Unconstitutional and Costly

8/7/2019 Unconstitutional and Costly

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Unconstitutional and Costly

The High Price of Local Immigration Enforcement

Gebe Martinez January 2011


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Unconstitutional and CostlyThe High Price of Local Immigration Enforcement

Gebe Martinez January 2011


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1 C Amca Pgss | Ucsua ad Cs

Introduction and summary

A handul o local communiies across our naion enaced unconsiuional, dis-

criminaory, and cosly immigraion conrols in recen years in an eor o chase

away undocumened immigrans and heir amilies and riends, many o whom

are American ciizens. Tis growing backlash agains Hispanic immigrans in par-

icular was driven by ear, economic uncerainy, and culural dierences in hese

localiies: small owns in New Jersey, Nebraska, Pennsylvania and exas, and one

couny in Virginia.

Agains he backdrop o a slowly recovering economy, high unemploymen, alling

sae and local ax revenues due o he Grea Recession, and a hos o problems

ranging rom crime o overcrowded schools, Hispanic immigrans proved o be

handy scapegoas or he whie majoriy o ciizens in hese communiies. Never

mind ha hese immigranslegal and undocumenedare neiher he roo

cause o any o hese problems nor a major acor in any o hem.

Arizona, o course, drew he mos atenion or is law, S.B. 1070, which requires

police o quesion he legal saus o suspecs when here is reasonable suspicion

hey are undocumened immigrans.1 Te law also ses atriion hrough enorce-

men as Arizonas ocial immigraion policy, which in plain English means i he

laws are harsh enough, immigrans will ee in ear. Te saes immigraion conrol

measure has no been enorced, however, because a ederal judge pu a hold on he

new law pending he oucome o a lawsui in which he U.S. Deparmen o Jusice

challenged Arizonas atemps o usurp ederal jurisdicion o immigraion maters.2

Because o he nooriously bad preceden se by S.B. 1070, a boycot o he saes

ourism and convenion indusry delivered a signican hi as oulined in a repor

by he Cener or American Progress. Led by naional organizaions, enerain-men celebriies, and opinion leaders, he economic boycot immediaely led

o he cancelling o evens and convenions in he sae. Te Arizona Hoel and

Lodging Associaion, or example, repored a $15 million loss in revenues jus

our monhs afer enacmen o he bill.3
http://www.azleg.gov/legtext/49leg/2r/bills/sb1070s.pdfhttp://www.americanprogress.org/pressroom/releases/2010/11/cost_sb1070_release.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/pressroom/releases/2010/11/cost_sb1070_release.htmlhttp://www.azleg.gov/legtext/49leg/2r/bills/sb1070s.pdf


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Oher saes have aken noice o he cosly resuls o Arizonas unconsiuional

immigran enorcemen measures. Naivis legislaors in exas and Florida are con-

sidering Arizona-syle ani-immigran measures during heir 2011 legislaive ses-

sions, bu exas Gov. Rick Perry, a Republican, has vowed o veo such a bill, while

he poliically inuenial Cuban-American communiy in Florida sands opposed

o harsh immigraion measures even hough Cuban immigrans are governed byspecial ederal immigraion law ha give hem reuge i hey reach U.S. soil.

Ye earlier ani-immigran campaigns in he small owns and one couny in our

counry ha happened prior o Arizonas acioncampaigns ha began in 2006

and are he subjec o his paperhighligh why such legal acion is so cosly pre-

cisely because o he unconsiuionaliy o he ani-immigran ordinances. Tese

small owns hisorically populaed by non-Hispanic whies experienced dramaic

demographic changes as more Hispanics and immigrans moved ino heir com-

muniies. In hese communiies, ani-immigran and someimes racis senimens

were ueled by righ-wing poliicians, exremis organizaions, and conservaivecommenaors who atacked all immigrans.

Te resul oday is a series o cosly legal batles ha burn hrough ciy reasur-

ies afer local poliicians enaced immigraion enorcemen ordinances ha hey

now know are oo cosly o implemen and deend in cour. One own, Riverside,

New Jersey, quickly spen $82,000 and los commercial ax revenues when

businesses closed afer enacing a legally indeensible immigraion law, only o

reverse course wih hopes ha immigrans would reurn o heir own and uel

he local economy once again.

Oher locales have pushed ahead, purposeully draining ciy coers o make a

poliical saemen agains immigrans. Farmers Branch, exas, a small Dallas sub-

urb, is acing $5 million in legal ees o proec is immigraion conrol ordinance

similar o one enaced in Hazleon, Pennsylvania., which already is winding is way

hrough he cours, a a o-dae cos o $2.8 million, wih some esimaes as high as

$5 million.4 Farmers Branch Mayor im OHare concedes heirs has been a cosly,

losing legal batle, bu hey are no ready o hrow in he owel. 5 Is like youre in

he middle o he ourh quarer, wih ve minues lef in he game, OHare said in

2010. Why sop now when youre only down by six poins? Youve come his ar.Youve go o keep going.6

Alas, or he axpayers in hese communiies hese local ordinances were passed

wihou leaders adherence o basic consiuional righs. Some unlawully and

unairly place he burden o enorcemen on businesses and landlords, harm-
http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/04/29/texas-governor-arizona-immigration-law-right-texas/http://blogs.orlandosentinel.com/news_hispanicaffairs/2010/08/primary-vote-did-florida-immigration-bill-kill-bill-mccollum%E2%80%99s-chances.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/26/nyregion/26riverside.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/26/nyregion/26riverside.htmlhttp://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/04/26/92839/texas-town-vows-fight-to-keep.htmlhttp://articles.philly.com/2010-09-10/news/24976498_1_vic-walczak-immigration-ordinances-hazletonhttp://articles.philly.com/2010-09-10/news/24976498_1_vic-walczak-immigration-ordinances-hazletonhttp://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/04/26/92839/texas-town-vows-fight-to-keep.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/26/nyregion/26riverside.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/26/nyregion/26riverside.htmlhttp://blogs.orlandosentinel.com/news_hispanicaffairs/2010/08/primary-vote-did-florida-immigration-bill-kill-bill-mccollum%E2%80%99s-chances.htmlhttp://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/04/29/texas-governor-arizona-immigration-law-right-texas/


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ing hose who susain local economies. In mos insances, he immigrans, boh

legal and undocumened, have ed he areas, depleing he local pool o needed

oreign-born workers and consumers.

Te bulk o hese ciies expenses have been legal bills rom atorneys represening

successul plainis, among hem business owners, landlords, residens, clericalleaders, and he American Civil Liberies Union, all o whom sued he ciy gov-

ernmens, and rom he ciies own lawyers and consulans, namelyKris Kobach.

An ani-immigraion acivis and lawyer, Kobach has raveled he counry, rom

his base in he Midwes o he Souhwes and o he Norheas, drafing harsh

enorcemen measures and hen signing up o deend he municipaliies in cour.7

His drafs are based on he premise ha i businesses and employers are pun-

ished or hiring undocumened immigrans or rening housing o hem, hen

he immigrans will eecively be chased ou o own. In he process, he has run

up an esimaed $6.6 million in ees or his eors, which are aliaed o heImmigraion Reorm Law Insiue, a group ied o he exremis Federaion or

American Immigraion Reorm.8 Kobach has advised Arizona as well as Hazleon,

Pennsylvania; Farmers Branch, exas; and Fremon, Nebraskaroles ha are

deailed in his paper and in a separae repor by he Souhern Povery Law Cener.

A he sar o 2011, Kobach, on behal o a group o naivis sae legislaors, also

unveiled wo proposed sae measures ha would ake away he righ o ciizen-

ship under he U.S. Consiuions 14hAmendmen rom U.S.-born children o

undocumened parens.

In November 2010, Kobach was eleced Kansas Secreary o Sae, he oce in

charge o running he saes elecions.9 He alsely claimed during his campaign

ha he illegal regisraion o alien voers has become pervasive in Kansas.10

Kobachs nancial gains have been a he expense o ciies ha bough ino his

oxic immigraion ormula, resuling in ax increases, local service cus, ehnic

divisions, and greaer levels o ear even among legal residens.

Tis paper looks a he ve communiies ha hrew ani-immigraion saues

ono heir books wihou ully considering heir impac. Afer acing he nan-

cial, economic, and social coss, some rereaed in search o a beter soluion. Teanswer is known. Congress mus enac a comprehensive immigraion plan ha

realisically addresses illegal immigraion while proecing he righs o business

owners and immigrans who susain he economy.11 Unil hen, ciies ha ac on

heir own will nd a high price o pay. A look a key cases o dae:

This paper

looks at the ve

communities

that threw anti-

immigration

statutes onto th

books without

ully considering

their impact.
http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2008/spring/the-nativists?page=0,11http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2008/spring/the-nativists?page=0,11http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2008/spring/the-nativists?page=0,11http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2008/spring/the-nativists?page=0,11


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Hazleton, Pennsylvania, he leader o he cour ghs or local immigraion

enorcemen, is in he ank or a leas $2.8 million wih some esimaes oaling

$5 million as i deends is ordinance all he way o he U.S. Supreme Cour.12

Riverside, New Jersey suered a local economic downurn beore he ciy

rescinded is ani-immigran ordinance and welcomed he reurn o immigrans.

Farmers Branch, Texas, has spen nearly $4 million in legal ees and is expeced

o spend a leas $5 million o deend is ani-immigraion saue wih no end

in sigh.13

Prince William County, Virginia dramaically scaled back a ough immigraion

saue afer realizing he original version would cos millions o enorce and

deend in cour.

Fremont, Nebraska, increased he ciys propery ax o help pay he legal eesor is ani-immigraion ordinance which i inends o deend.

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dw ga mmgas. tw ms a b , us, sad vagas.

AP Photo/JACqUelyn MArtin
http://www.philly.com/inquirer/local/pa/20100910_Federal_appeals_court_strikes_down_Hazleton_s_immigration_ordinances.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/26/nyregion/26riverside.html?_r=2http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/04/26/92839/texas-town-vows-fight-to-keep.htmlhttp://www.pwcgov.org/docLibrary/PDF/13188.pdfhttp://fremonttribune.com/article_1d702148-6f1d-11df-9211-001cc4c002e0.htmlhttp://fremonttribune.com/article_1d702148-6f1d-11df-9211-001cc4c002e0.htmlhttp://www.pwcgov.org/docLibrary/PDF/13188.pdfhttp://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/04/26/92839/texas-town-vows-fight-to-keep.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/26/nyregion/26riverside.html?_r=2http://www.philly.com/inquirer/local/pa/20100910_Federal_appeals_court_strikes_down_Hazleton_s_immigration_ordinances.html


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Such cosly acion has oher local governmens aking noice, realizing ha cheap

poliical sound bies can come a a huge expense o axpayers, local businesses,

and he owns repuaions. Afer assessing he nancial losses in oher ciies, he

Summerville, Souh Carolina own Council decided in Sepember, 2010, o able

is own immigraion ordinance and no squander axpayers money. I jus canno

wih good conscience risk poenially spending millions in axpayers dollars juso make a poin, said own Councilman Mike Dawson when he made a moion

o pospone he immigraion measure.14

Te same week, he ciy oomball, exas, reached he same conclusion. I don

wan us o ge ino lawsuis, said omball Councilman Derek ownsend, who

proposed a package o ordinances and hen voed agains i afer opposiion

sacked up. Furhermore, he council se aside a proposal o make English he

ciys ocial language and i voed o coninue a day labor sie ha opponens

conended is used by undocumened immigrans.15

Tese more measured reacions o he arrival o new immigrans, boh legal and

undocumened, in oher small-own communiies across our naion, make obvi-

ous sense. Ye ani-immigran naiviss coninue o peddle heir unconsiuional

legal heories. In he pages ha ollow, his paper will briey examine why he

iniial appeal o ani-immigran legal acion ook hold in Hazelon, Riverside,

Fremon, Farmers Branch, and Prince William Couny, and hen deail heir

losing legal argumens, he cos o such uile legal acion, and he economic and

social coss o hese communiies. As we will demonsrae, local acion agains

undocumened immigrans is a losing proposiion. Ciizens in hese communi-

ies and ohers across our naion have o ell Congress ha naional immigraion

reorm simply canno be pu o any longer.

I just cannot wit

good conscienc

risk potentially

spending millio

in taxpayers dol

just to make a p

Summ

South Carolina

Councilman Mike Da
http://www.postandcourier.com/news/2010/oct/14/town-council-oks-immigration-law/http://www.click2houston.com/news/24919627/detail.htmlhttp://www.click2houston.com/news/24919627/detail.htmlhttp://www.postandcourier.com/news/2010/oct/14/town-council-oks-immigration-law/


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The rise of fear in small town America

Tere are several common hreads in he abric o each o he owns sudied in his

repor. Tey are small, ranquil, and predominanly whie communiies ha became

unsetled by rapid demographic changes despie heir immigran pass. In hese

owns, i ook only a litle agiaion o unravel he communiies, leaving hem rayed

and discomposed.

One o he rs o reac srongly o his culural enanglemen was Hazleon,

Pennsylvania, a own o 22,000 residens in Pennsylvanias Pocono Mounains,which has a legacy o a coal mining indusry buil on he backs o immigrans more

han a cenury ago. By 2008, all Hispanics, regardless o saus, made up only 4 per-

cen o Luzerne Counys populaion.16

A more recen enry ino he immigraion conrol movemen, Fremon, Nebraska,

has a populaion o abou 26,000 ha is 93 percen whie, mosly o German ances-

ry, and wih only abou 4 percen o oreign-born residens.17 Bu a rise in he num-

ber o Hispanic residens in Fremon beginning around 2008, drawn o he own

by jobs in he local meapacking indusry, creaed a percepion ha undocumened

immigraion was running rampan even hough he legal saus o he newcomers

was unknown.

Te same was rue in Prince William Couny, a norhern Virginia suburb o

Washingon, D.C., where he Laino populaion grew by more han 150 percen rom

2000 and 2006 as he couny was one o he ases growing in he naion.18 Te new

immigrans hailed rom El Salvador, Guaemala, Honduras, and Mexico.19 Te regions

growh in jobs, combined wih aordable housing, made i an atracive area o setle.

A consrucion boom led o an inux o immigrans in Riverside, New Jersey, a work-ing class own locaed across he Delaware River rom Philadelphia. Riverside already

had an esablished Poruguese-speaking communiy, bu local leaders speculaed ha

as many as 5,000 immigrans, mosly rom Brazil, arrived beween 2000 and 2005.20

Riversides populaion in he 2000 U.S. Census was 7,911, and he ederal govern-

mens less reliable coun a mid-decade did no show a signican increase.21


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Te dramaic ransormaions in all o hese areas promped backlashes rom con-

servaives and longime residens, who loudly proesed ha he newcomers were

hreaening heir way o lie and wrongly assumed ha mos o he new arrivals were

undocumened. Te proesors voices drowned ou hose seeking consrucive

conversaions over how o manage he changing demographics and respond o some

legiimae concerns. Bu rom one own o he nex, he lis o grievances was hesame: Immigrans were ruining heir communiies by overcrowding schools, hous-

ing, hospials, and rac lanes and requiring English learning classes.

Tere also were he hyperbolic claims ha played o peoples ears: ha immigrans

are noisy, disrupive, ax cheaers, and criminals. Tere were social problems oo,

said he poliically ambiious mayor in Hazleon, Lou Barleta, as he and an ally com-

plained ha immigrans had even ried o sar heir own Hispanic Litle League and

a Laino Chamber o Commerce.22

Spurred by immigraion resricioniss such as Kris Kobach and like-minded allieswho opposed ederal immigraion reorms in avor o local conrols, own councils

began enacing immigraion enorcemen ordinances.

Local enforcement measures

All ve ciies ook similar seps beween 2005 and 2010 o corral wha he major-

iy o heir ciizens saw as ou-o-conrol illegal immigraion. A closer look a heir

acics reveals why hese seps are so cosly or hese ciies.

Hazleton

Te Hazleon Ciy Council passed in July 2006 he Illegal Immigraion Relie Ac

Ordinance, he Renal Regisraion Ordinance, and oher laws which challenged

he ederal governmens auhoriy o esablish supreme law on immigraion maters

over sae and local jurisdicions. Te own approved a $100-per-day ne on any

landlord who rened housing o an illegal immigran.

In addiion, business owners could be ned and have heir commercial licenses

revoked or ve years or hiring an illegal immigran or ailing o underake an oner-

ous invesigaion o he immigraion saus o enans. Businesses also would be

coerced ino checking on he employees o conracors and subconracors.


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Riverside

Following on Hazleons heels, he Riverside ownship in July 2006 adoped

an ordinance also called Illegal Immigraion Relie Ac, which also placed he

onus o enorcemen on landlords and employers.23 Riverside imposed nes o

$1,000 o $2,000, and a possible jail senence or revocaion o business licenses or

landlords who rened o illegal immigrans and employers who hired hem.24

Furhermore, he measure would penalize any or-pro eniy doing business

anywhere in he Unied Saes, no jus Riverside, ha aids and abes an undocu-

mened immigran, such as naional reailers or ranchises in oher ciies and saes.

Farmers Branch

In November, 2006, as dozens o proesors rom boh sides o he issue engaged

in a shouing mach ouside o Ciy Hall, he ciy council voed o require apar-

men owners and managers o ge rom each member o a amily ocial proo ociizenship or legal saus. Te ordinance called or $500-per-day nes.

Te council also made English he ciy s ocial language, and decided o join he

ederal governmens 287(g) program, which auhorizes limied law enorcemen

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txas Ma 2006. C sad ppsd ams ad wad ww cm uu b

AP Photo/DonnA MCW


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o ederal immigraion laws. 25 Te council considered and rejeced a proposal o

resric ciy subsidies or some youh programs ha served children o undocu-

mened immigrans, earul ha such a move would be challenged in cour.26

Prince William County

As he ani-immigran senimen escalaed, he Prince William Couny Board o

Supervisors approved is rs immigraion resoluion in July 2007 and adoped

i ino law hree monhs laer. I denied couny services o hose unable o prove

legal residency and required police o check he immigraion saus o everyone

hey deained or sopped or a rac violaion i hey had probable cause o

believe he person was in he counry illegally. Police were rained beore he law

wen ino eec in March 2008.

Almos immediaely, Prince William Couny ocials realized he high coss o hisacion. For sarers, Police Chie Charlie . Deane esimaed a $3.2 million cos

jus o place cameras in all parol cars o documen law enorcemen aciviy and

guard agains an expeced increase in racial proling allegaions agains police.27

Insead o conrolling crime, he chie warned o a possible increase in crimes by

youhs and oher negaive consequences.

Relucanly, he board modied he original resoluion in April o 2008 o

mandae ha police inquire ino immigraion saus only o hose placed under

physical cusodial arres. Te board gave police he righ, o conduc pre-arres

immigraion saus checks a he ocers discreion and he couny signed up or

he 287(g) ederal immigraion enorcemen program.28

Fremont

Te Fremon Ciy Council iniially considered an immigraion conrol ordinance

in he summer o 2009 bu abled i, conceding ha similar laws in oher owns

were being declared unconsiuional because hey usurped ederal auhoriy over

immigraion law and policy. Immigraion resricioniss peiioned or an elecionon he ordinance bu he ciy reused o schedule he public voe, relying on he

argumen ha he proposed law was no valid.

Almost

immediately,

Prince William

County ofcials

realized the hig

costs o its anti-

immigrant legal

action.


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Ye a sae cour required he ciy o hold a reerendum because he elecion pei-

ion was legally gahered and voers approved he immigraion conrol ordinance

in a June 2010 elecion.29 Te Fremon ciy council ollowed he will o he voers

and enaced he ordinance.

Te Fremon law would require hose seeking renal housing o apply or a$5 permi a Ciy Hall, and hose who said hey were no ciizens would receive

permis, bu heir legal saus would be checked. I ound o be in he counry

illegally and unable o resolve heir saus, hey would be orced o leave he prop-

ery. Landlords who knowingly rened o illegal immigrans could be subjec o

$100 nes. In addiion, he local law required ha employers now use he volun-

ary ederal E-Veriy daabase o deermine a workers eligibiliy or employmen.30

The state of the legal battles

Kobachs successes a lining up local governmens as cliens were eclipsed by he

deeas in courrooms in various saes where he pushed his immigraion con-

rol heories. In mos cases, lawsuis challenging he legaliy o he enorcemen

measures have been led by local residens, landlords, and business owners, wih

he backing o he American Civil Liberies Union and oher civil righs groups.

Heres a breakdown o he legal acions aken by hese groupsacions ha are

proving so cosly o hese ciies.

Hazleton

Hazleons coninuing legal batle, which also drew in he U.S. Chamber o

Commerce on behal o he plainis, is undamenally over he owns atemp o

usurp he ederal governmens auhoriy on immigraion maters.31 Te peiion-

ers also alleged ha he local ordinance violaed basic civil righs and was discrim-

inaory.32 Aside rom he broad deniion o illegal aliens in he ordinance, he

ACLU suggesed ha businesses ha sold goods, even ood, o his class o people

would ace punishmen. Tere have been wo key cour decisions:

July 2007U.S. Disric Judge James M. Munley sruck down he Hazleon

ordinances, agreeing ha hey pre-emped ederal law and violaed due process

proecions under he 14h Amendmen o he U.S. Consiuion.33 Our analy-

sis applies o illegal aliens as well as o legal residens and ciizens. Te Unied


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Saes Consiuion provides due process proecions o all persons, he cour

ruled. Nor did he cour validae he ciys claims ha undocumened immi-

grans were causing social ills. Hazleon, in is zeal o conrol he presence o a

group deemed undesirable, violaed he righs o such people, as well as ohers

wihin he communiy, Judge Munley concluded in his disric cour ruling.34

September 2010Te U.S. 3rd Circui Cour o Appeals in Philadelphia

concurred, invalidaing he ordinances.35 Deciding which aliens may live in

he Unied Saes has always been he prerogaive o he ederal governmen,

said Chie Judge Teodore McKee o he appeals cour. I Hazleon can

regulae as i has here, hen so could every oher sae or localiy. 36 Te appel-

lae cour commened on he discriminaory aspecs o he Hazleon ordinance.

Employers migh quie raionally choose o err on he side o discriminaing

agains job applicans hey perceive o be oreign, inconsisen wih ederal

inen o balance regulaions wih proecions agains discriminaion, according

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AP Photo/riCK


15/31


o he cour ruling.37 Te housing provisions agains curren undocumened

immigrans were dismissed in equal ashion. Under ederal law, an unlawul

immigraion saus does no lead insanly, or ineviably, o removal, he cour

saed.38 I cied as examples a college suden or whom he ederal governmen

has declined o iniiae removal proceedings, or batered spouses and children

who have special ederal proecions.

Te cour proceedings also discouned several o hen-Mayor Lou Barletas claims

agains suspeced undocumened immigrans. Barleta, or example, blamed he

huge wave o immigraion or creaing he ciys budge deci. Ye, he ciy had a

$35,000 budge surplus in 2006, said Wiold Walczak, he direcor o he ACLU in

Pennsylvania and lead atorney or plainis in he case.

Regarding he asserion ha undocumened immigraions were behind an

increase in he crime rae, Walczak argued ha beween 2000 and 2006, here

were a oal o 8,500 crimes in Hazleon, bu only 21 commited by undocu-mened immigrans. Tere were 420 violen crimes, bu only hree commited by

undocumened residens.

Barleta also claimed ha he local healh care sysem was going bankrup and

English language programs were a nancial srain because o he illegal immi-

grans. False, Walczak said, counering ha in 2006, he Hazleon Healh Care

Alliance made a $4 million pro. And he English learning programs were mosly

being reimbursed by ederal and sae governmen, and no burdening he ciy.

Riverside

Riversides immigraion plan backred almos immediaely. Te own was hi

wih wo lawsuis challenging is ordinance, including one led by he Assembly

o God Church in Riverside and a coaliion o Laino clergy. 39 Te small own-

ship wih a populaion o 7,768, a land mass o only 1.5 square miles, and limied

sources or increased ax or user ee revenues, immediaely el he shiver o ear

over having o pay he plainis legal ees i he ordinance was hrown ou o

cour. A year afer enacing is ordinance, in 2007, Riverside rescinded i.

Ye he ani-immigraion movemen remained persisen in he ciy. Te legal ali-

ae o he Federaion or American Immigraion Reorm ha had pushed or he


16/31


Riverside and Hazleon, Pennsylvania, ordinances, led a lawsui in 2008 agains

a New Jersey propery manager, claiming ha i had violaed ederal organized

crime laws by rening o undocumened immigrans. A ederal judge ossed he

case ou o cour.40

Farmers Branch

Te ciy was hi wih our separae lawsuis, including one rom merchans claim-

ing ha he English-only provision had hur heir businesses. Te lawsuis were

evenually combined. In January 2007, afer a cour emporarily blocked imple-

menaion o he Farmers Branch law pending he oucome o he lawsuis, he

ciy council repealed he original renal law and replaced i wih a similar one

drafed by Kobach ha made adjusmens or amilies o mixed immigraion or

ciizenship saus.

Ta ordinance was approved by voers in a May elecion bu was declared uncon-

siuional a year laer by a ederal cour on he grounds ha i violaed he ederal

supremacy clause o he U.S. Consiuion, similar o he Hazleon, Pennsylvania,

case. 41 Undeerred, he ciy council passed anoher Kobach-auhored ordinance

in January, 2008, ha would require all reners o aparmens and houses o pay

a $5 ee and sae heir legal saus in heir applicaion or an occupancy license,

hus removing landlords rom he vericaion process.42

Te hird ordinance also was declared unconsiuional by a ederal cour in April,

2010.43 Among is ndings, he cour noed ha he Farmers Branch ordinance

applies ederal immigraion classicaions or purposes no auhorized or conem-

plaed by ederal law. As a resul, he ordinance creaes an addiional resricion

on alien residence in he Ciy. Te direc regulaion o privae conrac or sheler

based on inapplicable ederal classicaions consiues an impermissible regula-

ion o immigraion, he cour saed.44

Farmers Branch hen ollowed he pah o Hazleon by asking an appellae cour

o overurn he lower cours rejecion o is immigraion conrol ordinance. Te

case is now pending beore he 5h

Circui Cour o Appeals.

Farmers Branch

was hit with ou

separate lawsuit

including one r

merchants claim

that the English

only provision

had hurt their

businesses.


17/31


Prince William County

An iniial lawsui on behal o local immigran workers was dismissed on he

grounds ha he plainis lacked legal sanding in cour. Bu he consan hrea o

lawsuis, combined wih high coss and sern warnings rom he police chie abou

rising ension in he communiy, led he couny o scale back is enorcemenplans and only allow immigraion saus checks o hose under cusodial arres,

hus avoiding more lawsuis.

Fremont

Te law has no been enorced in Fremon because ciy leaders are seeking o learn

rom he misakes o oher jurisdicions. Forewarned by is insurance carrier ha

i migh no cover he ciys legal expenses or lawsuis challenging he ordinance,

he ciy is insead monioring cour rulings agains similar ordinances in oher ci-ies beore moving orward. Meanwhile, i has raised propery axes o help deray

he coss semming rom wo lawsuis already led agains he ciy.45

The costs are adding up

Each o hese cases began wih draconian ordinances ha were based upon uncon-

siuional principles. Tose ha ook on he legal challenges have los millions

o axpayers dollars in he cours, while ohers ha scaled back noneheless were

labeled as ani-immigran owns and have been hur economically. Te coss, in

real dollars and los presige, are deailed nex.


18/31


The costs

All o he communiies proled in he previous secion o his paper coninue

digging deeper ino his legal morass a a huge cos in axpayers dollars. Oher

ciies ha were considering ollowing in heir legal ooseps, among hem

Summerville, Souh Carolina and omball, exas, sepped back because o he

coss. Bu one noable excepion is Farmers Branch, exas, where he own

decided o copyca Hazleon despie a warning rom ormer Ciy Manager Linda

Groomer ha he ciys insurance would no cover expenses rom he cour gh.

Groomer argued ha Hazleon already had embarked on a similar legal batlewih somebody elses money, and she recommended o a council member in an

email agains spending local ax dollars o join a legal batle ha will coninue

wih or wihou Farmers Branch dollars.46

Bu she was ignored by he

mayor and ciy council

members who preerred

Kobachs advice and ollowed

Hazleons ooseps. Te

alarm ha was ignored in

Farmers Branch and he expe-

riences o oher owns demon-

srae he olly o jumping ino

poliical debae wihou plan-

ning or he nancial, legal, or

even economic and culural

consequences. Les ake a

look a hose consequences in

each jurisdicion in urn.

Anti-immigrant legal challenges have cost millions of taxpayer do

Hazleton, Pennsylvania

$2.8 million and

more to come

Riverside, New J

$82,000 plus a in tax revenu

Prince William County,

Virginia

$1.3 million plus$700,000 per year

Farmers Branch, Texas

Almost $4 millionand rising

Fremont, Nebraska

$1 million per yearfor starters


19/31


Hazleton: $2.8 million and then some

Te cos o his giganic legal gh or his small own has been saggering: $5 mil-

lion and couning.47 A legal deense und se up in 2006 raised an esimaed

$430,000 in donaions as o Ocober 2010, bu ha donor haul has now dwindled

down o abou $10,000. (Kobachs share rom ha und was $197,615.) Bu as heHazleton Standard Speakerrepored, ocials say he ciy clearly doesn have he

money o ose as much as $2.4 million or expenses owed o plainis who have

so ar successully argued agains he ordinance in cour.48

Whas more, he coss could be closer o $5 million, no couning new ees being

accumulaed during he cour appellae process.

Hazleon dove ino his legal swamp wihou considering ha i would have o

pay he legal coss o he plainis i he ciy los is case. When he ciys insurer

reused o pay abou $4.5 million in legal ees, he own sued he insurer.49 In May2009, a ederal cour ruled he insurer is no obligaed o reimburse he ciy or

any award o plainis agains Hazleon, or or atorneys ees accrued by he ciy.

Te Tird Circui Cour o Appeals conrmed in November 2010 ha Hazleon is

accounable or a leas $2.4 million in ees sough by plainis atorneys, on op

o $420,000 he ciy had spen as o November 2010.50

Bu here was one winner, newly mined Rep. Lou Barleta (R-PA), who won a

sea in Congress in November 2010 on his hird ry. Well known or his ani-illegal

immigraion crusade, Barleta ocused less on he issue bu played ino voers

ears abou he sluggish economy and he much hyped argumen ha immigrans

ake jobs away rom he U.S. born.

Riverside: $82,000 and tax revenue lost as businesses close

Te iniial coss o he immigraion conrol ordinances were assessed agains Mayor

Chuck Hilon and ellow councilmember James Ot, who los heir reelecion bids

in November 2006 afer championing he law.51 Ten, as he legal bills or he immi-

graion case began o srain he owns already igh budge, ocials were orced odelay road paving projecs, he purchase o a dump ruck, and repairs o own hall. 52

Afer reviewing he poenial legal coss and he negaive impac on he local

economy and communiy, Riverside cu is losses and nullied is ani-immigra-

Ater reviewing

the potential leg

costs and the

negative impac

the local econo

and community

Riverside cut

its losses and

nullied its anti-

immigration law

just a year ater

was enacted.


20/31


ion law in 2007, jus a year afer i was enaced. Ta one year o legal batle cos

he ciy an esimaed $82,000 in legal ees, a signican amoun or a small own

covering 1.5 square miles.

Despie he policy reversal, he communiy coninues o suer enormously rom

he igh o immigrans and heir amilies who had conribued o he growh o heown in earlier years. Sores closed and heir windows remain boarded up. Oher

businesses los revenue, and much o he owns renewed vibrancy ha had been

creaed by immigrans dried up. According o he Riverside Coaliion o Business

Owners and Landlords, 75 percen o he immigrans, including legal residens,

abandoned he ciy. As a resul, 45 percen o businesses in he own had o close. 53

Lef in he wake o he ordinance was an amosphere o inolerance and a

climae o ear. As he Fiscal Policy Insiues Immigraion Research Iniiaive

wroe inNewsday:

Te main street emptied out. Skinheads came in to celebrate the new laws, yelling

the South shall rise again! Geraldo Rivera came to lm a program about the

anti-immigrant climate. Fine points about the distinction between illegal and

legal immigrants were lost; anyone om somewhere else elt unwelcome and

hundreds, maybe thousands, picked up and lef.54

Riversides image was indelibly marked by he policy and poliical missep.

Farmers Branch: Almost $4 million and rising

Afer ignoring a ciys ocials recommendaion o le Hazleon, Pennsylvania

lead he legal gh and carry all o he coss, his own o 26,000 ran up legal ees

oaling $3.7 million as o December 2010.55 Te ees are expeced o exceed

$5 million as he ciy appeals a lower cours ruling sriking down he law. In

July 2010, a ederal judge ordered Farmers Branch o pay legal ees owed o

he lawyers o he plainis, including he Mexican American Legal Deense

and Educaion Fund and he American Civil Liberies Union o exas and he

ACLUs Immigran Righs Projec.56

As a resul, he ciy is eeling he pinch o budge bel-ighening. In Sepember

2010, he Ciy Council adoped a 1 percen cu in ciy employee salaries and ben-

es, wih he $300,000 in savings being se aside or he immigraion cour gh


21/31


an amoun ar shor o wha will be required.57 One decision o privaize he ciy s

local library o save on operaing coss drew loud proess rom ciizens.58

William A. Brewer III, whose law rm rs challenged he ordinance, old he

Dallas Morning News ha he ciy, led by Mayor im OHare, should give up he

gh. Tey already owe $3 million jus o heir cavalcade o lawyers, who keepgeting i wrong, Brewer said. I is clearly OPM or OHare, he added, dening

OPM as oher peoples money.59

Prince William County: $1.3 million plus $700,000 per year

Swep up in he immigraion conrol movemen among local governmens, Prince

William Couny, Virginia iniially adoped a measure ha was as much a burden

on he local police orce as i was on immigrans residing in he couny. Te board

o supervisors publicly received rom Police Chie Charlie . Deane a long lis opoenial consequences i i carried ou harsh immigraion policies, including a

couny ax increase.

Deane, who had served as chie or almos wo decades in 2007, sernly warned

he ough new law could resul in allegaions o racism, racial proling, and per-

haps he emergence o vigilanism. Police-communiy relaions would be harmed

and here would be increased crimes by youhs. Te police chie also said a ax

hike would be needed o cover he coss o enorcemen, such as $3.2 million or

cameras in all parol cars and anoher $1.2 million or more police, oser care, and

proecive services or he children o depored undocumened immigrans.60

Te couny cu back he budge and avoided addiional lawsuis by down-scaling

is ordinance, which mandaes police o inquire ino he immigraion saus only

o hose placed under physical cusodial arres. Sill, here were huge coss. Abou

$1.3 million was required o sar up he police deparmens illegal immigraion

enorcemen iniiaive, plus ongoing annual coss now ranging beween $700,000

and $750,000, said om Pulaski, Prince William Counys planning and budge

direcor.61 He said hese expenses include unding o he criminal alien uni, which

includes six ocers and one civilian, as well as raining or he police orce.

Following up on he chie s recommendaion, he couny commissioned he

Universiy o Virginias Cener or Survey Research, he Police Execuive Research

Forum, and a James Madison Universiy criminologis o conduc a wo-year

Prince William

County avoided

additional lawsu

by down-scaling

ordinance, whic

mandates police

to inquire into t

immigration sta

only o those pl

under physical

custodial arrest.


22/31


evaluaion o he policys implemenaion and is impac on he police deparmen

and he communiy.62 An inerim repor released in 2009 ound he law iniially

had high coss or he police deparmen and occupied large amouns o couny

sa ime.63 Ye, only 2.2 percen o people arresed in Prince William in 2009

were illegal immigrans, and mos o hose commited misdemeanor crimes and

rac violaions, he sudy ound.

In is nal repor in November 2010, he researchers analyzed U.S. Census Bureau

and Deparmen o Labor saisics and ound ha he policy achieved is op

goal o reducing he number o undocumened immigrans in he couny because

many moved o neighboring counies, hough he sluggish economy also was a

acor. Te policy did no resul in an overall reducion in crime or a counywide

lessening o neighborhood problems.

Furhermore, he policy creaed a serious ehnic gap in how police and couny

governmen were viewed and in he percepion o he couny as a place o live.Opinions among Hispanics reached an unprecedened low in 2008 bu began o

improve by 2010 as he police deparmen worked on beter communicaions

wih he Laino communiy and explaining he enorcemen policy. Te research-

ers said ha while Prince William is an example o how a local governmen can

have an impac on undocumened immigraion enorcemen wihin he connes

o ederal law, he downurn in he economy also was a major acor.

Te upsho or oher ciies and counies, according o he researchers, is ha

Te lessons o Prince Williams experience should be applied wih grea cauion

o oher places in oher imes.64 Indeed, he research group concluded ha he

Prince William Couny experience canno be easily replicaed, conrary o he

pracices o he ani-immigran movemen o ake an ordinance rom one juris-

dicion and apply i elsewhere. Why? Because Prince Williams acions occurred

during an economic downurn and immigrans could have ed or beter jobs

elsewhere. Also, Prince William had a police chie who boldly oulined he hrea

o civiliy and o he counys nances i harsher acion was underaken, and law-

makers were convinced ha cosly legal batles were no worhwhile.65

Fremont: $1 million per year for starters

Similar o Hazleon and Farmers Branch, Fremons received noice rom is

insurance and deense pool known as League Associaion o Risk Managemen

ha i would no reimburse legal expenses semming rom he immigraion


23/31


ordinance. Ye Fremon pressed ahead and approved he ordinance, only o

ollow Kobachs advice o suspend is implemenaion pending he oucome o

lawsuis in he oher ciies.66

Te legal challenges have proven very cosly or he communiy o 25,000 resi-

dens. Ciy ocials originally esimaed ha Fremons coss o enorce heordinance, including $750,000 or Kobach, plus oher legal expenses, employee

overime, and improved compuer sofware, would average $1 million a year.

o mee expenses, he ciy increased is ax rae in 2010, resuling in a $116 ee

increase or an owner o a $200,000 home in Fremon.

I he bills relaed o he immigraion law go over budge, he ciy will be orced o

cu is workorce and services provided o he public.67 Ciy adminisraor Rober

A. Harwig Jr. and ciy atorney Dean Skokan agreed ha he mos signican

poenial coss would be awarded or plainis atorney ees in he even he ciy

does no prevail in he suis. Bu by delaying is sar dae, Ciy Council PresidenScot Gezschman mainained he council has been rying o ac in he ciy s bes

ineress and limi legal coss, even i he savings are small.68 Were rying o be

good sewards wih he ciy s money, said Harwig, he ciy adminisraor. We

can aord any surprises.69

Adding up the costs and the lessons learned

Local governmen policies ha arge a class o people do no reec our naional

values or he will o he public ha wans a wise, pragmaic, and air immigraion

soluion. Our consiuion and oher laws o he land ha underpin our reedom

are proving his every day as he successul legal challenges o he ani-immigran

ordinances examined in his paper make clear. Whas more, he zeal o pursue

his course will drain ciy budges and lead o ax increases, depress economies

ha rely on immigrans as workers and consumers, divide communiies along

racial and ehnic lines, and increase raher han diminish he burdens placed on

law enorcemen agencies.

Te locales sudied here erred by ollowing Kobachs advice or copying his ordi-nances a grea coss o he axpayers, heir owns or counys repuaions, and o

adherence o consiuional principles. Tey plunged ino he immigraion conrol

movemen wihou seriously aking ino accoun ha relaed expenses could

exceed he annual budges in some o hese small owns. I is like a ciy wihou


24/31


a Naional Fooball League eam deciding o build a spors sadium wihou

knowing consrucion coss and wihou having a seady revenue sream o keep i

running, bu promising voers ha he benes will ouweigh he coss.

Hazleon and Farmers Branch, or example, played o he cheers o he immigra-

ion resricioniss wihou calculaing coss o deend in cour and hen enorcehe measures. Now, hey are rying o avoid paying is legal bills. Te atorney who

successully opposed Farmers Branchs ordinance noed he cosly lesson learned

rom ha case. I has become clear ha adoping local policies o circumven he

power o he ederal governmen may a imes be a popular choice, bu i is no a

lawul one, he explained.70

Nor did he jurisdicions give proper consideraion o he business communiy

and landlords who sand o lose heir livelihoods i hese laws could acually be

enorced, as hey would bear he expenses and burden o proving hrough auly

daabases ha heir reners and employees are legal residens. As he U.S. 3rdCircui Cour o Appeals saed in is ruling, Hazleon has placed a prioriy on

deerring employmen o unauhorized aliens, bu ailed o concern isel wih he

coss is ordinance imposes on employers and on work-auhorized aliens.71 Also,

as noed earlier, he claims by Hazleons mayor ha crime and oher social ills

were a he hands o undocumened immigrans were disproven by atorneys or

opponens o he new laws.

Even in Prince William Couny, where bad poliics and policy were scaled back

ou o a ear o being hi wih cosly lawsuis , hose who sudied he develop-

mens sressed ha had here no been a downurn in he economy, including he

housing marke, consrucion indusry, and morgage nancing, he oucomes

migh have been more cosly and disrupive o he couny. For hese reasons, he

lessons o Prince Williams experience should be applied wih grea cauion o

oher places in oher imes, he researchers cauioned.72

Were i no or he ouspoken police chie in Prince William Couny, who cied

various problems wih he board o supervisors iniial, more resricive ordinance,

he couny migh have ound isel in he same legal swamp as Hazleon, Farmers

Branch, and Fremon. Sill, he couny spen an exra several million dollars orpolice as a resul o he local immigraion law, bu here is no daa wheher he

couny saved money by his ordinance, which was one o is goals, hrough ewer

services being provided o illegal immigrans. said om Goerbock, he direc-

or o UVAs Cener or Survey Research. By law, here are a limied number o

It has become

clear that adopt

local policies to

circumvent the

power o the ed

government ma

times be a popu

choice, but it is

a lawul one.


