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SECONDARY SECTOR: INDUSTRY, ENERGY AND MINING. 1
SECONDARY SECTOR:
INDUSTRY, ENERGY
AND MINING.
1
MineríaSILVICULTURA
2
1. RAW MATERIALS: natural resources whichindustry processes into semi-finished orfinished products.
Biological Origin
Vegetables
Animals
Industrial crops
Forestry
Cotton Tobacco
Wood Cork
Wool Leather
Geological Origin
Minerals
Rocks
Fossil fuels
Metallic : iron, lead, aluminium, copper, zinc, bauxite,
Non Metallic: glass, gemstones, fertilisers, salt, sulphur,
Precious: gold, silver, diamonds,
Petroleum (oil), Coal, Natural Gas.
Marble, limestone, clay, granite.
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ANIMAL-BASED RAW MATERIALS (RENEWABLE)
Livestock farming (wool, leather). Textile and footwear industry.
Fish (oil fish, preserved food (conservas) and fishmeal (harina de pescado).
PLANT-BASED RAW MATERIALS (RENEWABLE)
Productos agrícolas (cotton)-clothes
Forestry (wood)- furniture.
Rubber (tyres)
MINERAL ORIGIN (NON RENEWABLE)
Minerals are found in rocks, underground.
Minerals need to be transformed that can be used for manufacturingproducts.
Metal minerals: used in the metallurgical industries.
• Precious minerals(gold, silver, platinum)
Non-metallic minerals: salt, sulphur.
Energy minerals: produce energy (coal, natural gas, petroleum, uranium).
ARTIFICIAL ORIGIN (manufactured by chemical industry):synthetic fibers polyester, nylon
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2. INDUSTRY.
Finished products: can be used or consumed inmediately.
Semi-finished or intermediate products: used with other components tomake a product.
Industry transforms raw materials into:
Craftsmanship: production process was manual; craftspeople (artisans) used his own tools; products were expensive; each product was unique.
Industrial Revolution (XVIII century, England, textile and metallurgicalindustry).
Energy: hydropower and coal (steam water machine).
Workshop were replaced by machines, powered by engines. Machines required less labour and produced more goods in less time (productivity). Prices decreased. Workshop went to bankruptcy. FACTORIES.
HISTORY
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INDUSTRY TODAY:
- Automatization: computer technology and robotics.
- Reduced number of workers.
- Thanks to a efficient transport system, products can be exported worldwide.
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413 6
76
0
50
100
ACTIVE PEOPLE (WORKING
POPULATION) BY ECONOMIC
SECTORS.
SPAIN 2013.
PRIMARY SECTOR INDUSTRY
CONSTRUCTION TERTIARY SECTOR
7
2,716,9 9,1
71,3
0
100
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT BY
ECONOMIC SECTORS.
SPAIN 2013.
PRIMARY SECTOR
INDUSTRY AND ENERGY
CONSTRUCTION
TERTIARY SECTOR 8
INDUSTRY SALES
Industrias extractivas, energía, agua y residuos
Alimentación bebidas y tabaco.
Material de transporte.
Maquinaria y fabricación de productos metálicos,excepto maquinaria.Industría química y farmaceútica.
Madera, corcho, papel y artes gráficas.
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Minerals come from:
Opencast Mines:minerals or rocks are found near the surface easyto extract, more profitable.
Underground: complicated and dangerous; need to dig shaft and tunnels, water needs to be drained and air supply has to be constantlyrenewed.
Process to extract minerals from underground.
3.MINING.
Industrialised countries use vast quantities of minerals. They needmore minerals than they produced import minerals fromdeveloping countries.
Developing countries are great producers of minerals. MultinationalCompanies operates in these less developed economies. 10
OPENCAST MINE.
UNDERGROUND
MINE.
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INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES.
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4.1 TYPES OF INDUSTRIES.
INTERMEDIATE GOODS INDUSTRY.
There are different ways of classifying industries. For example, one criterion is toidentify the end user of the product so we can distinguish between industries that manufacturate components to use in other industries and thouse industries that produce goods ready for consumption.
Make goods that can’t be inmediately consumed. Transform raw materialsinto intermediate goods. These goods are raw materials for other industries.
This industry is referred to as heavy industry because of the largequantities of resources needed (raw materials, workers, capital and space). For example, iron and steel industries, heavy chemical, cement, etc.
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EQUIPMENT INDUSTRY.
Use goods manufactured in other industries as raw materials. Forexample, construction industry or mechanical.
CONSUMER GOODS INDUSTRY
CONSUMER GOODS INDUSTRY
Produce goods ready for consumption.
These industries are called LIGHT INDUSTRIES (wood and furniture, foodand drinks, textile, footwear, light chemical).
These industries require less workers and capital, the size of theproduction is relatively small.
ACCORDING TO LEVEL OF TECHNOLOGY.:
HI-TECH INDUSTRY.
Advanced technology (microelectronics, telecommunications, informationtechnology, aerospace industry).
Industries need highly-skilled workers and capital investment.
Scientific research is needed so these industries locate close touniversities.
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4.2. COMPANIES.Industrial activities are run by businesses and companies.
Ownership: whoever who buy shares in the stock market.
Money (invested and cash).
Executive Board.
Influence over economics and politics.
BY SIZE.
Small-size (up to 50 workers)
Medium-size (up to 250 workers)
Large companies (more than 250 workers)
BY ITS ORGANIZATION.
Limited Company: owned by one or more owners, but a limitednumber.
Public Company: owned by the people who have shares in thecompany.
BY WHERE THEIR CAPITAL COMES FROM.
Public: capital from the State and are managed by the State.
Private: a businesses own the capital and manage the company.
Thousand of workers.
Marketing Investment.
Markets Research (to sellmore).
Distribution of factories, suppliers and markets worldwide.
A GREAT COMPANY FEATURES.
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6.4.CONCENTRACIÓN DE LA EMPRESA
Complejidad de la industria = división y especialización de la producción
HORIZONTAL CONCENTRATION: companies at the same stage of production process group together. For example, cars industry or metal industry.
VERTICAL CONCENTRATION: companies expands its business intoareas that are in different points on the same production process: forexample, a company owns its supplier and its distributor.
Especialización = concentración de empresas para ser competitivas
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7.EL PROCESO Y EL TRABAJO INDUSTRIAL
7.1. FACTORS OF THE INDUSTRIAL PROCESS.
RAW MATERIALS AND ENERGY.
WORKERS.
CAPITAL.
TECHNOLOGY.
MANAGEMENT.
Industrial Products
MarketProfits
7.2. DIVISION OF THE LABOUR. TECHNICAL DIVISION.
Production process is organised: workers are in charge of only a part of the production process.
Coordination of all workers involved and machinery they work with.
SOCIAL DIVISION OF THE LABOUR.
Hierarchies are established between groups of workers . Someare in charge of making decisions and instructing other workers.
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8.INDUSTRY WORLD FACTORS OF LOCATION.
Businesses: reduce costs and sell and make more money.
Remain competitive, improve quality of the goods, keep productioncosts low.
Factors of location influence in how to reduce costs and increase profits.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (XIX and XX century): heavy industrieslocated close raw materials deposits (coal and iron) and sources of energy (coal) to reduce costs of transportation.
CURRENT LOCATION TRENDS.
Some industries choose to stay where they have traditionally developedtheir activities because ….
Good infrastructure, associated or complementary industries, technicaland assistance services, …
Japan, Western Europe, North-East USA.
Industries that need unskilled workers such as textile.
Labour force is cheap (China, India, south-east Asia)
Some industries choose locations near to universities:
Highly-skilled workers, advanced technology and research facilities(science parks.
Example: Silicon Valley (California).19
8.2.REGIONES INDUSTRIALESEuropa, EEUU y Japón / También China, India, Corea del Sur, México o Brasil
RELOCATION (outsourcing):transferring factores, employees and assets to another country to reduce business expenses, payment of taxes, enviromental and government regulations and abundant and cheap workforce.
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5. ENERGY SOURCES.
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OVERALL ENERGY CONSUMPTION. SPAIN. YEAR
2013.
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Accumulation of organic remains, buried under the ground for million of years, which have decomposed and solidified.
Coal was the main energy from the Industrial Revolution until mid XX century.
Nowadays, coal is only used to produce electricity in power stations.
Pollution: acid rain and greenhouse effect.
Main producing countries: China, India, USA.
6.1. NON RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Coal
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WORLD COAL
PRODUCTION
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Accumulation of organic remains formed over million of years. Similarorigin to coal, but it is a liquid. Oil needs a refining process.
Most important energy: easy to extract and transport and high calorificvalue.
It is used in industries, transport and production of electricity in powerstations.
It is raw material for chemical industry (plastic, paints, detergents,synthetich fibres).
6.2. NON RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES.
Petroleum
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OIL REFINERY
An oil refinery converts crude oil into:
- Motor fuel (gasoline, diesel).
- Jet aircraft fuel (kerosene).
- Heating fuel oil.
- Lubricating oil.
- Asphalt.
LOCATION:
- Far from residential areas.
- Refineries which use a largeamount of steam and cooling waterneed to have an abundant source of water often located tonavigable rivers and on a sea shore.
- Navigable rivers or sea shore givesaccess to an easy transportation.
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OIL PIPELINES. OIL REFINERIES.
Oil pipelines are made from steel or
plastic tubes. Most pipelines are buried
at a depth of between one to two meters.
The oil is kept by motion by pump
stations along the pipeline. 28
OIL TANKER LOADING .
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PAÍSES PRODUCTORES DE PETRÓLEO
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PETROLEUM PRODUCTS.
A European Brent Oil
Barrel is 159,1 liters.
Exxon Valez oil spill: Alaska, 1989.
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Deep Horizon Oil Spill
(BP). Gulf of Mexico. 2011.
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Similar origin to petroleum. It can appears above the oil in oil deposits.
It is used to generate electricity, in industries and for heating
Is is also a raw material in the chemical industry.
It is becoming more popular because it pollutes less than oil or coal.
6.3. NON RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES.
Natural Gas.
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Construction of a
pipeline.
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Pipelines network.
Two great pipelines connect
Spain and Algeria: the first one
connects Algeria’s gas fields
through Morocco and the Strait
of Gibraltar; the second one was
built under the Mediterranean
Sea.
EUROPEAN UNION GAS SUPPLIERS:
ALGERIA AND RUSSIA.
Russia exports gas to Europe through Belarus
and Ukraine.
Algeria exports gas to European
Union through Morocco, Spain and
Italy.
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Minerals with radioactive elements, like uranium, generate electricity in nuclear power stations.
For: no emission of CO2 (greenhouse effect gases).
Against: risk of accidents (Chernobyl or Fukushima) and radioactivewaste.
6.4. NON RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES.
Nuclear Energy
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NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS IN SPAIN.
In 1964, Spain began construction on its first of three nuclear reactors and completed construction in 1968. This became the first commercial nuclear reactor. In the 1970s, Spain began construction on seven second generation reactors, but only completed five. A moratorium was enacted by the socialist government in 1983. Spain stopped the building of new nuclear power plants in 1984.
Nuclear energy produce 20% of Spain electricity. 39
• On 26 April 1986 an
explosion and fire released
large quantities of radioactive
particles into the atmosphere,
which spread over much of
the Soviet Union and Europe.
RISKS OF THE NUCLEAR ENERGY:
CHERNOBIL AND FUKUSHIMA.
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Chernobyl disaster was worst nuclear power
plant accident in history. The battle to contain
the contamination involved over 500,000
workers. During the accident itself, 31 people
died, and long-term effects such as cancers are
still being investigated.
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There was still fear that the reactor could explode again, a new containment
structure was planned and to prevent further release of radioactive material.
This involved a quarter of a million construction workers who all reached
their official lifetime limits of radiation. By december 1986, a large
concrete sarcophagus had been erected to seal off the reactor and its
contents.
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An area originally extending 30 kilometres in all directions from the plant is
officially called the "zone of alienation". It is largely uninhabited, except for
about 300 residents who have refused to leave.
FUKUSHIMA, JAPAN. 2011.
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On March 11, 2011 and tsunami hit the
nuclear power station. As a result,
three nuclear reactors meltdown.
Some 300.000 people were evacuated
from the area. World Health
Organisation estimates that 70% of
children evacuated are in risk of
suffering thyroid cancer and 7%
leukemia.
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Electricity is generated by using the power of a mass of water fallingfrom a certain height.
It is produced in dams, hydropower stations.
River valleys with an abundat flow of water and regular during thewhole year.
Enviromental impacts on rivers.
7.1. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES.
Hydropower
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River Duero.
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For: limitless (abundant) and does not pollute.
Against: Sun rays differ in strength, according to the time of the day, season and world location.
Electricity is generated from the heat of the rays of the Sun, concentrated in solar panels.
Solar power is also used to heat water at domestic and industrial level.
7.2. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES.
Solar Energy
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Electricity is generated by using the power of the wind.
For: renewable, no pollution.
Against: wind speed varies, so energy is not constant. Turbines createnoise pollution and a visual impact on the landscape.
Wind Farms must be located in places with steady winds.
Denmark, Spain, USA, Germany.
7.3. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES.
Wind Energy
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Use the internal heat of the Earth (hotsprings or water vapour).
Areas with volcanic activity.
7.4. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES.
Otras no tan importantes son: geotérmica, mareomotriz y bioenergía.
Geothermal.
Biomass.
Uses agricultural, industrial, animals and urban waste as a fuel orto obtain gas.
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Uses the movement of tides and waves to produce electicity.
Requires high investments and can damage ocean environment and marine life.
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Tidal Energy
