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Types of ovules Atropous Anatropous
AmphitropousCampylotropous
No raphe raphe
Funicle or hilum (h.)
Chalaza (ch)Micropyle (m.)
Embryo sac (es.)
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Linseed
Origin:
Linseed is the dried ripe seeds of
Linum usitatissimum Linn Family: Linaceae.
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Oval, flattened andshiny
brown.
Type ofseed:
Albuminous.
Type of ovule:
Anatropous.
Type ofembryo:Straight.
Odor: Odorless when
entire but characteristic
when crushed.
Taste: mucilaginous,
bitter, oily.
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Constituents:
--30 to 40% of30 to 40% offixed oil.fixed oil. ,,
hashigh content of the unsaturated fatty acidshashigh content of the unsaturated fatty acids
and must be consumed aspart ofdiet.and must be consumed aspart ofdiet.
-- 25% of25% ofprotein.protein.
-- 33--6% of6% ofmucilagemucilage
--Small amount of aSmall amount of a cyanogenticcyanogentic glycosideglycoside
calledcalledlinamarin.linamarin.
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Pigment layer
Nutritive layer
sclereids
hypodermis
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Characters ofpowder:
PowderedLinseedhas a characteristic odourPowderedLinseedhas a characteristic odourand a mucilaginous oily taste.and a mucilaginous oily taste.
Microscopically, it is characterized by:Microscopically, it is characterized by: Numerous oil globulesNumerous oil globules, stained, stainedredred withwithalkanaalkanatincturetincture andandsudan IIIsudan III..
Fragments withyellowishFragments withyellowish--brownbrownsclerenchymatous cellssclerenchymatous cells, generally appearing, generally appearing
crossed by thin walledelongated cells on onecrossed by thin walledelongated cells on oneside and by roundedsomewhat thickenedside and by roundedsomewhat thickenedparenchyma on the other.Thisstructure calledparenchyma on the other.Thisstructure calledmat likeshape.mat likeshape.
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Characters ofpowder
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Chemical test
Linamarin + H2O 37C Glucose +
Acetocyanohydrin
Enzymatic hydrolysis
Acetone + HCN
HCN
Na-Picrate Na-Picramate
(Yellow) Reduction (Brick red)
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Keyelements
1- Pigment layer
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2- Sclerieds
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Uses and actions
--In folk medicine, in acute orIn folk medicine, in acute or chronic gastritis.chronic gastritis.
--OmegaOmega--33 fatty acidshavedemonstratedfatty acidshavedemonstratedantianti--inflammatoryinflammatory effect usedinpatients with rheumatoideffect usedinpatients with rheumatoidarthritis andpsoriasis.arthritis andpsoriasis.
AsAs antianti--hypercholesterolaemiahypercholesterolaemia. Also against angina and. Also against angina andthrombosissince they reduce the whole blood viscosity.thrombosissince they reduce the whole blood viscosity.
--Externally as anemollient inExternally as anemollient inpoultices for boils,poultices for boils,
carbuncles.carbuncles. --Linseed whole or crushedis used as a bulk formingLinseed whole or crushedis used as a bulk forming
laxativeinhabitual constipationlaxativeinhabitual constipation, due to its mucilage, due to its mucilagewhichhas a lubricant effect.whichhas a lubricant effect.
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BlackMustard
Origin
Black mustard is the dried ripe seeds ofBrassica
nigra. FamilyC
ruciferaeC
onstituents - Mucilage;
- Fixed oil and Protein.
- Glycoside, sinigrin +myrosin enzyme in thepresence of water
yield glucose+ potassium sulphate +allylisothiocyanate (volatile oil).
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Uses and actions:
-spice, and as a rubefacient when applied
externally.
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Brassica Alba
White mustard and Yellow mustard
Origin
White mustard is the dried ripe seeds of
Brassica alba Family Cruciferae.
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Constituents:
-Fixed oil andprotein. -Mucilage.
-Crystalline glycoside, sinalbin+ myrosinenzyme + water
yield glucose + K-acid sinapine sulphate +acrinyl-iso-thiocyanate.
acrinyl isothiocyanate with apungent taste andpowerful rubefacient action as it is not volatile.
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Sclerieds ofblack mustard
Pigment layer oflinseed
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SemenFoenugreek
Origin:
Foenugreek is the dried ripe seeds of
Trigonella foenum-graecum Linne FamilyLeguminosae.
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Embryo & endosperm
Nutritive layer
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Basket cellsPalisade cells
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\
Constituents:
Mucilage.
-Alkaloids : trigonelline and choline
-Flavonoids: apigenin, luteolin and quercetin.
-Saponins Glycosides
-coumarin, lipids (5-8 %), vitamins and
minerals (a rich source ofselenium).
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Uses and actions - lactagogue. demulcent, and laxative.
-.Foenugreek revealedhypocholesterolemic andhypoglycemic actionsinnormal anddiabetic
humans.
--Selenium has cytotoxic effect. It is used to
prevent colon, lung andprostate cancer.
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SemenPsyllii
Psyllium seed,
Origin
Dried ripe seed ofPlantago psyllium L. and P.
albicans L. fam. Plantaginaceae.
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1. Constituents:
mucilage.
fixed oil and protein.
iridoid glycosides e.g. aucubin
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Uses and actions:
laxative (bulk laxative) especially in
pregnant women
Contraindication:
Abnormal narrowing of the gastro intestinal
tract (intestinal occlusion).
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Semen Strychni
Origin:
Dried ripe seeds ofStrychnos nux vomica
family: Loganiaceae.
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Characters ofpowder
1- Sclereid epidermis with thick lignified walled (ten ribedlignified trichomes).
2- Numerous fragments of endosperm with hemicellulosic
thick -walled polyhedral cells interconecting by a channelscalledplasmodesma.
3- Numerous lignified rod shaped fragments of ribs.
Constituents:
-Indole alkaloids: strychnine andbrucine (1.8-5.3%).
Strychnine is much more physiologically active thanbrucine.
-The seeds also contain chlorogenic acid and an iridoidglycoside (loganin). This compounds are intermediates inthe biogenesis of the strychnine type alkaloids
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Lignified ribs
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.
C
onstituents: -Indole alkaloids:strychnineand brucine
Uses and actions :
It increases the blood pressure used as a circulatory stimulant in such cases as
surgical shock
Used as aphrodisiac
strychnine used as antidote forbarbiturates poisoning.
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Toxi
city
In large doses, it causes violent convulsions
and these involve the respiratory muscles
and death ensues from asphyxiation.
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SemenColchici
Origin
Colchicum seed is the dried ripe seeds ofColchicum autumnale. Family Liliaceae
Constituents
-Alkaloid: colchicine.
- resin, fixed oil and glucose.
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Uses
and
actio
ns Colchicum is used as anti-gout.
-Colchicine is a plant hormone.