25/31


couny services hey could deny o illegal immigrans. Mos services have o be

given o everyone, said Goerbock.73

Te Prince William Couny sudyhe only repor deailing he eecs o local

immigraion enorcemen in hese communiiessaid here were ewer com-

plains abou overcrowded homes and people loiering a day labor sies, as wellas ewer birhs in he local hospials and ewer English-language learners in he

schools. Bu he UVA sudy also ound more problems relaed o vacan housing,

a lower level o rus in governmen among Hispanic and Arican Americans, and

an ehnic divide in peoples percepions o he couny, wih non-Hispanic whies

reporing hey eel saer and Hispanics eeling a lessening o heir qualiy o lie.74

Frank Principi, a Prince William Couny supervisor eleced in November 2007,

said ha while here has been litle or no savings in governmen services rom

he ordinance, he counys image has been scarred. Te issue is no wha i cos

he governmen o implemen, is he rheoric abou he issue and he negaiveimpac i has had on he brand and repuaion o Prince William Couny. And

he bad rap will hur he economy. A lo o business dried up, as many Hispanics

ook heir buying power wih hem,75 Principi argued.

Te rue cos is ha i had he eec o basically orcing many Hispanics, boh

legal or oherwise, ou o Fairax, Saord, and Loudoun counies, Principi said,

reerring o neighboring jurisdicions. Many Hispanics who remained in he

couny now carry heir passpors wih hem, Principi added. A lo o us argued

ha we were reurning o he 1930s and 40s o Germany.

Te case o Fremon raises a key quesion abou courageous poliical leadership: I

here had been less poliics and more leadership so ha culural dierences could

be amped down raher han overaken by a vocal minoriy, would he own even

be alking o lawyers now? Would ciizens be geting higher ax saemens and

ace urher ax increases and service cus?

Batle-scarred veerans rom Riverside, New Jersey have simple advice or oher

localiies: Do no do i. Do no repea Riversides proound misakes. W hen you

have residens looking or beter parks and beter srees, and in he meanime youhave hese legal ees rising, you have o conclude ha his is a siuaion ha should

be handled by he ederal governmen, no local owns, Depuy Mayor Lorraine

Hacher old Te New York imes.76 Riverside also has worked o revive is local


26/31


economy. We would raher spend our money on oher hings, said George

Saponaro, Riversides atorney. We el ha our money would be beter spen

ocusing on redevelopmen.77

Te real soluion is in he hands o Congress. As Chie Deane old he Prince

William Couny board, Illegal immigraion is a naional challenge ha can besbe solved wih naional sraegies. Local police involvemen wih immigraion

enorcemen should be aggressive, ye balanced and ocused on he wors o he

wors. Hes righ. Congress needs o lisen.


27/31


Endnotes

1 Senate Bill 1070, Sa Aza Sa, 49 lg. 2d sss. P. 1, aa-ab a p://www.azg.g/gx/49g/2/bs/sb1070s.pd.

2 i Ud Sas Dsc Cu Dsc Aza, Cas2:Cv 10-1413-PhX-SrB, Ju 28, 2010, aaab a p://gapcs8.ms.cm/packags/pd/aa/20100729_AriZonA_DoC.pd.

3 Masa Fz ad Aga M. K, Sp Cc: t ec-mc ad Fsca Csucs Cc Cacas Du Azas SB1070 (Wasg: C Amca Pgss, 2010),aaab a p://www.amcapgss.g/ssus/2010/11/az_usm.m.

4 immga odac Fac S, Freemont Tribune, Ju 2, 2010,aaab a p://mbu.cm/ac_1d702148-61d-

11d-9211-001cc4c0020.m.

5 Da Ss, Fams Bac fs da appa mmgadac, TheDallas Morning News, Jaua 6, 2011, aaab ap://www.daasws.cm/sadc/dws/ws/caws/ss/Dn-bsu_06ws.Art.Ca.ed1.1483910.m.

6 Aa M. ts, Fams Bac Kps Up iga-immga Fg,Fort Worth Star Telegram, Ap 25, 2010, aaab a p://www.sa-gam.cm/2010/04/25/2141306/ams-bac-kps-up-ga.m.

7 Mda Wa, M Ks Kbac: law A-immgaMm (Wasg: Mda Mas, 2010), aaab a p://pcacc.g/bg/201007150011.

8 ibd. S as, Da C. vck, Aza Fam Pps Kbacs Kasashps,Stateline.org, Spmb 1, 2010, aaab a p://www.sa.g//das/s?cid=509909.

9 Kbac cd Kasas Sc. Sa, The Associated Press, nm-b 2, 2010, aaab a p://www.x4kc.cm/ws/wda-s-kasas-kbac-scsa-110210,0,877418.s.

10 Kasas Kbac, aaab a p://www.kskbac.g/dx-4.m.

11 Masa Fz ad Aga M. K, Pcps immgarm (Wasg: C Amca Pgss, 2009), aa-ab a p://www.amcapgss.g/ssus/2009/12/mmga-_pcps.m.

12 S Mcask, Ma Sas C W G Up,The Times Leader,Spmb 10, 2010, aaab a p://www.msad.cm/ws/Ma_sas_c_w_su__g_up_09-09-2010.m?sacm=baa.

13 Da Ss, Fams Bac Ma tm oha sas w sk

a m, TheDallas Morning News, Jaua 7, 2011, aaaba p://www.daasws.cm/sadc/dws/ws/c/ca-/ss/Dn-a_07m.Art.Sa.ed1.147261.m.

14 Da Muda, Ppsa gas s abd; Summ pawud a acd s, The Post and Courier (Charleston,S.C.), Spmb 9, 2010, aaab a p://www.sa.cm/2010/09/08/1455941/summ-abs-csa.m.

15 Jua A. lza, hus subub w pusu mmga aws,TheAssociated Press State & Local Wire , Spmb 8, 2010, aaab ap://www.bwsad.cm/acs/xas-116498-us-mba.m.

16 Pw hspac C, luz Cu, Psaa, aaab ap://pwspac.g/sas/?cud=42079.

17 U.S. Buau Csus, Amca FacFd: Fm C, n-baska, aaab a p://acfd.csus.g/s/ADPtab?_bm=&-g_d=16000US3117670&-_am=ACS_2008_3yr_G00_DP3yr2&-ds_am=ACS_2008_3yr_G00_&-_ag=&-_ss=.

18 tmas M. Gubck ad s, eaua Sud Pc W-am Cus iga immga ecm Pc: Fa rp

2010 (Pc Wam Cu: C Su rsac, Us vga, 2010), pp. x ad 13.

19 Aud Sg, J h. Ws, ad Bk Drzs, immgas,Pcs, ad lca rsps Sububa Wasg (Wasg:Bkgs Mpa Pc Pgam, 2009), p.3, aaab ap://www.bkgs.du/~/mda/Fs/c/ps/2009/0225_mmga_sg/0225_mmga_sg.pd.

20 J Mz A Sugg Pa rs W lg CsaFa,The Philadelphia Inquirer, ocb 11, 2005, aaab a p://www.p.cm/u/_pcs/sugg__mak_s.m.

21 U.S. Buau Csus, 2009 nw Js Pac ad Cu Subd-s (2010), aaab a p://acfd.csus.g/s/GCt-

tab?_bm=&-g_d=04000US34&-_bx_ad_b=GCt-t1&-ds_am=PeP_2009_eSt&-_ag=&-ma=St-9&-_ss=.

22 J Ka, r-lg ou immga Pas: Fm haz

Aza ad Back Aga (Wasg: immga Pc C,2010), aaab a p://www.mmgapc.g/pspcs/-g-u-mmga-pas-az-aza-ad-back-aga.

23 Jams Kaz, esu, rsd Cmpa (C h : Spa Wd-ma, 2006), aaab a p://www.acu-j.g/dwads/r-sdCmpa.pd.

24 ibd.

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26 Sada, FB Ms Agas iga immgas.

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29 A h, Fm apps ga-mmga masu, LincolnJournal Star, Ju 21, 2010, aaab a p://juasa.cm/ws/sa-ad-ga/baska/ac_a365b1c-7d5-11d-a972-001cc4c0020.m.

30 C Fm, nbaska, p-c da dac, aa-ab a p://www.m.g/Dcumvw.aspx?DiD=714.

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32 United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, n. 07-3531,ocb 30, 2008, Pg 24, aaab a p://www.ca3.uscus.g/pac/073531p.pd

33 In the United States District Cour t for the Middle District of Pennsylvania,n. 3:06c1586, Ju 26, 2007, pg 190, aaab a p://www.acupa.g/dwads/hazdcs.pd

34 ibd, Pg 189

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40 immga rackg Su Dsmssd, The Associated PressState & Local Wire, Ap 9, 2009.

41 Spa Sada , FB immga law Ws eas,The DallasMorning News, Ma 13, 2007, aaab a p://www.daasws.cm/sadc/dws/ws/pcs/ca/ss/051307dma

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42 Spa Sada, Fams Bac Bas iga immga mrg huss, The Dallas Morning News, Jaua 23, 2008, aa-ab a p://www.daasws.cm/sadc/dws/d/as-ws/ss/012308dmbas.2c1cca.m.

43 Ud Sas Dsc Cu n Dsc txas Daas Ds,n. 3:08-Cv-1551-B, Mac 24, 2010, p. 37, aaab a p://mad.g/asss/pd/Fams%20Bac%20op%20ad%20ijuc-%20Mac%202010.pd.

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47 immga odac Fac S.

48 Sam Gask, iga aw ds bs pad u b ds, StandardSpeaker, ocb 10, 2010, aaab a p://sadadspak.cm/ws/ga-aw-ds-bs-pad--u-b-ds-1.1046343.

49 Mag A. Bck, immga ss ms nb. tw,Associated Press, Ju 22, 2010, p://www.msbc.ms.cm/d/37862073/s/us_ws-/.

50 immga odac Fac S.; Ud Sas: Psaaaccuab a as $2 .4 m pas ga s,TendersInfo News, nmb 19, 2010.

51 2006 ya rw,Courier-Post(C h, nw Js), Dcm-b 28, 2006.

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53 Ma-tsa hdz, tg Pp Abu rsd, nwJs, Dam Ac txas Bg, Jaua 15, 2008, aaab a p://damacxas.bgsp.cm/2008/01/g-pp-abu--sd-w.m.

54 Dad Dssgaad Kack, nw Js tw os immga i-sgs, Newsday, Ap 21, 2008, aaab a p://www.fscapc.g/20080421_KackCum_nwJstwosimmga-isgs.pd.

55 Da Ss, Fams Bac fs da appa mmgadac, The Dallas Morning News, Ja. 6, 2011, aaab a p://

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56 Da Ss, Fda Judg ods Uspcfd Pam lgaFs Fams Bac immga Cas, The Dallas Morning News,Ju 9, 2010, aaab a p://amsbacbg.daasws.cm/acs/2010/07/a-daas-da-judg-ud-1.m

57 Da Ss, Fams Bac Cuc oKs Budg a Cus C Pa,The Dallas Morning News, Spmb 22, 2010, aaab a p://www.daasws.cm/sadc/dws/ws/c/ca/ss/092410dmuspa.242dcc.m

58 Da Ss, Fams Bac rsds Ps Paza Mask lba, The Dallas News, Spmb 8, 2010, aaab a

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59 Da Ss, Fams Bac lga Css rs immga Fg,The Dallas Morning News, Ap 10, 2010, aaab a p://www.daasws.cm/sadc/dws/d/asws/ss/040910dmbdac.2283871.m.

60 Pc Wam Cu Pc Dpam, eaua Sud PcWam Cu Pc iga immga ecm Pc: i-m rp 2009 (2009), p. 15, aaab a p://www.c.pc-wam.a.us/dclba/PDF/10636.pd. XX linK DoeSnt WorKXX; Ks Mack, P. Wam Ss Pc o immgaSaus Ccks, Washington Post, Ap 30, 2008, aaab a p://www.wasgps.cm/wp-d/c/ac/2008/04/29/Ar2008042902990.m.

61 tm Puask w w C Amca Pgss, Sp-mb, 2010.

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64 Gubck ad s, eaua Sud Pc Wam CuPc iga immga ecm Pc: im rp2009, p. xx.

65 ibd, p. x.

66 Cs Zaad, Fm hs Kbac dd mmgadac, Fremont Tribune, Ju 27, 2010, aaab a p://mbu.cm/ws/ca/ac_786ca-99b-11d-9a2-001cc4c0020.m.

67 immga odac Fac S.

68 Fm C Cuc Apps Budg Ds lca im-mga odac, C Fm, n., pss as, Spmb15, 2010, aaab a p://www.m.g/CcAs.aspx?AiD=104 XX linK DoeSnt WorK XX

69 Cd Gzaz, C wgs ax k dd aw, Omaha World-Herald, Augus 23, 2010 , aaab a p://www.maa.cm/ac/20100823/neWS01/708239949.

70 ls, The Houston Chronicle, Spmb 17, 2010.

71 Ud Sas Cu Appas td Ccu, n. 07-3531,ocb 30, 2008, Pg 12 2, aaab a p://www.ca3.uscus.g/pac/073531p.pd.

72 Gubck ad s, eaua Sud Pc Wam Cusiga immga ecm Pc: Fa rp 2010, p. xx.

73 tm Gubck w b C Amca Pgss,Spmb 2010.

74 Gubck ad s, eaua Sud Pc Wam CuPc iga immga ecm Pc: im rp

2009, p. x.

75 Fak Pcp w b C Amca Pgss, Sp-mb, 2010.

76 K Bs ad J P. Capuz, tws rk laws Agas igaimmgas, TheNew York Times, Spmb 26, 2007, aaab ap://www.ms.cm/2007/09/26/g/26sd.m.

77 Mxcas ad Amcas tkg tg, rsd, nJ ndsimmga lab Su, aaab a p://www.ma.g/gs/ds/259._sd%2C_j_ds_mmga_ab__su.m.
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About the author

Gebe Marinez is a Senior Wrier and Policy Analys or he Cener or American

Progress. She is a ormer Washingon, D.C.-based journalis and poliical analys.

Acknowledgement

Research assisance was provided by Judi Hasson, a reelance wrier based in

Washingon, D.C.


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The Center for American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute

dedicated to promoting a strong, just and free America that ensures opportunity

for all. We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to

these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies reflect these values.

We work to find progressive and pragmatic solutions to significant domestic and

international problems and develop policy proposals that foster a government that

is of the people, by the people, and for the people.

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