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Types of ovules Atropous Anatropous

AmphitropousCampylotropous

No raphe raphe

Funicle or hilum (h.)

Chalaza (ch)Micropyle (m.)

Embryo sac (es.)

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Linseed

Origin:

Linseed is the dried ripe seeds of

Linum usitatissimum Linn Family: Linaceae.

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Oval, flattened andshiny

brown.

Type ofseed:

Albuminous.

Type of ovule:

Anatropous.

Type ofembryo:Straight.

Odor: Odorless when

entire but characteristic

when crushed.

Taste: mucilaginous,

bitter, oily.

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Constituents:

--30 to 40% of30 to 40% offixed oil.fixed oil. ,,

hashigh content of the unsaturated fatty acidshashigh content of the unsaturated fatty acids

and must be consumed aspart ofdiet.and must be consumed aspart ofdiet.

-- 25% of25% ofprotein.protein.

-- 33--6% of6% ofmucilagemucilage

--Small amount of aSmall amount of a cyanogenticcyanogentic glycosideglycoside

calledcalledlinamarin.linamarin.

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Pigment layer

Nutritive layer

sclereids

hypodermis

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Characters ofpowder:

PowderedLinseedhas a characteristic odourPowderedLinseedhas a characteristic odourand a mucilaginous oily taste.and a mucilaginous oily taste.

Microscopically, it is characterized by:Microscopically, it is characterized by: Numerous oil globulesNumerous oil globules, stained, stainedredred withwithalkanaalkanatincturetincture andandsudan IIIsudan III..

Fragments withyellowishFragments withyellowish--brownbrownsclerenchymatous cellssclerenchymatous cells, generally appearing, generally appearing

crossed by thin walledelongated cells on onecrossed by thin walledelongated cells on oneside and by roundedsomewhat thickenedside and by roundedsomewhat thickenedparenchyma on the other.Thisstructure calledparenchyma on the other.Thisstructure calledmat likeshape.mat likeshape.

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Characters ofpowder

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Chemical test

Linamarin + H2O 37C Glucose +

Acetocyanohydrin

Enzymatic hydrolysis

Acetone + HCN

HCN

Na-Picrate Na-Picramate

(Yellow) Reduction (Brick red)

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Keyelements

1- Pigment layer

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2- Sclerieds

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Uses and actions

--In folk medicine, in acute orIn folk medicine, in acute or chronic gastritis.chronic gastritis.

--OmegaOmega--33 fatty acidshavedemonstratedfatty acidshavedemonstratedantianti--inflammatoryinflammatory effect usedinpatients with rheumatoideffect usedinpatients with rheumatoidarthritis andpsoriasis.arthritis andpsoriasis.

AsAs antianti--hypercholesterolaemiahypercholesterolaemia. Also against angina and. Also against angina andthrombosissince they reduce the whole blood viscosity.thrombosissince they reduce the whole blood viscosity.

--Externally as anemollient inExternally as anemollient inpoultices for boils,poultices for boils,

carbuncles.carbuncles. --Linseed whole or crushedis used as a bulk formingLinseed whole or crushedis used as a bulk forming

laxativeinhabitual constipationlaxativeinhabitual constipation, due to its mucilage, due to its mucilagewhichhas a lubricant effect.whichhas a lubricant effect.

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BlackMustard

Origin

Black mustard is the dried ripe seeds ofBrassica

nigra. FamilyC

ruciferaeC

onstituents - Mucilage;

- Fixed oil and Protein.

- Glycoside, sinigrin +myrosin enzyme in thepresence of water

yield glucose+ potassium sulphate +allylisothiocyanate (volatile oil).

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Uses and actions:

-spice, and as a rubefacient when applied

externally.

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Brassica Alba

White mustard and Yellow mustard

Origin

White mustard is the dried ripe seeds of

Brassica alba Family Cruciferae.

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Constituents:

-Fixed oil andprotein. -Mucilage.

-Crystalline glycoside, sinalbin+ myrosinenzyme + water

yield glucose + K-acid sinapine sulphate +acrinyl-iso-thiocyanate.

acrinyl isothiocyanate with apungent taste andpowerful rubefacient action as it is not volatile.

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Sclerieds ofblack mustard

Pigment layer oflinseed

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SemenFoenugreek

Origin:

Foenugreek is the dried ripe seeds of

Trigonella foenum-graecum Linne FamilyLeguminosae.

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Embryo & endosperm

Nutritive layer

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Basket cellsPalisade cells

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\

Constituents:

Mucilage.

-Alkaloids : trigonelline and choline

-Flavonoids: apigenin, luteolin and quercetin.

-Saponins Glycosides

-coumarin, lipids (5-8 %), vitamins and

minerals (a rich source ofselenium).

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Uses and actions - lactagogue. demulcent, and laxative.

-.Foenugreek revealedhypocholesterolemic andhypoglycemic actionsinnormal anddiabetic

humans.

--Selenium has cytotoxic effect. It is used to

prevent colon, lung andprostate cancer.

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SemenPsyllii

Psyllium seed,

Origin

Dried ripe seed ofPlantago psyllium L. and P.

albicans L. fam. Plantaginaceae.

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1. Constituents:

mucilage.

fixed oil and protein.

iridoid glycosides e.g. aucubin

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Uses and actions:

laxative (bulk laxative) especially in

pregnant women

Contraindication:

Abnormal narrowing of the gastro intestinal

tract (intestinal occlusion).

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Semen Strychni

Origin:

Dried ripe seeds ofStrychnos nux vomica

family: Loganiaceae.

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Characters ofpowder

1- Sclereid epidermis with thick lignified walled (ten ribedlignified trichomes).

2- Numerous fragments of endosperm with hemicellulosic

thick -walled polyhedral cells interconecting by a channelscalledplasmodesma.

3- Numerous lignified rod shaped fragments of ribs.

Constituents:

-Indole alkaloids: strychnine andbrucine (1.8-5.3%).

Strychnine is much more physiologically active thanbrucine.

-The seeds also contain chlorogenic acid and an iridoidglycoside (loganin). This compounds are intermediates inthe biogenesis of the strychnine type alkaloids

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Lignified ribs

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.

C

onstituents: -Indole alkaloids:strychnineand brucine

Uses and actions :

It increases the blood pressure used as a circulatory stimulant in such cases as

surgical shock

Used as aphrodisiac

strychnine used as antidote forbarbiturates poisoning.

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Toxi

city

In large doses, it causes violent convulsions

and these involve the respiratory muscles

and death ensues from asphyxiation.

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SemenColchici

Origin

Colchicum seed is the dried ripe seeds ofColchicum autumnale. Family Liliaceae

Constituents

-Alkaloid: colchicine.

- resin, fixed oil and glucose.

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Uses

and

actio

ns Colchicum is used as anti-gout.

-Colchicine is a plant hormone.