1. The process of moving iron from hepatic storage sites to transferrin, and then to plasma, involves:
a. Hephaestin.b. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6).c. Ceruloplasmin.d. Phylloquinone.e. Elimination of phenoxy free radicals.
2. In hydroquinone deficiency:
a. Scotopic vision would be compromised.b. Dicoumarol could be effectively used for therapy.c. Steatorrhea may be present.d. Excessive lipid peroxidation of membranes would be expected.e. Selenium, B12 and KCl could be effectively used for therapy.
3. Which one of the following is considered to be the LEAST toxic?
a. Copperb. Ironc. Seleniumd. Vitamin De. Vitamin E
4. Which of the following are INCORRECTLY paired?
a. Collagen : Zinc and vitamin Cb. Thiaminase : Raw fishc. 5’-Deoxyadenosylcobalamin : Conversion of methylmalonyl-coA to succinyl-CoAd. ↓NADH : Thiamin and/or Niacin deficiencye. Coenzyme A•SH : Pyridoxine
5. Retinoic acid is best associated with which of the following functions?
a. Assist in the conversion of retinol to retinalb. Essential role in scotopic visionc. Facilitate renal Ca++ reabsorptiond. Growth and differentiation of epithelial tissuese. Inhibition of spermatogenesis
a. Is also known as intrinsic factor.b. And ceruloplasmin are Cu-binding proteins.c. Is directly involved in the transfer of a methyl group from N5-methyl-H4 folate to
homocysteine in methionine formation.d. Inhibits thyroxinogenesis, and thus can be effectively used to treat hyperthyroidism.e. Production is inhibited by Zn++.
7. Irradiation of milk is a commercial means of producing:
a. Vitamin E from vitamin D.b. γ-Carboxyglutamate from glutamate.c. Carbimazole from cyanocabalamin.d. Hydroquinone from menadione.e. None of the above
8. Which one of the following is the best dietary source of cobalamin in the feline diet?
a. Skinb. Chocolatec. Liverd. Kidneye. Muscle
9. Select the FALSE statement below:
a. Vitamin D excess can be successfully treated with biotin and vitamin B12.b. The rate-limiting reaction in fatty acid biosynthesis requires biotin as a cofactor.c. Pyridoxamine phosphate plays an important role in nonessential amino acid formation.d. Retinoic acid deficiency can retard placental and fetal development.e. Vitamin D acts on osteoblasts to increase the synthesis and secretion of osteocalcin, which
prevents bone mineralization.
10. L-Ascorbate:
a. Is a fat-soluble vitamin found in chylomicrons (CMs).b. Is synthesized from Glc 6-phosphate in fish, but not in dogs and cats.c. Can be regenerated from dehydroascorbate in astrocytic supporting cells of the CNS.d. Transport across mucosal cells of the intestine is similar to that of vitamin E.e. Is normally derived (biosynthetically) from ergosterol.
a. Reverse T3 (rT3) is an iodinated compound.b. More iodine is normally excreted in urine that in feces.c. The thiocarbamide group of goitrogenic compounds provides them with antithyroid activity.d. Specific Se-dependent deiodinases can either up- or down-regulate T4 in target cells.e. Dietary iodine normally has about the same intestinal absorption efficiency as dietary
manganese.
18. Select the TRUE statement below:
a. The active form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D, is known to stimulate formation and activity of renal 24-hydroxylase.
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b. NMN (and thus NAD+) can be formed from the aromatic amino acid, tyrosine.c. Phosphopantetheine is an intermediate in hepatic biotin formation.d. HMG-CoA is used in the plasma transport of pyridoxaldehyde.e. Methylcobalamin is used to convert methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA in the cytoplasm of
liver cells.
19. Select the FALSE statement below:
a. The most common finding in animals with biotin deficiency is pernicious anemia.b. 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol helps to promote Ca++ absorption in the upper part of the
small intestine.c. Ascorbate helps to regenerate the active form of vitamin E in plasma membranes.d. In some natural animal diets, the “niacin equivalents” from dietary Trp may be greater than
those from dietary niacin.e. Hypothyroidism may lead to a β-carotenemia in herbivores.
20. Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is properly associated with all of the following, EXCEPT:
a. HMG-CoA (cholesterol and ketone body biosynthesis).b. 4-Phosphopantetheine (prosthetic group in the acyl carrier protein (ACP) used in fatty acid
biosynthesis). c. Succinyl-CoA (heme biosynthesis). d. UDP-glucose (uronic acid pathway).e. Cytoplasmic long-chain fatty acid activation (acyl-CoA formation).
21. Select the FALSE statement below:
a. Selenium is associated with the regeneration of ascorbate from dehydroascorbate, and the oxidation of GSH.
b. Unlike Mn++, I- is mainly excreted from the body through urine.c. The vitamin deficiency best associated with muscle degeneration is cholecalciferol.d. The “3 Ds,” diarrhea, dermatitis and dementia, are associated with niacin deficiency.e. Cobalt salts are known to enhance proliferation of bone marrow erythropoietic cells,
independent of vitamin B12.
22. Select the TRUE statement below:
a. 1,25(OH)2D receptors in osteoblasts are down-regulated by retinoic acid.b. α-Tocopherol tends to be concentrated in structures exposed to high partial pressures
of O2.c. The most common coenzyme forms of niacin are thioesters of CoA•SH.d. Superoxide dismutase, a cobalt-containing enzyme, is used to convert H2O2 to O2 and H2O.e. Thiamin is the fat-soluble vitamin required in the methylation of homocysteine.
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23. Manganese:
a. And selenium are normally absorbed from the digestive tract at a similar efficiency (≈ 50-90%).
b. Is normally far more abundant than Mg++ in muscle cells.c. Is associated with enzymes involved with protein metabolism, but not those associated with
carbohydrate metabolism.d. Deficiencies are common in the domestic small animal population.e. Is best associated with muco- and lipopolysaccharide formation.
24. All of the following are properly associated with vitamin B12 deficiency, EXCEPT:
a. Gastrectomy.b. Polycythemia.c. The trapping of N5-methyl-H4 folate.d. Dietary cobalt deficiency.e. Subnormal intestinal mucosal cell activity.
25. Select the TRUE statement below regarding vitamin C:
a. Deficiency of this vitamin may lead to a reduction in bile formation due to bile acid deficiency.
b. It converts peroxyl to phenoxy free radicals.c. It can regenerate vitamin D in glial cells of the brain.d. It can be synthesized from tryptophan in a 2-step reaction sequence.e. Deficiency of this vitamin leads to symptoms of pellagra.
26. Which vitamin deficiency and related function below would most likely be associated with steatitis?
a. Cholecalciferol and Ca++ homeostasisb. Retinoic acid and epithelial cell differentiationc. α-Tocopherol and antiperoxidationd. Hydroquinone and γ-carboxylatione. Riboflavin and facilitation of transketolase reactions
27. Which of the following are INCORRECTLY matched?
a. Menadione : Used to treat hypoparathyroidismb. Wilson’s-like disease : Hepatic Cu accumulationc. Warfarin : Inhibits hepatic 2,3-epoxide reductased. Transferrin : Carries both Fe and Mn in plasmae. Lysyl oxidase : Copper-containing enzyme
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28. The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA involves which 3 vitamins?
a. Biotin, ascorbate and α-tocopherolb. Thiamin, niacin and pantothenatec. Folic acid, pyridoxine and cobalamind. Vitamins A, D and Ee. Riboflavin, hydroquinone and 4-phosphopantetheine
29. Which of the following are PROPERLY matched?
a. Catalase : 2,3-Epoxide reductaseb. Muscle degeneration : Vitamin E deficiencyc. Manganese : Cytoplasmic SODd. Scotopic vision : Vitamin De. Thyroid hormones : Contain selenium
30. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD):
a. Usually contains zinc or selenium.b. Is formed from vitamin C in the HMS.c. Is a mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase cofactor.d. Is the coenzyme derivative of niacin.e. Is a cofactor for erythrocytic transketolase reactions.
31. Which one of the following is an iron-containing enzyme?
a. Vitamin E deficiency due to liver disease.b. Anemias that are refractory to Fe++, folate or vitamin B12 administration.c. hyperthyroidism due to excessive pituitary TSH secretion.d. Nutritional muscular degeneration that does not respond to menadione therapy.e. Fatty liver syndrome caused from cholecalciferol toxicity.
38. Which of the following are INCORRECTLY paired?
a. Riboflavin coenzyme : NADP+
b. Low serum folate : Proximal bowel dysfunctionc. Glucocorticoids : Interfere with 1,25(OH)2D intestinal actiond. Monoamine oxidase : Cu-containing enzymee. White muscle disease : α-Tocopherol deficiency
39. Select the FALSE statement below regarding zinc:
a. Zinc-deficiency symptoms are similar to those for cholecalciferol-deficiency. b. Pancreatic exocrine secretions normally contain zinc.c. Iron supplements can cause zinc-deficiency.d. Cereal diets high in Ca++ and phytate can promote zinc-deficiency.e. In contrast to iron, zinc is not stored by the body to any great extent.
40. Which one of the following enzymes is vitamin K-dependent?
43. Which of the following statements regarding iron is TRUE:
a. It is normally absorbed into intestinal mucosal cells in the ferrous (Fe++) state.b. it is an essential cofactor for retinal reductase.c. it competes with Na+ for intestinal absorption.d. It is an essential component of lysyl hydroxylase.e. it is a major component of both heme and bilirubin.
44. This vitamin is a reducing agent that helps to convert dopamine to norepinephrine in sympathetic neurons:
