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• how the Union army planned to win the war.

We will learn…

• what events led the South to surrender in 1865.

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Confederate soldier

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(pages 488–490)(pages 488–490)

III. Final Phases of the War

2. The defeat at Chattanooga further weakened the Confederates.

3. Lincoln named Ulysses S. Grant as commander of all Union armies

1. In November 1863, Grant and General William Tecumseh Sherman won an important victory at Chattanooga, Tennessee.

William T. Sherman

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(pages 488–490)(pages 488–490)

a. The Army of the Potomac would try to crush Lee’s army in Virginia.

b. The western army, under Sherman, would advance to Atlanta, Georgia, and crush the Confederate forces in the Deep South.

4. Grant devised a plan to attack the Confederacy on all fronts at once.

III. Final Phases of the War

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(pages 488–490)(pages 488–490)

5. Virginia Battles

1. Battles of the Wilderness

2. Spotsylvania Courthouse

3. Cold Harbor

Each time, Confederate lines held, but each time, Grant quickly resumed the attack, costing the North more than 60,000 men.

a. In May and June of 1864, Grant’s army of 115,000 men smashed into Lee’s 65,000 troops in a series of 3 battles near Richmond.

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(pages 488–490)(pages 488–490)

5. Virginia Battles (cont.)

b. After Cold Harbor, Grant swung south of Richmond to attack Petersburg, an important railroad center.

c. Grant’s assault turned into a nine-month siege.

Used “trench-warfare”

Critics called Grant a butcher, but Lincoln supported him, knowing that Lee could not afford the continuing casualties in his army.

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(pages 488–490)(pages 488–490)

A. The Election of 18641. Grant was stuck outside Richmond and

Petersburg, and Sherman was stuck outside Atlanta.

2. The Democrats wanted to make peace with the South, even though that might result in Confederate independence.

3. Lincoln was determined to push for restoring the Union and ending slavery.

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(pages 488–490)(pages 488–490)

C. The Election of 1864 (cont.)

5. In early September, news arrived that Sherman had captured Atlanta.

6. With the end of the war in sight, Lincoln easily won reelection.

4. In the summer of 1864, Lincoln’s chances for reelection did not look good.

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(pages 488–490)(pages 488–490)

D. Total War

a. As the army advanced, it abandoned its supply lines and lived off the land it passed through.

b. Union troops took what food they needed, tore up railroad lines and fields, and killed animals in an effort to destroy anything useful to the South.

1. Sherman convinced Grant to let him try a bold plan, and his army began a historic “march to the sea” to Savannah, Georgia.

2. This method of waging war is known as total war.

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(pages 490–491)(pages 490–491)

V. Victory for the North

2. Throughout the fall and winter of 1864, Grant continued the siege of Petersburg.

3. Finally on April 2, 1865, the Confederate lines broke and Lee withdrew his troops.

4. Richmond fell the same day, causing rebel troops, government officials, and many residents to flee the Confederate capital.

1. In his second Inaugural Address on March 4, 1865, Lincoln spoke of coming peace.

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(pages 490–491)(pages 490–491)

B. Surrender at Appomattox

The Union army blocked his escape route.

1. On April 9 Lee and his troops surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House in Virginia

Lee moved his army west of Richmond, hoping to link up with the small Confederate force that was trying to stop Sherman’s advance.

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(pages 490–491)(pages 490–491)

B. Surrender at Appomattox (cont.)

a. The Confederate soldiers had to lay down their arms but then were free to go home.

b. Grant allowed them to keep their horses so that they could, as he said, “put in a crop to carry themselves and their families through the next winter.”

c. Grant also ordered three days’ worth of food to be sent to Lee’s hungry troops.

2. Grant’s terms were generous.

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(pages 490–491)(pages 490–491)

B. Surrender at Appomattox (cont.)

4. Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederacy, was captured in Georgia on May 10.

5. The Civil War was at last over.

3. The Confederate forces in North Carolina surrendered to General Sherman.

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(pages 490–491)(pages 490–491)

V. Results of the War

a. More than 620,000 soldiers died.

b. The war caused billions of dollars of damage, most of it in the South.

1. The Civil War was the most devastating conflict in American history:

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(pages 490–491)(pages 490–491)

V. Results of the War (cont.)

a. The North’s victory saved the Union.

b. The federal government was strengthened and was now clearly more powerful than the states.

c. The war freed millions of African Americans.

2. The war had other consequences as well: