Second-Order Science.The Revolution of Scientific StructuresKarl H. MüllerSteinbeis Transfer CenterNew Cybernetics

Berlin, ISSS, August 5, 2015

Overview

A Differentiation of Levels in the Science System

and Their New Functions

Second-Order Science as a Vast and Largely

Unexplored Science Frontier

A Copernican Revoution in Science as a Revolution in Complexity and in Reflexivity

Clusters of Research and PhD-Programs in Second-Order

Science

Final Aphorisms on Second-Order Science and

on New Cybernetics

Changes in the Science System I, 1950 - 2015

Large-Scale Research Infrastructures: CERN (1950s), Jülich (Germany) 1956, etc.

2001 – 2015: ESFRI (European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures)

ESFRI-Roadmaps for all Scientific Disciplines, 2006, 2008, 2010

Research Infratsructures for Clusters of Disciplines

Research-Infrastructures: Integration through ICT

ESFRI-Roadmap, 2006ESFRI-Roadmap, 2006

Changes in the Science System II, 1950 - 2015

Gene V. Glass (Educational Scientist): „Primary,

Secondary and Meta-Analysis of Research“, in:

Educational Researcher 5, 3 – 8, 1976

Primary Data Analysis: New Data

Secondary Data Analysis: Available Data

Meta-Analysis: Pooling of Data; Statistical Analysis of

Statistical Analyses

Meta-Analysis: “the analysis of analysis and as a statistical analysis of a large collection of analysis results from individual studies for the purpose of integrating the findings. It connotes a rigorous alternative to the casual, narrative discussions of research studies which typify our attempts to make sense of the rapidly expanding research literature.” (Glass, 1976:3)

Changes in the Science System III, 1950 - 2015

The Rise of Meta-Analysis in Psychological Abstracts • Year Number of Counts•

• • 1967 – 1976 0• 1977 2• 1978 4• 1979 6• 1980 9• 1981 18• 1982 32• 1983 55• 1984 63•

• Source: Hunter/Schmidt, 1990:40

A Differentiation in Three LevelsA Differentiation in Three Levels

Functional Differentiation between Levels O and I

First-Order Science: The Science of Exploring the World

Zero-Order Science (Research Infrastructures):

Catalytic Function for First-Order Science; Enabling Research, Speeding-up Research

Experimental Data, Data, Information, Documents

Functional Differentiation between Levels I and II

Second-Order Science:

Reflexive Function for First-Order Science; Quality Control, Robustness, Integration, Innovation, etc.

Tests of Tests, Patterns of Patterns, Generative Mechanism of Generative Mechanisms, Studies of Studies, Survey-Analysis of Survey Analyses, etc.

First-Order Science: The Science of Exploring the World

The Main Operation for Second-Order Elements: Re-EntriesSecond-Order Level through Re-Entries of First-Order Building Blocks:

“Computation of computation, cybernetics of cybernetics, geometry of geometry, linguistics of linguistics, logic of logic, magic of magic, mathematics of mathematics, pattern of pattern, teaching of teaching, will of will.” (Kauffman, 2005: 129) A Vast and Largely Unexplored Science Frontier

Second-Order Science: A Vast and Largely Unexplored Science Frontier

Second-order problems can be generated for all types of first-order science building blocks:

Theoretical ConceptsModelsTheoriesTestsPatternsFunctionsDistributionsStudies, etc.

Different Types of Re-Entries: Domain-Specific, Transdisciplinary

Two Types of Second-Order InvestigationsNarrow, Domain-Specific:

Articles with Data from the Euroepan Social Survey (ESS)

Mostly in Sociolgy, Political Science, Economics, Pychology

3000 Articles; Database for these Articles

A Second-Order ESS-Study on ESS-Studies

Large Number of New and Surprising Results

Transdiscipinary:

RISC-Program at the University of Ljubljana (2007 – 2009)

RISC: Rare Incidents, Strong Consequences

Powerlaw-Distributions

Earthquakes, Financial Markets, Settlement, Word-Frequencies,

Scientific Quotations, Income-Distribution, Ecosystems, Wealth, Sandpiles, etc.

Search for a Generative Mechanism of Generative Mechanisms

A Correspondence Principle between First and Second-Order Fields

Correspondence Principle:

For every well-developed first-order field or discipline one can construct a corresponding second-order field or discipline

Sociology Second-Order SociologySocial Sciences Second-Order Social SciencesSocio-Economics Second-Order Socio-EconomicsX Second-Order [X]

Multiple Research and PhD-Programs in Second-Order SienceSeparation of Science Landscapes into Different Dimensions and Various Contexts in Each Dimension

General Outline for a Three Year PhD-Program (Level 3 Bologna)12 Field Courses (60 ECTS) and 9 PhD-Related Courses (120 ECTS)

Distribution of Field Courses (X):

Foundations (X)

Widening, Deepening, Integrating (X)

Second-Order Methods and Methodologies (X)

Research Designs for Second-Order Analyses (X)

Science-Society-Relations (X)

Research Infrastructures for (X)

Diagram for a Three Year PhD-Program

The Mystery of the Copernican RevolutionHeinz von Foerster

(1911 – 2002)

Talked of a Copernican

Revolution in Science

Almost No Written

Records

The Current Copernican Revolution in ScienceComplexity Revolution

Large Number of Science Dimensions Exhibit a

Center-Periphery Exchange

Reflexivity Revolution

Second-Order Science as Major Backbone

Closing Aphorisms I:

Second-Order Science: The Science of Reflecting on These Explorations

First-Order Science: The Science of Exploring the World

Closing Aphorisms II:

New Cybernetics: The Science of Reflecting on These Reflections

Second-Order Science: The Science of Reflecting on These Explorations

First-Order Science: The Science of Exploring the World

Literature

Karl H. Müller. Alexander Riegler (2014), „Second-Order Science: A Vast and Largely Unexplored Science Frontier”, in: Constructivist Foundations, Vol. 10, No. 1, 7 – 15 Karl H. Müller (2014), „Towards a General Methodology for Second-Order Science“, in: Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics 12, No. 5, 33 - 42 Karl H. Müller (2015), Second-Order Science. The Revoution of Scientific Structures. Wien:edition echoraum

Literature (Continued)

Karl H. Müller (2015), „A Silent Revolution in Reflexivity“, in: Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics , to be published Karl H. Müller (2015), „The Multiple Faces of Reflexive Research Designs”, in: Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics 12, to be published Brina Malnar, Karl H. Müller (2015), Surveys and Reflexivity. A Second-Order Study of the European Social Survey (ESS). Wien:edition echoraum

Contact:

Karl H. MüllerSteinbeis Transfer Center New CyberneticsVienna, Austria

khm@chello.at0043 1 664 4191961