.), Continuum

companion to research methods in Applied Linguistics (pp. 111-126). London: Continuum.

Case study

Overviews Casanave, C. P. (2010). Case studies. In B. Paltridge & A. Phakti (Eds.), Continuum

companion to research methods in Applied Linguistics (pp. 66-79). London: Continuum.

Duff, P. (2008). Case study methods in applied linguistics. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Faltis, C. (1997). Case study methods in researching language and education. In N. H.

Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.), Research methods in language and education (pp. 145-153). Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Hood, M. (2009). Case study. In J. Heigham & R. Croker (Eds.), Qualitative research in

applied linguistics (pp. 66-90). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. van Lier, L. (2005). Case study. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of research in second

language learning (pp. 195-208). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. See also McDonough & McDonough, 1997 (Chapter 13), Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 4),

Wallace, 1998 (Chapter 6). Example studies Cabaroglu, N., & Roberts, J. (2000). Development in student teachers’ pre-existing beliefs

during a 1-year PGCE programme. System, 28(3), 387-402. Carless, D. (1998). A case study of curriculum implementation in Hong Kong. System, 26(3),

353-368. Coupland, N. (1997). Language, ageing and ageism: A project for applied linguistics?

International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 7(1), 26-48. Dushku, S. (1998). ELT in Albania: Project evaluation and change. System, 26(3), 369-388. Hilleson, M. (1996) “I want to talk with them but I don’t want them to hear”: an introspective

study of second language anxiety in an English-medium school. In K. M. Bailey & D. Nunan (Eds.) Voices from the language classroom (pp. 248-275). Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press. Ioup, G., Boustagi, E., El Tigi, M., & Moselle, M. (1995). Reexamining the critical period

hypothesis. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 16, 73-98. Katz, A. (1996). Teaching style: A way to understand instruction in language classrooms. In

K. M. Bailey & D. Nunan (Eds.) Voices from the language classroom (pp. 57-87). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sarroub,G.J. (2001). A collective case study of the implementation process of the Nebraska

Foreign Language Frameworks by six teachers. The Modern Language Journal, 85(4), 499-511.

Shamim, F. (1996). In or out of the action zone: location as a feature of interaction in large

ESL classes in Pakistan. In K. M. Bailey & D. Nunan (Eds.) Voices from the language classroom (pp. 123-144). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

van Lier, L., & Matsuo, N. (2000). Varieties of conversational experience: Looking for

learning opportunities. Applied Language Learning, 11(2), 265-287.

Longitudinal research

Overviews Ortega, L., & Iberri-Shea, G. (2005). Longitudinal research in second language acquisition:

Recent trends and future directions. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 25, 26-45. Brown & Rodgers, 2002 (Chapter 4) Example studies Belz, J.A., & Kinginger, C. (2002). The cross-linguistic development of address form use in

telecollaborative language learning: Two case studies. Canadian Modern Language Review, 59(2), 189-214.

Huebner, T. (1983). A longitudinal analysis of the acquisition of English. Ann Arbor, MI:

Karoma. Kim, D., & Hall, J. K. (2002). The role of an interactive book reading prorogram in the

development of second language pragmatic competence. The Modern Language Journal, 86, 332-348.

Klapper, J., & Rees, J. (2003). Reviewing the case for explicit grammar instruction in the

university foreign language learning context. Language Teaching Research, 7, 385-314.

Kobayashi, M. (2003). The role of peer support in ESL students’ accomplishment of oral

academic tasks. Canadian Modern Language Review, 59(3), 337-368. Lightbown, P., Halter, R., White, J., & Horst, M. (2002). Comprehension-based learning: The

limits of ‘do-it-yourself’. Canadian Modern Language Review, 58, 427-464. McCafferty, S.G. (2002). Gesture and creating zones of proximal development for second

language learning. The Modern Language Journal, 86(2), 192-203. Sato, C. (1990) The syntax of conversation in interlanguage development. Tübingen: Gunter

Narr. Tomiyama, M. (2000). Child second language attrition: A longitudinal case study. Applied

Linguistics, 21(3), 304-332. Varrus, F. (2002). Postcoloniality and English: Exploring language policy and the politics of

development in Tanzania. TESOL Quarterly, 36(3), 373-397.

Think aloud and stimulated recall

Overviews Ericsson, K. A., & Simon, H. A. (1993). Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data.

Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Gass, S. M. (2001). Innovations in second language research methods. Annual Review of

Applied Linguistics, 21, 221-232. Gass, S. M., & Mackey, A. (2000). Stimulated recall methodology in second language

research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. McKay, S. L. (2009). Introspective techniques. In J. Heigham & R. Croker (Eds.),

Qualitative research in applied linguistics (pp. 220-241). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Brown & Rogers, 2002 (Chapter 3) # McDonough & McDonough, 1997 (Chapter 12) #

Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 6) Example studies Bengeleil, N.F., & Paribakht, T.S. (2004). L2 reading proficiency and lexical inferencing by

university EFL learners. Canadian Modern Language Review, 61(2), 225-249. Gatbonton, E. (1999). Investigating experienced ESL teachers’ pedagogical knowledge. The

Modern Language Journal, 83(1), 35-50. Gregersen, T., & Horwitz, E.K. (2002). Language learning and perfectionism: Anxious and

non-anxious language learners’ reactions to their own oral performance. The Modern Language Journal, 86(4), 562-570.

Hanauer, D. I. (2001). The task of poetry reading and second language learning. Applied

Linguistics, 22(3), 295-323. Leow, R.P. (2000). A study of the role of awareness in foreign language behavior: Aware

versus unaware learners. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 22(4), 557-584. Lumley, T. (2002). Assessment criteria in a large-scale writing test: What do they really

mean to the raters? Language Testing, 19(3), 246-276. Mackey, A., Gass, S., & McDonough, K. (2000). How do learners perceive interactional

feedback? Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 22(4), 471-497. Paribakht T.S., & Wesche, M. (1999). Reading and “incidental” L2 vocabulary acquisition: An introspective study of lexical inferencing. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 21(2),

195-224. Qi, D.S. (1998). An inquiry into language-switching in second language composing processes.

Canadian Modern Language Review, 54(3), 413-435. Vandergrift, L. (2003). Orchestrating strategy use: Toward a model of the skilled second

language listener. Language Learning, 53(3), 463-496.

Programme evaluation

Overviews Lynch, B. K. (1996). Language programme evaluation: theory and practice. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press. Brown & Rogers, 2002 (Chapter 8), Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 9) Example studies Allen, L.Q. (2004). Implementing a culture portfolio project within a constructivist paradigm.

Foreign Language Annals, 37(2), 232-239. Fang, X., & Warschauer, M. (2004). Technology and curricular reform in China: A case

study. TESOL Quarterly, 38(2), 301-323. Hertel, T.J. (2003). Using an e-mail exchange to promote cultural learning. Foreign

Language Annals, 36(3), 386-396. Pawan, F. & Thomolla, T.G. (2005). Making the invisible visible: a responsive evaluation

study of ESL and Spanish language services for immigrants in a small rural county in Indiana. TESOL Quarterly, 39(4), 683-705.

Rea-Dickins, P., & Gardner, S. (2000). Snares and silver bullets: Disentangling the construct

of formative assessment. Language Testing, 17(2), 215-243. Rosenbusch, H.M. (2002). The impact of national and state policy on elementary school

foreign language programs: The Iowa case study. Foreign Language Annals, 35(5), 507-517.

Schwarzer, D. (2003). A qualitative assessment of a foreign language whole language class.

Foreign Language Annals, 36(1), 77-85. Takahashi, E. (1998). Language development in social interaction: A longitudinal study of a

Japanese FLES program from a Vygotskyan approach. Foreign Language Annals, 31(3), 392-406.

Wilhelm, K.H. (1997). Sometimes kicking and screaming: Language teachers-in-training

react to a collaborative learning model. The Modern Language Journal, 81(4), 527-543.

Text-based research

Discourse analysis Cameron, D. (2001). Working with spoken discourse. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Cazden, C.B. (2001). Classroom discourse: The language of teaching and learning.

Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Cazden, C.B., & Beck, S.W. (2003). Classroom Discourse. In A.C. Graesser, M.A.

Gernsbacher, S. Goldman (Eds.), Handbook of discourse processes (p. 165-198). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Celce-Murcia, M., & Olshtain, E. (2000). Discourse and context in language teaching: A

guide for language teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Christie, F. (2002). Classroom discourse analysis: A functional perspective. London: Continuum.

Davis, K. A., & Henze, R. C. (1998). Applying ethnographic perspectives to issues in cross-

cultural pragmatics. Journal of Pragmatics, 30, 399-419. Gee, J.P. (2005). An introduction to discourse analysis: Theory and method. New York :

Routledge, 2005. Gibbons, P. (2006). Bridging discourses in the ESL classroom: Students, teachers and

researchers. London: Continuum. Green, J. L., & Nixon, C. N. (2002). Exploring differences in perspectives on microanalysis

of classroom discourse: Contributions and concerns. Applied Linguistics, 23, 393-406.

Hammersley, M. (1990). Classroom ethnography: Empirical and methodological essays.

Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Heap, J. L. (1997). Conversation analysis methods in researching language and education.

In N. H. Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.), Research methods in language and education (pp. 217-226). Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Kumaravadivelu, B. (1999). Critical classroom discourse analysis. TESOL Quarterly, 33(3),

453-484. Kumpulainen, K., & Wray, D. (Eds.). (2002). Classroom interaction and social learning:

From theory to practice. London: RoutledgeFalmer. Lazaraton, A. (2002). Quantitative and qualitative approaches to discourse analysis. Annual

Review of Applied Linguistics, 22, 32-51. Lazaraton, A. (2009). Discourse analysis. In J. Heigham & R. Croker (Eds.), Qualitative

research in applied linguistics (pp. 242-262). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Norton, B. (1997). Critical discourse research. In N. H. Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.),

Research methods in language and education (pp. 207-216). Encyclopedia of

Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Rampton, B., Roberts, C., Leung, C., & Harris, R. (2002). Methodology in the analysis of

classroom discourse. Applied Linguistics, 23(3) , 373-392. Riggenbach, H. (1999). Discourse analysis in the language classroom. Volume 1: The

spoken language. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. Rogers, R. (Ed.). (2004). An introduction to critical discourse analysis in education.

Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Walsh, S. (2006). Investigating classroom discourse. New York : Routledge. Nunan, 1992

(Chapter 8) # Richards, 2003 (Chapter 3)

Example studies Borg, S. (1999). The use of grammatical terminology in the second language classroom: A

qualitative study of teachers’ practices and cognitions. Applied Linguistics, 20(1), 95-126.

Cameron, R., & Williams, J. (1997). Sentence to ten cents: A case study of relevance and

communicative success in nonnative-native speaker interaction in a medical setting.

Applied Linguistics, 18(4), 415-445. Foster, P. (1998). A classroom perspective on the negotiation of meaning. Applied

Linguistics, 19(1), 1-23. Jenkins, S., & Parra, I. (2003). Multiple layers of meaning in an oral proficiency test: The

complementary roles of nonverbal, paralinguistic, and verbal behaviors in assessment decisions. The Modern Language Journal, 87(1), 90-107.

Marco, M.J.L. (1999). Procedural vocabulary: Lexical signaling of conceptual relations in

discourse. Applied Linguistics, 20(1), 1-21. Villamil, O.S., & De Guerrero, M.C.M. (1998). Assessing the impact of peer revision on L2

writing. Applied Linguistics, 19(4), 491-514.

Conversation analysis Markee, N. (2000). Conversation analysis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Markee, N., & Kasper, G. (2004). Classroom talks: An Introduction. Modern Language

Journal, 88(4), 491-500. Seedhouse, P. (2005). Conversation analysis and language learning. Language Teaching,

38(4) , 165-187.

Example studies Angélil-Carter, S. (1997). Second language acquisition of spoken and written English:

Acquiring the skeptron, TESOL Quarterly, 31(2), 263-287. Brown, A. (2003). Interviewer variation and the co-construction of speaking proficiency.

Language Testing, 20(1), 1-25. Gardner, R. (1998). Between speaking and listening: The vocalization of understandings.

Applied Linguistics, 19(2), 204-224. Liebscher, G., & Dailey-O’Cain, J. (2004). Learner code-switching in the content-based

foreign language classroom. Canadian Modern Language Review, 60(4), 501-524. Markee, N., & Kasper, G. (2004). Special issue on conversation analysis and SLA in

classroom contexts, Modern Language Journal 88(4). Mori, J. (2002). Task design, plan, and development of talk-in-interaction: An analysis of a

small group activity in a Japanese language classroom. Applied Linguistics, 23(3), 323-347.

Richards, K., & Seedhouse, P. (Eds.) (2005). Applying conversation analysis. Basingstoke:

Palgrave Macmillan. Seedhouse, P. (2004). The interactional architecture of the language classroom: A

conversation analysis perspective. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Waring, H.Z. (2005). Peer tutoring in a graduate writing centre: identity, expertise, and

advice resisting. Applied Linguistics, 26(2), 141-168.

Wilkinson, S. (2002). The omnipresent classroom during summer study abroad: American

students in conversation with their French hosts. The Modern Language Journal, 86(2), 157-173.

Wong, J. (2002). “Applying” conversation analysis in applied linguistics: Evaluating

dialogue in English as a second language textbooks. IRAL, 40(1), 37-60.

Corpus research

Baker, P. (2006). Using corpora in discourse analysis. London: Continuum. Biber, D., & Conrad, S. (2001). Quantitative corpus-based research: much more than bean

counting. TESOL Quarterly, 35(2), 331-336. Biber, D., Conrad, S., & Reppen, R. (1998). Corpus linguistics: Investigating language

structure and use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kennedy, G. (1998). An introduction to corpus linguistics. London: Longman. McCarthy, M., & Carter, R. (2001). Size isn’t everything: Spoken English, corpus, and the

classroom. TESOL Quarterly, 35(2), 337-340.

Example studies Beeching, K. (1997). French for specific purpose: The case for spoken corpora. Applied

Linguistics, 18(3), 374-394. Cheng, W., & Warren, M. (1999). Inexplicitness: What is it and should we be teaching it?

Applied Linguistics, 20(3), 293-315. Harwood, N. (2005). ‘We do not seem to have a theory…the theory I present here attempts

to fill this gap’: Inclusive and exclusive pronouns in academic writing. Applied Linguistics, 26(4), 343-375

Howarth, P. (1998). Phraseology and second language proficiency. Applied Linguistics,

19(1), 24-44.

Classroom research

Overviews Allwright, D., & Bailey, K. M. (1991). Focus on the language classroom: An introduction to

classroom research for language teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. McKay, S. L. (2006). Researching second language classrooms. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence

Erlbaum. Tsui, A. (2001). Classroom interaction. In R. Carter & D. Nunan (eds.) The Cambridge Guide

to Teaching English to Speakers of other Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Brown & Rogers, 2002 (Chapter 4) # Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 5)

Example studies Bailey, K. M. (1996). The best laid plans: teachers’ in-class decisions to depart from their

lesson plans. In K. M. Bailey & D. Nunan (Eds.) Voices from the language classroom (pp. 15-40). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hall, J.K., & Verplaetse, L.S. (Eds.) (2000). Second and foreign language learning through

classroom interaction. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Nunan, D. (1996). Hidden voices: Insiders’ perspectives on classroom interaction. In K. M.

Bailey & D. Nunan (Eds.) Voices from the language classroom (pp. 41-56). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Zuengler, J., & Mori, J. (Eds.) (2002) Special issue on microanalyses of classroom discourse.

Applied Linguistics, 23(3).

Teacher research

Action research

Overviews Burns, A. (1999). Collaborative action research for English language teachers. Cambridge

University Press. Burns, A. (2009). Action research. In J. Heigham and R. Croker (Eds.), Qualitative

research in applied linguistics (pp. 112-134). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Burns, A. (2010). Action research. In B. Paltridge & A. Phakti (Eds.), Continuum

companion to research methods in Applied Linguistics (pp. 80-97). London: Continuum.

Crookes, G. (1993). Action research for second language teachers: Going beyond teacher

research. Applied Linguistics, 14(2), 130-144. Edge, J. (Ed.). (2001). Action research. Alexandria, VA: TESOL Inc. Freeman, D. (1998). Doing teacher-research: From inquiry to understanding. Pacific

Grove, CA: Heinle & Heinle. Wallace, M. J. (1998). Action research for language teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.

Example studies Bilash, S.E.O. (2002). The challenges and successes of developing a literacy community in

a minority language in western Canada: An action research study. Foreign Language Annals, 35(3), 307-319.

Block, D. (1997). Learning by listening to language learners. System, 25(3), 347-360. Jogan, M.K., Ana, H.H., & Gladys, A.M. (2001). Cross-cultural e-mail: Providing cultural

input for the advanced foreign language student. Foreign Language Annals, 34(4), 341-346.

Snow, M. A., Hyland, J., Kami-Stein, L. & Yu, J. H. (1996). U.S. language minority

students: voices from the junior high classroom. In K. M. Bailey & D. Nunan (Eds.)

Voices from the language classroom (pp. 304-317). Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.

Yamada, Y., & Moeller, A.J. (2001). Weaving curricular standards into the language

classroom: An action research study. Foreign Language Annals, 34(1), 26-34.

Reflective practice Farrell, T. S. C. (1999b). Reflective practice in an EFL teacher development group. System,

27(2), 157-172.

Exploratory practice

Allwright, D. (2005). Developing principles for practitioner research: The case of

exploratory practice. Modern Language Journal, 89(3), 353-356.

Mixed methods research

Overviews Ivankova. N.,& Creswell, J. (2009). Mixed methods. In J. Heigham & R. Croker (Eds.), Qualitative research in applied linguistics (pp. 135-164). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Complex Systems / Dynamic Systems theory

Verspoor, M. H., De Bot, K., & Lowie, W. (Eds.) (2011). A dynamic approach to second

language development: methods and techniques. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Qualitative research in education, the humanities & social sciences

Overviews Alvesson, M., & Skoldberg, K. (2000). Reflexive methodology: New vistas for qualitative

research. London: Sage. Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (1992). Qualitative research for education. An introduction

to theory and methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Coffey, A., & Atkinson, P. (1996). Making sense of qualitative data: Complementary

research strategies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Cresswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five

traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Cresswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods

approaches. Third edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2005). The SAGE Handbook of qualitative

research. Third edition (First published 1994) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Erickson, F. (2004). Demistifying data construction and analysis. Anthropology and

Education Quarterly, 35(4), 486-493. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded

sourcebook. 2nd

ed. London: Sage. Richards, L., & Morse, J. M. (2007). Readme first for a user’s guide to qualitative methods.

Second Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Rossman, G. B., & Rallis, S. F. (2003). Learning in the field; An introduction to qualitative

research. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Schwandt, T. A. (2007). The Sage dictionary of qualitative inquiry. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Silverman, D. (1993). Interpreting qualitative data: Methods for analysing talk, text and

interaction. Newbury Park: Sage. Silverman, D. (2000). Doing qualitative research: A practical handbook. London: Sage.

Stebbins, R. (2001). Exploratory research in the social sciences. London: Sage.

Paradigms Benton, T., & Craib, I. (2001). Philosophy of social science: The philosophical foundations

of social thought. London: Palgrave. Bryman, A. (2006). Paradigm peace and the implications for quality. International Journal

of Social Research Methodology, 9 (2), 111-126. Bryman, A. (2007). The research question in social research: What is its role? International

Journal of Social Research Methodology, 10 (2), 5-20. Guba, E. G. (Ed.). (1990). The paradigm dialog. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In N.

K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 105-117). 2

nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Wright, K. H. (Ed.) (2006) Special issue on paradigm proliferation in educational research.

International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 19 (1).

Qualitative research writing Casanave, C. P. (2009). Writing up your research. In J. Heigham & R. Croker (Eds.),

Qualitative research in applied linguistics (pp. 288-305). Basingstoke: Palgrave

Macmillan. Cooper, H., & Hedges, L. V. (Eds.) (1994). The handbook of research synthesis. New York:

Russell Sage Foundation. Golden-Biddle, K., & Locke, K. (1997). Composing qualitative research. Thousand Oaks,

CA: Sage. Light, R., & Pillemer, D. (1984). Summing up: The Science of research synthesis.

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Locke, K., and Golden-Biddle, K. (1997). Constructing opportunities for contribution:

Structuring intertextual coherence and ‘problematizing’ in organizational studies.

Academy of Management Journal, 40(5), 1023-1062. Wolcott, H. F. (2001). Writing up qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Action Research Reason, P., & Bradbury, H. (Eds.). (2001). Handbook of action research. Thousand Oaks,

CA: Sage.

Narrative inquiry Atkinson, R. (1998). The life story interview. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Bertaux, D. (Ed.). (1981). Biography and society: The life history approach in the social

sciences. Beverley Hills, CA: Sage. Bruner, J. (1991). The narrative construction of reality. Critical Inquiry, 8, 1-21. Chamberlayne, P., Bornat, J., & Wengraf, T. (Eds.). (2000). The turn to biographical

methods in social science: Comparative issues and examples. London: Routledge. Cortazzi, M. (1993). Narrative analysis. London: Falmer Press. Denzin, N. K. (1989). Interpretive biography. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Goodley, D., Lawthorm, R., Clough, P., & Moore, M. (2004). Researching life stories:

Method, theory, and analyses in a biographical age. London: RoutledgeFalmer. Goodson, I., & Sikes, P. 2001. Life history research in educational settings: Learning from

lives. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press. Josselson, R., & Lieblich, A. (Eds.). (1993). The narrative study of lives. Newbury Park,

CA: Sage. Lieblich, A., Tuval-Mashiach, R., & Zilber, T. (1998). Narrative research: Reading,

analysis and interpretation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Polkinghorne, D. E. (1988). Narrative knowing and the human sciences. Albany, NY: State

University of New York Press. Riessman, C. K. (1993). Narrative analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Roberts, B. (2002). Biographical research. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press. Rustin, M. (2000). Reflections on the biographical turn in social science. In P.

Chamberlayne, J. Bornat & T. Wengraf (Eds.), The turn to biographical methods in

social science: Comparative issues and examples (pp. 33-52). London: Routledge.

Example studies Goodson, I. (Ed.). (1992). Studying teachers’ lives. London: Routledge. McEwan, H., & Egan, K. (Eds.) (1995). Narrative in teaching, learning and research. New

York: Teachers College Press.

Case study Bassey, M. (1999). Case study research in educational settings. Buckingham: Open

University Press. Flyvberg, B. (2006). Five misunderstandings about case-study research. Qualitative Inquiry,

12 (2), 219-245. Gomm, R., Hammersley, M., & Foster, P. (Eds.). (2000). Case study method. Thousand

Oaks, CA: Sage. Merriam, S.B. (1998). Case study research in education: A qualitative approach. San

Francisco: Jossey Bass. Ragin, C. C., and Becker, H. S. (Eds.) (1992). What is a case? Exploring the foundations of

social inquiry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Stake, R. E. (2000). Case studies. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln. (Eds.), Handbook of

qualitative research. (2nd

ed.) (pp. 435-454) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Stake, R. E. (2006). Multiple case study analysis. New York, NY: Guildford Press. Yin, R.

(1994). Case study research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Ethnography Atkinson, P., Coffey, A., Delamont, S., Lofland, J., & Lofland, L. (Eds.) Handbook of

ethnography. London: Sage.

Brewer, J. D. (2000) Ethnography. Buckingham: Open University Press. Fetterman, David

M. (1989). Ethnography step by step. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Hammersley, M., & Atkinson, P. (1995). Ethnography: Principles in practice. London:

Routledge. Spradley, J. P. (1980). Participant observation. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Content analysis Weber, R. P. (1990). Basic content analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Grounded theory Corbin, J., & A. L. Strauss (2008). Basics of qualitative research. Third edition. Thousand

Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Dey, I. (1993). Grounding Grounded Theory. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Glaser, B. (1992). Basics of grounded theory analysis. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press. Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for

qualitative research. Chicago: Aldine. Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1994). Grounded Theory methodology. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S.

Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research, (1st ed.) (pp. 273-85). Thousand

Oaks, CA.: Sage. Example studies Glaser, B. G. (Ed.). (1993). Examples of Grounded Theory: A reader. Mill Valley, CA:

Sociology Press.

Interviewing Corden, A., & Sainsbury, R. (2006). Exploring ‘quality’: Research participants’

perspectives on verbatim quotations. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 9 (2), 97-110.

Kvale, S., and Brinkmann, S. (2009). InterViews: Learning the craft of qualitative research

interviewing. London: Sage.

Lapadat, J. (2000). Problematizing transcription: purpose, paradigm and quality.

International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 3(3), 203-219. Mishler, E. G. (1986). Research interviewing: Context and narrative. Cambridge, Mass.:

Harvard University Press. Spradley, J. P. (1979). The ethnographic interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Wengraf, P. (2001). Qualitative research interviewing: Biographic narrative and semi-

structured methods. London: Sage.

Phenomenology Grotjahn, R. (1991). The research programme subjective theories: A new approach in

second language research. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13, 187-214. Maso, I. (2001). Phenomenology and ethnography. In P. Atkinson, et al. (Eds.), Handbook

of ethnography (pp. 136-144). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Marton, F. (1981). Phenomenography - Describing conceptions of the world around us.

Instructional Science, 10, 177-200. Moustakas, K. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Pollo, H. R., Henley, T. B., & Thompson, C. J. (1997). The phenomenology of everyday life.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Roberts, J. (1999). Personal construct psychology as a framework for research into teacher

and learner thinking. Language Teaching Research, 3(2), 117-144. Van Manen, M. (1990). Researching lived experience: Human science for an action

sensitive pedagogy. New York: State University of New York Press.

Research synthesis Torgerson, C. (2003). Systematic reviews. London: Continuum.

Mixed Methods Research

Creswell, J. W., and Plano Clark, V. L. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods

research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Johnson, R. B., and Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). Mixed methods research: A research

paradigm whose time has come. Educational Researcher, 33(7), 14-26. Teddlie, C., and Tashakkori, A. (2009). Mixed methods research: Integrating quantitative

and qualitative approaches in the social and behavioural sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.