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SectionalismIssue: Should the price of Western land be
High or Low?North: HIGH This would prevent northern workers from moving out west in search of land.
South: LOW Low prices would make it easier to spread slavery and expand the cotton industry. Replace land worn out from farming.
West: LOW
Low prices would encourage people to come and settle the west.
SectionalismIssue: Should Workers be Free Men or
Slaves?North: FREE Workers should be free men and have the ability to select the occupation they are best suited for. Slave labor would be a threat to the working man
South: SLAVE Slave labor is necessary to do the hard work of producing cotton, The south’s “White Gold”. Owners argued that without slavery they would be unable to hire enough workers to harvest cotton
West: FREE
Workers in the west do not want slave labor in their section. Slave labor would steal jobs away from free whites.
SectionalismIssue: Should the U.S. have a High or Low
protective tariff?North: HIGH Tariffs would protect northern businesses by increasing the prices of foreign imports.
This results in more people purchasing American-made goods.
South: LOWHigh U.S. tariffs would cause other nations to have higher taxes on Southern farm goods which would cut into their profits.
Low tariffs would keep farming costs down.
West: HIGHMoney raised by the tariffs could be used to build roads and bridges which would allow farmers in the west to transport their raw materials to Northeastern factories. This would enable them to make more money.
SectionalismIssue: Should the U.S. make Internal Improvements (Bridges + Roads)?
Yes or NONorth: YES
Better roads would allow them to sell their goods out in the west and receive raw materials from the West.
South: NOMoney spent would empty the treasury and would cause the government to raise taxes, resulting in more costs for Southern plantation owners.
West: YESBetter roads would allow western farmers to sell their goods to the northeast and increase access to manufactured goods from the Northeast.
SectionalismIssue: Should the U.S. increase the supply
of money, ultimately causing inflation.?North: NONortherners were often money lenders. Increasing the supply of money would lessen the value of each dollar that will be repaid on loans.
South: YES
Farmers were often in debt. Greater supply of money would enable them to inflate prices and pay off debts faster.
West: YES
More money in circulation would make it easier for Westerners to pay off their debts.
Sectionalism: Loyalty to one’s sectional interests
• 1. Who is the man in the cartoon?• 2. What are the different regions shown in the cartoon?• 3. What are the economic ways of life of each of these regions?
• 4. What is happening to the man in the cartoon?
The Bottom Line
• As you can see the North and South differed on these five important issues.
• This led to a power struggle between these two sections of the nation.
• The section that controlled the federal government would be able to set economic policy that would affect the very livelihood of the other.
• Political power became crucial to their economic interests.
The Missouri Question - Northerners were against adding Missouri to the union as a slave state because it would disrupt the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states.
Illinois (1818) Alabama (1819)
Indiana (1816) Mississippi (1817)
Ohio (1803) Louisiana (1812)
Vermont (1791) Tennessee (1796)
Rhode Island Kentucky (1792)
New York Virginia
New Hampshire North Carolina
Massachusetts South Carolina
Connecticut Maryland
New Jersey Georgia
Pennsylvania Delaware
Balance of Free and Slave States
(1819)
Free States Slave States
Original 13 States
Missouri Compromise
• Missouri was admitted to the union as a slave state, and Maine was admitted as a free state.
Illinois (1818) Alabama (1819)
Indiana (1816) Mississippi (1817)
Ohio (1803) Louisiana (1812)
Vermont (1791) Tennessee (1796)
Rhode Island Kentucky (1792)
New York Virginia
New Hampshire North Carolina
Massachusetts South Carolina
Connecticut Maryland
New Jersey Georgia
Pennsylvania Delaware
Balance of Free and Slave States (1821)
Free States Slave States
Original 13 States
Maine (1820) Missouri (1821)
• An imaginary line was drawn across the southern border of Missouri at the latitude 36 30'N.
36 , 30’
• Slavery was allowed in the part of the Louisiana Purchase south of the 36 , 30'N.• Slavery was banned north of 36 , 30'N, except for Missouri.
Sectionalism – loyalty to a state or section rather than to the whole country.
Illinois (1818) Alabama (1819)
Indiana (1816) Mississippi (1817)
Ohio (1803) Louisiana (1812)
Vermont (1791) Tennessee (1796)
Rhode Island Kentucky (1792)
New York Virginia
New Hampshire North Carolina
Massachusetts South Carolina
Connecticut Maryland
New Jersey Georgia
Pennsylvania Delaware
Maine (1820)
Iowa (1846)
California (1850)
Michigan (1837)
Wisconsin (1848)
Free States
Slave States
Original 13
States
Missouri (1821)Arkansas (1836)Florida (1845)Texas (1845)
* people in UT and NM used popular sovereignty (a vote of the people) to decide on the slavery issue
Compromise of 1850
I. California became a free state.
II. The rest of the Mexican Cession was divided into two parts; Utah (UT) and New Mexico (NM).
III. The slave trade ended in Washington, D.C.
IV. The Fugitive Slave Law was passed.
Compromise of 1850
Compromise of 1850
• You could be fined and/or imprisoned for helping a runaway slave.
Cazenovia, MA, Fugitive Slave Law Convention held on 21 and 22 August 1850; Frederick Douglass is seated at the right side of the table.
The Fugitive Slave Law
• All Americans, by law, were required to help catch runaway slaves.
• This law infuriated northerners!
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
1852
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
1852 Sold 300,000
copies inthe first year.
2 million in a decade!
Sold 300,000 copies inthe first year.
2 million in a decade!
Impact of Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• The book portrays slavery from a slave’s perspective.
• Broke down the stereotype that slaves were a sub-human, animal-like race.
• Showed slaves as caring people with the same feelings and emotions as whites.
• Convinced many in the North that slavery was evil and must be abolished.
• Southerners call the book a “pack of lies” and become more determined to defend slavery.
HarrietBeecherStowe(1811 – 1896)
HarrietBeecherStowe(1811 – 1896)
So this is the lady who started the Civil War.
-- Abraham Lincoln
So this is the lady who started the Civil War.
-- Abraham Lincoln
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
II. The people of each territory voted on whether or not to allow slavery. (popular sovereignty)
Kansas-Nebraska Act
* The Kansas-Nebraska Act violated the Missouri Compromise. Both territories were north of 36 , 30’ N and should NOT have been allowed to have slaves.
Birth of the Republican Party, 1854
Birth of the Republican Party, 1854ß In response to the
passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Republican party was formed.
ß Party platform:
ßFree Labor
ßFree Soil
ßFree Men
ßOpposed the expansion of slavery into the territories of the west.
ß In response to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Republican party was formed.
ß Party platform:
ßFree Labor
ßFree Soil
ßFree Men
ßOpposed the expansion of slavery into the territories of the west.
“Bleeding Kansas”“Bleeding Kansas”
Border “Ruffians”
(pro-slavery
Missourians)
Border “Ruffians”
(pro-slavery
Missourians)
* In 1856, an abolitionist named John Brown murdered five proslavery men.* Over 200 people died in the fighting that followed.
The abolitionist John Brown lived in Osawatomie, Kansas Territory. Brown and his sons were responsible for the brutal murder of several proslavery men near Pottawatomie, Kansas. The men were called out of their homes at night and hacked to death with swords. This was just one of many incidents that earned Kansas Territory the name of "Bleeding Kansas.”
• Both sides claimed victory on the vote!
Kansas became a free state in 1861
“Bleeding Kansas”
Before the vote on slavery:
• Northerners crossed the border to keep KS a free state.
• Southerners crossed the border to make KS a slave state.
“The Crime Against Kansas”
“The Crime Against Kansas”
Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)
Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)
Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)
Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)
On May 19, 1856, Senator Charles Sumner, a Massachusetts antislavery Republican, was attacked by Congressmen Preston Brooks. Sumner was speaking out against Pro-Slavery senators and Brooks took exception.
Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857
Dred Scott Decision - FACTS:
• Dred Scott was a slave from Missouri. (MO)
Dred Scott
Dred Scott Decision - FACTS:
• Scott and his owner moved to Wisconsin for four years.
Dred Scott
Dred Scott Decision - FACTS:
• Scott’s owner died after returning to Missouri.
Dred Scott
Dred Scott Decision - FACTS:* Scott sued for his freedom. He claimed that he should be a free man since he lived in a free territory (WI) for four years.
Dred Scott
A: NO
SUPREME COURT DECISIONS:
Q: Was Scott a U.S. citizen with the right to sue?A: NO
Q: Did living in a free territory make Scott a free man?A: NO
Q: Did Congress have the right to outlaw slavery in any territory?
• The Missouri Compromise was found to be unconstitutional.
•Southerners viewed the decision as a victory and refused to accept any limitations on slavery in the territories
RESULTS: • Dred Scott was not given his freedom.
Open to slavery through popular sovereignty (Compromise of 1850)
Open to slavery through popular sovereignty (KS-NE Act)
Missouri Compromise line is declared unconstitutional (Dred Scott Decision)
The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858
The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858
A House divided against itself, cannot stand.
A House divided against itself, cannot stand.
Lincoln – Douglas Debates
In 1858, Abraham Lincoln challenged incumbent Stephen Douglas for his seat in the Senate.
(Incumbent – the holder of an office or position)
Abraham Lincoln (left) and Stephen Douglas (right)
• Douglas believed that each territory should be able to decide on its’ own whether or not to allow slavery by using popular sovereignty.
Lincoln – Douglas Debates
Stephen Douglas:• Lincoln was wrong for wanting to limit the expansion of slavery.
• If Lincoln tried to end slavery, the U.S. could face a civil war.
• Lincoln believed that African Americans were guaranteed “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”, as stated in the Declaration of Independence.
• Lincoln believed that slavery was evil and should be kept out of the territories.
Lincoln – Douglas Debates
Abraham Lincoln:
• However, Lincoln became well known throughout the nation.
Lincoln – Douglas Debates
Results:
• Douglas won the election by a slim margin.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates: Video (2:13)
John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859
John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859
John Brown’s Raid:
• In 1859, John Brown and his followers seized a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
John Brown in August, 1859.
•Part of a bigger plan to start a national slave rebellion.
Engine house at Harpers Ferry.
Marines storm the engine house.
• Brown was caught and sentenced to death by hanging.
Brown as a wounded prisoner after his capture.
Brown being carried from court to prison.
"Now, if it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life
for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my
blood further with the blood of millions in this slave country
whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust
enactments, I say, let it be done."
--John Brown, statement at his sentencing on Nov. 2, 1859
Last Moments of John Brown
(painting by Thomas Hovenden)
The hanging of John Brown.
John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?
John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?
Mural in the Kansas Capitol building
by John Steuart Curry (20c)
Mural in the Kansas Capitol building
by John Steuart Curry (20c)
1860Presidenti
alElection
1860Presidenti
alElection
√ Abraham Lincoln
Republican
√ Abraham Lincoln
Republican
John BellConstitutional
Union
John BellConstitutional
Union
Stephen A. DouglasNorthern
Democrat
Stephen A. DouglasNorthern
Democrat
John C. BreckinridgeSouthern Democrat
1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!
1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!
Republican Party Platform in 1860Republican Party Platform in 1860ß Non-extension of slavery [for the
Free-Soilers. Free Homesteads for Farmers.
ß Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].
ß No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].
ß Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].
ß Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.
ß Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers. Free Homesteads for Farmers.
ß Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].
ß No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].
ß Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].
ß Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.
1860
Election
Results
1860
Election
Results
Election of 1860:Main Candidates
Abraham Lincoln
(Republican)
Stephen Douglas
(Northern Democrat)
John Breckinridge
(Southern Democrat)
John Bell(Constitutional
Union)
* Lincoln won the election.
Secession!: SC Dec.
20, 1860
Secession!: SC Dec.
20, 1860
• In response to Lincoln’s victory, the southern states seceded from the Union in 1861, forming the Confederate States of America.
Secession:
Original Confederate flag Eventual Confederate flag
• Fort Sumter, South Carolina, was important because it guarded Charleston harbor
* The Civil War had now begun!
Fort Sumter
• Therefore, the Confederates attacked, defeating the Union soldiers.
Bombardment of Fort Sumter, Charleston Harbor
April 12 and 13, 1861
Fort Sumter, S.C., April 4, 1861, under the Confederate flag.
Civil War: Union v. Confederacy
• Jefferson Davis was named the president of the Confederacy.
