SECTION 1

THE MOVEMENT

BEGINS

Outlawed segregation in public places

Ruled unconstitutional in 1883

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1875

1890 - 1896LouisianaRailroad

Ruled that it is constitutional

to have “separate but

equal” facilities

PLESSY V. FERGUSON

Segregation lawsInterracial marriages

Separate schoolsStreet cars

Waiting roomsElevators

Witness standsRestrooms

Water fountains

JIM CROW LAWS

De Facto Tradition—just the way things have

beenDe Jure

By law- written guidelinesMigration north to escape

discrimination

TWO TYPES OF SEGREGATION

1909WEB DuBois

Work through the court system to address civil rights issues

Main Goal?

NAACP

• Brought relief• Changed political party loyalty to the Democratic

party

NEW DEAL

• Set the stage for the C.R.M. -Job openings - - Served in armed forces -- Returning veterans wanted to change

things -- Civil Rights organizations fought for

changes• FDR prohibited discrimination in federal

agencies and war industries • Truman integrated the entire armed forces

WORLD WAR II

Congress of Racial EqualityCORESit-ins

-A form of non-violent protest used during the CRM

1938 - Recruited to bring segregation

cases before Supreme Court

23 years29 of 32 cases

Most famous case

THURGOOD MARSHALL

BROWNV.

BOARD OFEDUCATIONBROWN II

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS -Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. -No real guidelines for the decision-no time frame. Brown v. Board II -Schools must integrate with all deliberate speed.

-Develop a plan and actively pursue it.

Result of Brown casesSouthern congress members

issued the manifesto.

Resist integration “by all lawful means”

SOUTHERN MANIFESTO

Summer 1955

Money, MS

EMMETT TILL

Dec 1, 1955Rosa Parks

Martin Luther King led groupDecember 5, 1955

Supreme Court ruled in 1956December 21, 1956

381 days

MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT

Economic Boycott

Considered thebeginning of the

civil rights movement

• SOUL FORCE- his brand of non-violent resistance

• Thoreau-Civil disobedience-the refusal to obey an unjust law

• Randolph-Organization Skills• Gandhi-Non violence -resist oppression

w/o violence

• Jesus-Love your enemies

MARTIN LUTHER KING’S PHILOSOPHY

Founded by ministers and CR leaders

Ella Baker- 1st director of SCLS

PurposeCarry out non-violent crusades

against the evils of second class citizenship/fight for Civil Rights

SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE- SCLC

• The Enforcer• Little Rock Nine- Sept.

1957• Gov. Orval Faubus• Little Rock 9

-Elizabeth Eckford

EISENHOWER AND CIVIL RIGHTS

• First since reconstruction• Gave Federal Government

authority over violations of African American voting rights

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957

Section 2

Greensboro-location of one of the 1st sit-ins Jesse Jackson / NCJackson, MS-held at the Woolworth's dept. store

SIT-INS

• Wanted things to happen quicker

• HS and college students• More confrontational

Ella Baker and Marion Barry

STUDENT NON-VIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE-

SNCC

1964Freedom Democratic Party

National Democratic Convention

FANNIE LOU HAMER

1961- organized byCOREWashington DC to South-testing the law that said the

interstate system & bus stations could not be segregated

• Montgomery & Birmingham• Bull Conner, police commissioner – Birmingham

The Kennedys arranged for federal marshals to escort the riders through the south

FREEDOM RIDERS

• Campaigned to support Civil Rights• Martin Luther King – jail

• However - once in office… Did not push bc of Cold War

• Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity

• Stop federal bureaucracy from discriminating in hiring and promoting

JFK AND CIVIL RIGHTS

September 1962

Ole MissGov. Barnett

JFK

JAMES MEREDITH

Cuban Missile Crisis – Oct. 1962King meets with CR leadersHow to desegregate the city

April 12-MLK arrested (famous letter)May 2-Childrens March

Bull ConnorMay 3- 2nd

--Children's March this time with TV cameras

BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMAAPRIL 3, 1963

Convinced JFKa Civil Rights

bill was neededJune 11

“Are we to say to the world and much more

importantly to each other - - that this is the land of the free,

except for the Negros?”

JUNE 11, 1963

Leader of the MS NAACP

Killed on June 11, 1963 in Jackson, MSByron De La

Beckwith-tried 3x. First 2 were hung juries. Finally convicted in 1991.

MEDGAR EVERS

August 28, 1963- Washington Monument to Lincoln Memorial

250,000 people / 75,000 whitesSupport for the Civil Rights Bill

King’s “I Have a Dream” speech

MARCH ON WASHINGTON

November 22, 1963

JFK’S ASSASSINATION

Filibuster-tactic used in Congress to delay a vote on a Bill.

Cloture-a vote to silence the filibuster.

July 2, 1964 --Signed by LBJProhibited segregation in public places because of race, religion,

national origin, or gender

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964

SNCC focused on this issue24th Amendment

-eliminated the poll tax requirement to vote

STRUGGLE FOR VOTING RIGHTS

Summer of 1964Robert Moses-organized the event

Goodman, Chaney, Schwerner

FREEDOM SUMMER

College students from the north came south to help African Americans to read so that they could pass the literacy requirement to vote.

½ Of population was African American3% of voters were African American

King’s plan- organized several marches to protest

By end of January >2000 arrested

SELMA MARCH- 1965

Sheriff Jim Clark- (like Bull Connor) had church meeting disrupted

Jimmie Lee Jackson-killed trying to protect his mom

54 mile march to Montgomery(from Selma)- To show support for the Voting Rights Bill

Bloody Sunday – March 7, 1965600

Johnson calls for congress to…Sunday March213000 set out25,000 w/ Federal

Protection

Eliminated literacy test to voteVoting population changed

1964

1968 Selma Mississippi

VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965

10%

7% 67%

60%

NEW ISSUES

SECTION 3

De jure segregation- accomplished

De facto segregation- the focus

FOCUS OF THE MOVEMENT

Aug 11, 1965Los AngelesDrunk driver6 days

34 killed, 1,032 injuries, 3,438 arrests

$30-40 million in damages

WATTS RIOT

a police raid of an unlicensed, after-hours African American bar

Burning, looting, skirmishes 43 dead , 1189 wounded

7,200 arrests, and more than 2,000 buildings destroyed$250 million in damages

DETROIT RIOT- 1967

Study causes of urban violenceWhite racism is the cause

1- nation splitting into 2 societies2- called for creation of new jobs

and better housing3- called for an end to de facto

segregation

KERNER COMMISSION

Never endorsed byJohnson – too busy with -

Great Society and Vietnam War

King lived in the slum area (SCLC)

Rallied the mayor and governor about the horrible conditions

CHICAGO FREEDOM MOVEMENT

Malcolm Little –1925Jail 1946 (serves 6 years)

Elijah Muhammad Nation of Islam

1952His message

Armed Self Defense Mecca

New messageFeb 21, 1965

MALCOLM X

he warned that African Americans would use "any means necessary" – especially armed self defense – once they realized just how pervasive and hopelessly entrenched white racism had become

On the date of April 3, 1964, Malcolm X delivered a speech to the American public called, The Ballot or the Bullet.

Throughout the speech, African-Americans were encouraged to stand up for their rights and vote. He also states that in

the event of non-compliance for equality from the government, that they might need to take matters into their

own hands and take up the use of arms. The main goal of the speech was to motivate African-Americans to join the Civil Rights Movement and stop

disfranchisement.Malcolm stated that African-Americans must use the ballot or

the bullet, they must defend themselves and push for equality, black nationalism and human rights.

THE BALLOT OR THE BULLET

Meredith’s march from Memphis to Jackson-He set out from Memphis with a singular mission in mind. He planned to march 220 miles to the Mississippi state capital of Jackson, to prove that a black man could walk free in the South. The Voting Rights Act had been passed only the year before, and his goal was to inspire African-Americans to register and go

to the polls. "I was at war against fear,“ Shot on 2nd day in Hernando

Aubrey Norvell-sentenced to 5 years/serves 2Stokley Carmichael SNCC, McKissick CORE and MLK

JUNE 1966

JAMES MEREDITH

Greenwood, MSCarmichael’s rhetoric-On 16 June 1966, while

completing the march begun by James Meredith, Stokely Carmichael of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) rallied a

crowd, with the cry, ‘‘We want Black Power!’’ Although SNCC members had used the term during informal conversations, this was

the first time Black Power was used as a public slogan.

SNCC would no longer recruit whites…

BLACK POWER

was a black revolutionary socialist organization active in the US from

1966 until 1982. They wanted –

Control of African Am communitiesFull employmentDecent housing

Black military exemption

BLACK PANTHERS

Raised money bySelling Mao Zedong’s writings

Inspired by Mao's advice to revolutionaries in The Little Red Book, Newton called on the Panthers to

"serve the people" and to make "survival programs" a priority within its branches. The most famous of their

programs was the Free Breakfast for Children Program.

Taught armed revoltTactics were questioned

4 Desires: equality in education, housing, employment and civil rights

Carmichael changed support from SNCC to Black Panthers

Compared to the Black Panthers agenda that focuses on spirituality, leadership,

and sovereignty.Occupied Alcatraz and Wounded Knee-

activists marched across country on the "Trail of Broken Treaties" and took over the Bureau of

Indian Affairs (BIA), occupying it for several days and doing millions of dollars in damage

More militant approach to push for rights

AIM – AMERICAN INDIAN

MOVEMENT

King ‘s speech in Memphis “Mountain Top”April 4, 1968James Earl RayRobert Kennedy – speechUrban RiotingJune of 1968 –Robert Kennedy is assassinated

APRIL 3, 1968

Ray fled north to Canada, where he hid out for a month and acquired a Canadian passport

under a false name. On June 8, 1968, Ray was captured at London's Heathrow Airport while trying to leave the United Kingdom on the

false Canadian passport.Ray was convicted on March 10, 1969, after

entering a guilty plea to forgo a jury trial. Had he been found guilty by jury trial, he would have been eligible for the death penalty. He was sentenced to 99 years in prison. He died

in prison of hepatitis C at the age of 70 in 1998.

Banned discrimination in housing

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1968

De jure segregation- ended

De facto segregation-probably got worse in some areas

African American education-improved

African American prideTV shows-”The Jeffersons”, “Good Times”

Elected officialsAffirmative Action-reserving a certain # of spots for

traditionally discriminated groups

Reverse discrimination

WHAT HAPPENED TO THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT