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292 Select Bibliography

Index

293

Abolition 2000, 22accountability, principle of, 80, 85,

135, 139–40, 157, 174, 232, 240,243–4, 258–9, 268, 273

Action Canada Network, 154adjudication, 12, 166, 238

see also Permanent Court of Justice,International Court of Justice

Advanced Research Projects Agency(ARPANET), 18

Afghanistan, 24, 41, 50–1Akyuz, Yilmaz, 140Albright, Madeleine, 60, 204Algeria, 35, 50Allied Powers, 13–14, 79Al-Qaeda, 51alternative government organizations

(AGOs), 19, 22, 60–1amalgamation policies, 42Amazon rain forests, 7Amnesty International, 8, 22, 40, 174An Agenda for Peace (1992), 166,

212–13Supplement to An Agenda for Peace

(1995), 168anarchists, 69Angola, 226Annan, Kofi, 166–7, 169, 177, 223,

233, 241, 247, 259anthrax, 200, 203Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, 64,

181, 190‘anti-deficit radicalism’, 92apartheid, 32, 46, 59, 190Arab League, 279arbitrageurs, 96arbitration, 12, 166

see also Permanent Court ofArbitration

Argentina, 48, 58, 107, 190arms control, see DisarmamentASEAN, see Association of South East

Asian NationsASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), 279Asia-Europe summits (ASEM), 154Asian Development Bank (ADB), 155,

259Asia Pacific Civil Society Forum, 269

Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC), 23, 39, 153, 175, 259, 279

assimilationist policies, 42Association of South East Asian

Nations (ASEAN), 23, 39–40, 71,172, 175, 183, 265, 267, 269, 279

associations, 21, 64Atlantic Charter, 14Attali, Jacques, 33Aum Shinrikio, 200, 203, 205Aung San Suu Kyi, 59Australia, 46, 142, 172, 266Australia Group, 201, 206Austria, 13, 142authoritarianism, 56Axis Powers, 6, 14

Bahrain dispute, 171baht (Thai), 109, 119, 122–3Baker, James, 203balance of power, 9, 33, 39, 198Balkans, 172Bandung Conference, 21bandwagon effect, 85Bank for International Settlements

(BIS), 13, 135–6, 151, 155Bank of America, 111Baran, Paul, 16Barbados, 48Barber, Benjamin, 45Basel Capital Accord, 92, 136–7, 140Basel Committee on Banking

Supervision, 134, 140Basel Core Principles for Effective

Banking Supervision, 132Basque dispute, 168Belgium, 12, 142Bell, Daniel, 56Bello, Walden, 120, 122Biafra dispute, 171Bible belt, 50bin Laden, Osama, 45, 51biological weapons, 182, 185, 198–208Biological Weapons Convention

(BWC), 181, 187, 190–1, 199–208

bipolarity, 165, 213Blair, Tony, 45, 133–4

Bonanno, Alessandro, 90Bosnia and Herzegovina, 16, 35, 41,

214, 243, 248General Framework Agreement for

Peace in Bosnia andHerzegovina, 265

Implementation Force (IFOR), 265Stabilization Force (SFOR), 265

Bougainville, 232bourgeoisie, 56, 91–3Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 166, 168–9,

177, 212, 223, 266see also An Agenda for Peace

Brahimi Report, 170, 213, 235, 242,244–5, 248

Brazil, 39, 85, 94, 97, 107, 185, 190,260

Bretton Woods Conference, 79Bretton Woods institutions, xvi, 17, 23,

112, 131, 134, 155–6, 261, 263see also International Monetary

Fund, World BankBritain, 6, 9, 14, 78, 142

democracy, 56mass media, 61Northern Ireland crisis, 171Security Council and, 260withdrawal from UNESCO, 16

Brown, Gordon, 95, 134‘bubble’ economy, 119–22, 147–8Burma, see MyanmarBurundi, 16, 232Bush, George H.W., 39–40, 50, 199,

201Bush Administration, 201

Bush (Jr), George W., 50, 203–4Bush Administration, 86, 181, 201

business cycles, 106

Cambodia, 172, 214, 226, 248Canada, 41, 48, 86–7, 142, 148,

189, 281Canberra Commission on the

Elimination of Nuclear Weapons,185

capital, 82controls, 131–2, 139, 149–50,

155mobility, 78, 80, 82, 86–7vicious flows of, 79, 85–6virtuous flows of, 79

capital-account convertibility, 94,127–8, 157

capital-account liberalization (CAL),see under liberalization

capitalism, 20casino, 23corporate, 6crony, 19, 23, 117, 120, 132global, 28–9, 31–2, 68, 82laissez-faire, 67, 104mafia, 19, 23national, 6robber baron, 23state, 5

carry trade, 120–1Carter, Jimmy, 50Catholic Church, 8Cayman Islands, 86Central Treaty Organization (CENTO),

40Chad, 214, 226Chandrasekhar, C.P., 131Chase-Dunn, Cristopher, 30Chase Manhattan, 111Chechnya, 35, 39chemical weapons, 182, 185, 198–208Chemical Weapons Convention

(CWC), 181, 187, 190–1, 201–8

Cheney, Dick, 199Childers, Erskine, 246Chile, 48, 107, 124–5, 138China (People’s Republic of), 3, 5, 7,

13, 19, 39, 56, 99, 109, 226, 266,279

capital flows, 95–6democratic movement in, 66economic growth, 47entry into world markets, 18human rights violations, 38landmines, 184nuclear weapons, 185

Chirac, Jacques, 133Chossudovsky, M., 135Christian Coalition (USA), 22, 50Churchill, Sir Winston, 14Citicorp, 111civil society, 150–2, 268–9

evolution, 64functions, 152–3global, 11, 17, 40, 64, 159–60, 255,

268–9, 278organizations (CSOs), xiv, 150–2,

175, 184, 186, 192, 238, 268–9

in relation to the state and market,58–60

‘clash of civilizations’ thesis, 21, 39class structure (global), 83

294 Index

Clinton, William, 40, 45, 47, 50,133–4, 200–1, 203

Clinton Administration, 16, 59,200–1, 204

Cold Peace, 21Cold War, 5, 226colonialism, 6, 10, 32, 41, 277Commission on Global Governance,

20, 22, 87, 185, 257, 261commodity fetishism, 22, 37, 45, 50Common Frontiers project, 154Commonwealth of Independent States

(CIS), 39, 71see also Russia

communication, 65–6communitarianism, 56complex emergencies, 217Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

(CTBT), 181, 190computers, 18, 65Concert of Europe, 9–10conciliation, 175, 238Conference for Security and

Co-operation in Europe (CSCE),see Organization for Security andCo-operation in Europe

conferences (UN-sponsored), 18Conference on the Environment

and Development (EarthSummit), 18, 48, 184

Conference on Population andDevelopment, 18

Conference on Women, 47Convention on the Rights of the

Child, 18Framework Convention on Climate

Change, 18 Millennium Summit, 159, 169World Conference against Racism,

Racial Discrimination,Xenophobia, and RelatedIntolerance, 19, 64

World Conference on HumanRights, 18

World Summit for Children, 18World Summit for Social

Development, 18, 261confidence-building measures (CBMs),

166, 183, 190conflict

inter-state, 168, 213, 231intra-state, 165, 213, 231prevention, 165–77, 265, 269resolution, 165symmetric versus asymmetric, 167

transformation, 173, 225Confucius, 55Congo (Democratic Republic of the),

230consent, principle of, 233, 237Consultative Assembly (proposed),

156, 258–9, 262, 265Contingent Credit Line (CCL),

see under International MonetaryFund

Contributing Forces Panel(proposed), 244

Convention CombatingCorruption, 19

Convention on the Rights of theChild, 18

co-operative zone, 237copyright, 10, 31–2, 61, 68

see also intellectual propertycorporation (as a business

organization), 7see also transnational corporations

corruption, 19, 129Corruption Perception Index (CPI), 19Costa Rica, 48Council for Petitions (proposed), 222Council for Security and Co-operation

in Asia Pacific (CSCAP), 269Cox, Robert, 276credit-rating agencies, 135, 137crime, organized, 29, 255, 268, 276Crimean War, 10crimes against humanity, 233Cuba, 11, 48, 56Cuban missile crisis, 171Culpeper, R., 141‘cult of impotence’, 77, 83, 87cultural fragmentation, 20‘culture of contentment’, 81currency

crashes, 7depreciation of, 99, 107, 111, 122–3,

128Cyprus, 225, 231

Dag Hammarskjold Foundation, 194debt, 107, 159Declaration of Independence (USA), 56Declaration of the Rights of Man and

the Citizen (France), 56decolonization, 45demilitarized zones, 166democracy, 25, 36, 49, 55–8, 63–7,

150, 232, 256, 268‘cosmopolitan’, 63, 69, 256, 273

Index 295

democracy – continueddirect, 56global, 55–8liberal, 69long-term prevention and, 167media and, 66–7representative, 64

democratization, 20, 45, 59, 71–2, 84,176–7, 225, 269, 273, 282

Denmark, 107, 245, 281Department of Peace Operations

(proposed), 240, 247Dependency School of Economic

Development, 16deregulation, 132

competitive, 93financial, 109

derivatives, 86Desert Storm, 166

see also Gulf Wardeterminism

historical, 77, 83technological, 65

de Tocqueville, A., 64Deutsch, John, 201development, 158

preventive, 216stages of, 52, 92, 281sustainable (human and social), 49,

131, 146–9, 152–5, 216, 237,272

Dexter-White, J., 79, 85–6dictatorship(s), 31, 50, 59, 69Dillon, J., 142diplomacy

citizen, 173creative/celebrity, 173first-track traditional, 171preventive, 166, 169, 171, 237–8second-track, 173third-track, 173

disarmament (and arms control), 214,234

biological and chemical, 198–208nuclear, 181–95preventive, 167, 178 n.12see also United Nations

Discriminate Deterrence, 199division of labour (international), 6,

10, 16, 29dual-purpose (biological and chemical)

agents, 206–7dual-use technologies, 237Durch, William, 223

early warning, 166, 172, 174, 216,235–6, 267

East Asian Monetary Fund (proposed),154

Eastern Economic Association, 140East Timor, 172, 214, 230, 232, 248, 266Eatwell, John, 147Economic Co-operation Organization

(ECO), 71Economic and Social Council,

see under United NationsEconomic and Social Security Council

(proposed), 156, 257, 261–2economic fundamentals, 118–19, 124,

130economic stabilization, 85–6, 92, 113Economist, the, 21, 61, 129edge cities, 46effectiveness, 232, 243, 262efficiency, 233egalitarianism, 56Egypt, 35, 50, 185Eichengreen, B., 125Electoral Commission (proposed), 258El Salvador, 248empires, 8, 30, 45encaje system (Chile), 138‘end of history’ thesis, 21, 77, 99Engels, Friedrich, 6environment, 24, 64, 216

see also pollution, UNEnvironmental Programme

environmentalism, 48–9epistemic communities, 280ethics of social responsibility, 49Ethiopia, 13ethnic cleansing, 239euro, 133, 153European Monetary Union (EMU), 153European Union (EU), 23, 39–40, 59,

71, 109, 153, 260, 265, 269, 279Commission, 170conflict prevention and, 168, 170–1,

175Parliament, 258Yugoslav conflict and, 172

Evans, Gareth, 166, 171exchange rate, 78, 108–9, 125, 128exchange-rate mechanism (Europe),

140

fact-finding, 166, 175, 216, 235–6Falk, Richard, 71, 275fascism, 58, 79

296 Index

Federation of InternationalInstitutions, 14

Feldstein, Martin, 113, 157feminism, 47–8fidelity investments, 118Finance One, 120, 122–3Financial Advisory Committee

(proposed), 263financial crises, 107

Asian, 56, 85, 93, 95, 97, 106–15,129, 132, 136–7

Brazilian, 132Mexican, 140Russian, 132

Financial Stability Forum (FSF), 134–6,140

Financial Times, 61Finland, 107, 142, 281Fischer, Joschka, 133Fissile Materials Cut-Off Treaty

(FMCT), 183, 190Force Contributors Committee

(proposed), 244, 246–7Foreign Affairs, 61foreign direct investment (FDI), 77, 92,

95, 97–8, 138, 149–50Foreign Policy, 61France, 6, 87, 142

criticism of US unilateralism, 133democracy, 56nuclear weapons, 185Revolution, see under revolutionsUnited Nations and, 260

Frank, André Gunder, 16, 131free trade, 158Free Trade Agreement for the Americas

(FTAA), 153–4Freud, Sigmund, 51‘Friends of the UN Secretary-General’,

notion of, 222Fukuyama, Francis, 99fundamentalism, 50, 64

see also neo-traditionalism

G7, 23, 61, 84, 87, 134–5, 146–7, 160,175, 276

G10, 136G-22, 109, 139Gaia Hypothesis, 49Galbraith, J.K., 81Gandhi, Mahatma, 23Gates, Bill, 45Gender Empowerment Index (GEI),

48

Gender-related Development Index(GDI), 48

gender relations, 24, 47General Agreement on Tariffs and

Trade (GATT), 6–7, 16–17Uruguay Round, 205see also World Trade Organization

General Assembly, see underUnited Nations

General Postal Union, 10General Staff for Peace Operations

(proposed), 244, 245–7Geneva Conventions and Protocols,

246Geneva General Act for the Settlement

of Disputes, 12genocidal practices, 56, 239‘geopolitical closure’, 275Gephardt, Richard, 38Germany, 6, 14, 133, 142

during the inter-war years, 12–13, 58United Nations and, 16, 260

Ghosh, Jayati, 131Giddens, Anthony, 90, 134Global Governance Reform Project

(GGRP), xiiiglobalism, 37–40globalization, 71–2, 77, 79, 82, 90, 104

demonstrations against, 21, 35, 160Goizueta, R.C., 67–8Goldman Sachs, 112gold standard, 12, 15, 78, 82good offices, 175, 216governance, 241

global, 87, 255, 257: de facto(institutions/regimes of), xvi, 8,25, 29–31; de jure (institutions/regimes of), xvi, 8, 15, 25, 276;evolution of, 8–19; stakeholdersin, 60

humane, 63–5tiers of, xv, 59, 148, 172, 177, 256,

268, 278Grameen Bank, 65Gramsci, Antonio, 280Great Crash, 5, 87Great Depression, 5, 13–14, 85, 87Greece (Ancient), 56Greenpeace, 22, 40Greens, the, 49Greenspan, Alan, 133, 147Griffith-Jones, Stephany, 125Group of 15, 21Group of 20, 135

Index 297

Group of 77, 21Guatemala, 50Guinea, 171Gulf War, 39, 84, 171, 176, 199, 203,

225, 278

Haiti, 214, 224, 248Hall, T.D., 30Hammurabi, 55Hang Seng index, 94Hanson, Pauline, 46Hardt, Michael, 99haute finance, 78Havel, Vaclav, 23Hawaii, 11hedge funds, 85–6, 96–7, 123, 133,

135, 137, 149see also portfolio investors,

speculatorsHeld, David, 69, 71, 256Helms, Jesse, 38Helsinki Summit, 170herd behaviour, 98, 117–19, 124–5,

129highly leveraged institutions (HLIs),

135, 137, 140Hirsch, Fred, 84historical-structural approach, 275Hobsbawm, Eric, 79Holocaust, 34, 41, 59Holy Alliance, 8, 12Hong Kong, 94, 135, 142Hormat, Robert, 112hot money, 79, 96, 107Human Development Index (HDI), 48humanitarian intervention, 87, 218,

230, 233, 239humanitarian law, international, see

under international lawHuman Poverty Index, 81human rights, 19, 38, 49, 169, 221,

233, 235, 237, 241, 242, 246–7,272, 277, 280

Human Rights Watch, 174human security, see under securityHuntley, J.R., 71

Ibn Khaldun, 30identity fetishism, 22, 45, 50IMF, see International Monetary Fundimpact assessment, 167, 176, 232,

238–40Impact Assessment Office (proposed),

240

impartiality, principle of, 266imperialism, 30–4, 42

agrarian, 30industrial, 31informatic, 31–2, 34, 71

INCORE, 174Independent Review Tribunal

(proposed), 239India, 3, 30, 35, 39, 41, 50, 99, 107,

181, 184–5, 260, 279Indigenous Peoples’ Movement, 22Indonesia, 7, 19, 23, 31–2, 39, 92, 107,

110, 171–2, 232industry(ies)

copyright, 7high-tech, 6, 32labour-intensive, 6low-tech, 32money-management, 118–19

inequality, 80–1inflation, 80Information and Strategic Analysis

Secretariat (proposed), 170, 235Institute of International Law, 12,

19institutional investors, see portfolio

investorsIntegrated Task Force (proposed), 244,

246integration, 19–20, 42, 265intellectual property, 10, 205

trade-related, 7–8see also copyright, licences, patents,

trademarksinterest groups, 55interest rates, 85–6, 99, 106, 108, 113,

119–20, 139inter-governmental organizations

(IGOs), 13Inter-Hemispheric Social Alliance,

154International Alert, 174International Atomic Energy Agency

(IAEA), 269International Bankruptcy Court

(proposed), 159International Chamber of Commerce,

14International Committee of Red Cross

and Red Crescent (ICRC), 11, 40,244

International Conference onFinancing for Development, 156,160

298 Index

International Council of Nurses, 11International Court of Justice (ICJ),

see under United NationsInternational Criminal Court, 19, 64,

159, 222, 246, 277International Crisis Group, 171International Crisis Prevention and

Response Centre (proposed),174–5, 235–6

International Debt ArbitrationMechanism (proposed), 159

International Federation of MetalWorkers Organization, 11, 14

international financial institutions(IFIs), 92, 112, 134, 151, 176, 262

International Herald Tribune, 61International Labour Organization

(ILO), 13, 81, 87international law, 11–12, 219

international humanitarian law,218, 233, 246, 274

International Maritime Organization(IMO), 17

International Monetary Fund (IMF),xiv, 6, 83–5, 107–15, 134, 136,140, 146, 155, 175, 259, 261,276–7

Articles of Agreement, 127, 157bail-out programmes, 99, 111, 114,

157Code of Good Practices on Fiscal

Transparency, 140Code of Good Practices on

Transparency in Monetary andFinancial Policies, 140

Contingent Credit Line (CCL), 135Enhanced Structural Adjustment

Facility, 157Poverty Reduction and Growth

Facility (PRGF), 157reform of, 157–8Special Data Dissemination

Standard, 140structural adjustment policy, see

structural adjustment(programmes)

surveillance role of, 157see also Bretton Woods institutions

International Organization ofSecurities Commissions (IOSCO),137, 140

International Peace Operations Centre(proposed), 243, 245

International Satellite Organization(INTELSAT), 17

International Taxation Organization(ITO), 149, 159, 261

International Telegraph Union (ITU),10, 13, 61

International Union for Publication ofCustoms Tariffs, 10–11

International Veterinarian Congress,11

Internet, 17–18, 63, 65–6Iran, 5, 16–17, 31, 35, 39, 47, 50–1,

171–2, 181, 200, 207–8, 281Iranian revolution, see revolutions

Iraq, 5, 16–17, 39, 41, 50–1, 56, 171–2,181–2, 200, 203–8, 214, 226, 237,243, 279

Ireland, 185, 281Ireland, Northern, 168, 171, 231Islamic Conference Organization, 269isolationism, 93Israel, 35, 41, 50, 181, 185, 200, 207,

279, 282Italy, 6, 9, 13–14, 58, 142Ivory Coast, 171

Jamaica, 48Japan, 6, 7, 13–14, 30, 32, 58, 94, 107,

120, 142, 181, 279foreign investment, 107–8, 119international financial reform

proposals, 133, 153–4Plaza Accord and, 107United Nations and, 16, 260

Jones, D.L., 167Jospin, Lionel, 133J.P. Morgan, 111judicial settlement, see adjudication

Kashmir dispute, 231Keynes, J.M., 79, 85–6, 141

Keynesian approach, 5, 130Khatami, Mohammad, 47Khomeini, Ayatollah, 45Kim Dae Jung, 112Kindleberger, C., 106King, Martin Luther, 23King, Rodney, 46Kittani, Ismat, 170Klare, Michael, 199Knight, Andy, 274Kobrin, Jeremy, 256Korea, 56, 225, 232

Index 299

Korea – continuedNorth, 39, 181–2, 200South, 7, 31–2, 92, 107, 110–12

Kosovo, 35, 39, 176, 214, 225–6, 230,233, 248

Kosovo Force (KFOR), 265Krugman, Paul, 118, 120–1, 123Ku Klux Klan, 46kulaks, 34Kuwait, 16, 51, 171–2, 199Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change, 19

Labour Party (Britain), 47, 134Labour Party (Israel), 50Lafontaine, Oskar, 133landmines, 83, 183–4

Campaign to Ban Landmines, 18,22, 159

Geneva Conference on landmines,189

Landmine Ban Treaty, 19, 64League of Nations, 12–14, 274Lebanon, 56, 207, 226Leekpai, Chuan, 112legitimacy, 85, 231–3, 243–4, 256, 262,

277crisis of, 78–9, 86–8, 272

Le Pen, J.-M., 38, 46less-developed countries (LDCs), 8,

15–16Bretton Woods institutions and, 92New World Economic Order, 16UNCTAD and, 21compared to rich individuals, 81

Levitt, Theodore, 90Libya, 5, 39, 200liberalization, 95–9, 111, 114

capital-account (CAL), 99, 109, 114,127–9, 131–2

economic, 90, 93, 98–9, 128financial, 90, 94, 96, 98–9, 108, 114,

130, 133–4, 155trade, 11, 95, 109, 112, 129, 134,

158Libération, 133libertarianism, 56Libya, 181licences, 10, 31–2, 68

see also intellectual propertyLikud Party (Israel), 50localism, 44–7Long Term Capital Management, 86Luxembourg, 48

Macedonia, 35, 226, 236Machiavelli, 23Magna Carta, 55Mahathir, Mohammad, 93, 97, 139Malaysia, 7, 31–2, 48, 97, 99, 107, 110,

112, 123, 139, 281Manchuria, 13Mandela, Nelson, 23, 45Manifest Destiny, doctrine of, 11, 42markets

emerging, 96–8, 136–7market fundamentalism, 64, 78–9,

83, 85–8in relation to the state and civil

society, 58–60market-to-book value, 121Marx, Karl, 6, 51Marxists, 70

see also Structuralist-Marxistapproach

McLuhan, Marshall, 33McQuaig, Linda, 77McVeigh, Timothy, 51media, 63, 278

mass media, 61, 66pluralism in, 63, 66–7

mediation, 175, 238, 267Mexico, 18, 35, 106, 127, 185Middle East, 183, 185, 191minority rights, 169, 257missiles, 181, 199Missile Technology Control Regime,

181Mittelman, James, 22, 40, 71Miyazawa initiative, 154modernity, 52Mohammad Reza Shah, 50money laundering, 86Monroe Doctrine, 9–10Montreal Protocol on Substances that

Deplete the Ozone Layer, 19moral hazard, 117, 120–1, 124, 130,

135‘Moral Majority’ (USA), 50more-developed countries (MDCs), 16Morgenthau, 79Mosaddeq, Mohammad, 50Moses, 55Mozambique, 214Muhammad, 55Mujahedin, 51Multilateral Agreement on Investment

(MAI), 20, 159

300 Index

multilateralism, 274, 278regional, 39universal, 39–40

multinational corporations (MNCs),see transnational corporations

Multinational UN Standby Forces HighReadiness Brigade, 245

Murphy, Craig N., 3, 8Myanmar (Burma), 59

Namibia, 214, 226Napoléon (Bonaparte), 8National Foreign Trade Council (USA),

59nationalism, 40, 172National Missile Defence system

(USA), 181, 186national reconciliation, 247National Science Foundation (USA), 18NATO, see North Atlantic Treaty

OrganizationNazism, 58, 79Negri, Antonio, 99neo-isolationism, 38neo-liberalism, 22–3, 84, 134neo-traditionalism, 35Netherlands, the, 48, 136, 171neutrality, 167New Agenda Coalition, 185–6, 188,

191, 194new constitutionalism, 134New Deal policies (USA), 5, 79new medievalism, 256Newsweek, 61New World Communication and

Information Order, 16New World Economic Order, 16New World Order, 39New York Times, 203New Zealand, 185, 281NGOs, see non-governmental

organizationsNigeria, 171Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), 21non-governmental organizations

(NGOs), xiv, 21, 59, 151–2, 268emerging global civil society, 11, 17,

40, 64League of Nations era, 14rule creation, 19Tobin Tax and, 87

Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 182–3,189–90

NPT Review Conferences (proposed),189, 195

Nordic Council, 191North American Free Trade Area

(NAFTA), 39–40, 71, 153, 277, 279North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO), 39–40, 71, 171, 267, 279in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 265in Kosovo, 16, 84, 226, 233, 266,

278North-South conflict, 5, 94, 151, 202,

205, 279Norway, 107, 167, 170, 173, 222nuclear-weapon-free zones (NWFZs),

45, 183, 186–95nuclear weapons, 14, 181–95,

199–206

Ocampo, J.A., 132official development assistance (ODA),

95–6, 107offshore centres, 86, 96, 133, 135,

140–1oil crisis, 16Olaf Palme Commission, 185ombudsman, 221, 246Operational-level headquarters

(proposed), 216, 221–2‘organic intellectuals’, 280Organization of African Unity (OAU),

171, 175, 183, 269, 279Organization of American States

(OAS), 175Organization of Economic

Cooperation and Development(OECD), 23, 71, 80–1, 83–4, 86,90, 93, 127, 175, 269

Organization of Petroleum ExportingCountries (OPEC), 16, 21, 23

Organization for Security andCo-operation in Europe (OSCE),170–1, 191, 267, 269, 276

Oslo Accords, 167, 173Ottawa Convention, 189Outer Space Treaty, 183Oxfam, 40, 244

Pacific Conference of Churches, 269Pakistan, 39, 41, 51, 181, 184–5Papua New Guinea, 232Park, Yung Chul, 119Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT), 183,

186

Index 301

patents, 8, 10, 31–2, 68, 84 see also intellectual property

Patnaik, Prabhat, 131‘Pax Democratica’, 63, 71Peace and Security Reserve Fund

(proposed), 265peacebuilding, 166, 176, 214, 237,

239, 247–9, 265post-conflict peacebuilding, 166–7,

171, 248peace enforcement, see peace

operationspeacekeeping, see peace operationspeacemaking, 165–6, 169, 214, 239,

265peace operations, 172, 212–26,

230–49, 265mandates, 218–19, 223–4,

240–1status of forces agreements, 219

Peace Operations Adviser (proposed),244–7

peasantry, 80Pentagon, attack on, see September 11

(2001) terrorist attacksPeoples’ Assembly (proposed), 156,

159, 195, 257–8, 262Pericles, 56Permanent Court of Arbitration, 12Permanent Court of Justice, 12Perot, Ross, 35Perry, William, 200Persian Gulf, 17, 39Peru, 35peso (Argentinian), 96peso (Mexican), 107, 125Phillippines, the, 11, 31, 107Plaza Accord, 107Polanyi, Karl, 78, 90pollution, 17, 48–9, 56, 255, 272

see also environmentPomerleano, Michael, 121portfolio investors, 107, 117–25

see also hedge funds, speculatorspoverty, 81, 147, 205–6, 216, 261

human, 147modernized, 38

Prebisch, Raul, 131preventive deployment, 166, 216,

236–7, 245private property rights, 82, 86, 91progressive era, 5protectionism, 13, 33, 38Putnam, Robert, 64

Quantum Fund, 123

Radelet, S., 120, 122Radiotelegraph Union (RTU), 10Rambouillet Agreement, 266

see also KosovoRamphal, Sir Sridath, xivRapid Reaction Force (proposed), 221,

245, 247Reagan, Ronald, 16, 40

Reagan Administration, 199real (Brazilian), 96Red Crescent, see International

Committee of Red CrossRed Cross, see International

Committee of Red Crossreformism

adaptive, 274incremental, 274radical, 274–5

refugees, 41, 175–6, 214, 231regimes, international, 10, 15, 206regionalism, 40, 71–2, 153–4, 170,

190–1, 273, 279regional organizations, xiv, 172, 175,

187–8, 190–1, 237, 265–8Reich, Robert, 6Reimagining the Future, xiiireligious revivalism, 49–53Republican Party (USA), 50revolutions

American, 45, 56communist, 5, 56democratic, 56English, 56French, 56industrial, 58Iranian, 16, 35, 51, 66Russian, 56, 78

Rhineland, 13Rieff, D., 151ringgit (Malaysian), 97, 123, 139Robertson, Julian, 140‘rogue’ doctrine, 198–206Rolin-Jacquemyns, Baron, 12Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 14 Roosevelt, Theodore, 42Rosenau, James, 68Rubin, Robert, 133Ruggiero, Renato, 20rupiah (Indonesian), 112Russia, 5, 39, 85, 86, 97, 266, 279

biological weapons programme, 204entry into world markets, 18

302 Index

Russia – continuedlandmines and, 184mafia capitalism in, 19, 23nuclear weapons, 183, 185political instability, 31Revolution, see under revolutions

Rwanda, 16, 172, 174, 214, 231–2Ryan, Michael, 7

Sachs, Jeffrey, 85, 120, 122Saddam Hussein, 199–200Samprasong Land Company, 122–3sanctions, 206–7, 212, 217, 219,

237–8San Francisco Conference (United

Nations Conference), 15satellites, 17, 33, 65, 264Saudi Arabia, 16, 31, 50–1, 171Save the Children, 14Scandinavia, 48Scheffran, Jurgen, 186Schelling, Thomas, 32Schmidt, R., 141Schumpeter, Joseph, 5Seabed Treaty, 183security, 34–7, 64, 182, 198, 259

collective, 12, 212, 260, 266common, 185competitive, 37comprehensive, 248co-operative, 37environmental, 198human, 34, 83, 167, 175, 198, 218,

248, 258, 269, 272Security Council, see under United

Nationsself-determination, 12, 41, 67, 69, 172Sen, Amartya, 92, 146September 11 (2001) terrorist attacks,

22, 51, 81, 181, 195, 198, 205,226, 255, 281

Serbia, 84, 266see also Yugoslavia

Sierra Leone, 214, 230Sinai, 214, 226Singapore, 16, 32, 107, 135, 142Slovenia, 185Smith, Adam, 5social democracy, 134Social Democratic-Green alliance

(Germany), 133Social Watch, 159Solferino, Battle of, 11Somalia, 16, 39, 214, 232, 243

Soros, George, 67–8, 78, 83, 94, 97, 99,123, 140

South Africa, 21, 32, 41, 59, 172, 185,190, 281

South Asian Association for RegionalCo-operation (SAARC), 71

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization(SEATO), 40

Southern Common Market(MERCOSUR), 71, 153, 265

sovereignty, xvi, 9, 60, 114, 168, 176,232–3, 256, 276

Soviet Union, 41, 56, 199–200, 226,232

biological weapons programme, 204demise of, 3, 5, 7, 14, 29, 33, 66,

255, 277intervention in Afghanistan, 51

Spaceship Earth, 49Spain, 9, 48, 58, 94Special Representatives of the UN

Secretary-General (SRSGs), 242,269

Special Sessions on Disarmament(proposed), 189–95

speculative mania, 106–7, 117speculators, 85, 96, 135, 148

see also hedge funds, portfolioinvestors

[Der] Spiegel, 61Sri Lanka, 41, 48stabilization, see economic

stabilizationStalin, Josef, 14standby arrangement system(s), 220,

242, 245START I, 182START II, 182, 185state

corporate welfare, 6financial globalization and, 91functions/roles of, 91–2, 281minimalist, 5new capitalist, 6in relation to market and civil

society, 58–60, 152, 276, 281regulatory, 5social welfare, 5, 45sovereignty, see sovereigntyterritorial, 56, 58warfare, 5, 45

Stavrianos, L.S., 11sterilization, 137–8Stiglitz, Joseph, 99, 114

Index 303

Strange, Susan, 23, 33Strategic Committee (proposed),

243–7structural adjustment (programmes),

84, 90, 92, 107, 127, 129Structural Adjustment Participatory

Review Initiative (SAPRI), 159Structuralist-Marxist approach, 130–1subsidiarity, principle of, 147, 256, 261subsidies, 85Sudan, 205Suharto, 112Sumatra, 7summons, power of, 156–7surveillance, 33Sweden, 94, 99, 136, 142, 185, 194,

281Sweezy, Paul, 16Switzerland, 136, 142Swyter, Han, 199Syria, 50, 181, 200, 207

Taiwan, 7, 32, 97, 107Tajikistan, 35, 41, 47Taliban, 24, 41, 51tax, 80, 132

currency transaction tax (CTT),140–2, 159, 264

international taxes, 264Taylor, Lance, 147technology, 65Tehran Conference, 16telecommunication, 17, 36, 65terrorism, 25, 33, 51, 69, 198, 200,

214, 272, 279, 282Thatcher, Margaret, 16Thailand, 32, 48, 85, 92, 99, 107,

110Asian financial crisis and, 109–13,

119–22Bangkok International Banking

Facility, 119 Bank of, 123Mental Health Institute, 111Ministry of Interior, 113Ministry of Labour and Social

Welfare, 111, 113National Economic and Social

Development Board, 110Stock Exchange of (SET), 119, 121,

123Theatre Missile Defense system (USA),

181, 186‘Third Way’ approach, 133–4Third World, 16, 83–4, 107, 199

Tietmayer, Hans, 135Tiger Fund, 140Time, 61Tlatelolco Latin American Nuclear

Weapon-Free Zone Treaty(LANWFZ), 182–3

TNCs, see transnational corporationsTobin, James, 87, 140–1

Tobin’s q, 121Tobin Tax, 87–8, 141, 223

Tokyo Forum, 185–6, 189trademarks, 10, 68

see also intellectual propertyTrade-Related Intellectual Property

Rights (TRIPS), 8Training Assistance Teams (UN), 243transitional administration, 219transnational corporations (TNCs), 7,

59–61, 82–3, 98, 175, 255appropriation of local knowledge, 8and Asian financial crisis, 111globalization, 20the state and, 92–3, 130United States and, 60

transnational financial corporations(TFCs), 60–1

transnational media corporations(TMCs), 60–1

Transparency International, 19transparency, principle of, 115, 124,

132, 135, 137, 139–40, 157, 174,206–8, 232, 240, 243–4, 259, 268,273

Trilateral Commission, 22trilateralism, 39trusteeship system, 14Tupac Amaru, 35Turkey, 35, 56

Unabomber, 51unemployment, 24, 46, 78, 80–1, 99,

110unilateralism, 39, 64, 277United Arab Emirates, 51United International Bureau for the

Protection of Intellectual Property(BIRPI), 10

United Nations (UN), theCharter of, 15, 166, 234, 241, 243,

276: Article 19, 264; Article 33,166, 216; Article 34, 166; Article40, 218, 240; Article 42, 219,240; Article 43, 220, 234; Article45, 234; Chapter VII, 218–19;Chapter VIII, 265

304 Index

United Nations (UN), the – continuedConference on Disarmament (CD),

182, 184, 189Declaration by, 14Department for Disarmament and

Arms Regulation (UNDDAR),184: Advisory Panel on the UNDisarmament Action Plan(proposed), 188, 192

Department of PeacekeepingOperations (DPKO), 170, 222,242

Department of Political Affairs(DPA), 169–70

Deputy Secretaries-General(proposed), 222

Disarmament Commission, 182,184, 189

Economic and Social Council(ECOSOC), 156, 216, 261

Executive Committee on Peace andSecurity, 179, 235, 248

General Assembly, 14, 157, 169, 175,182, 185, 189, 233, 257, 264,276: and disarmament, 182,185, 189; and UN finances, 264

International Court of Justice (ICJ),175, 186, 216

Lessons Learned Unit, 170Office of the Military Adviser, 222Rapidly Deployable Mission

Headquarters, 242Secretariat, 190, 216, 218, 221–3,

262–3Secretary-General, 170–1, 222–3,

236, 245, 262–3Security Council, 14, 157, 169,

182–3, 189, 205, 233, 236,259–61: Military StaffCommittee, 218; peaceoperations and, 216–23;Permanent members of, 15, 183,213, 219, 260, 275

Senior Management Group, 263specialized agencies, see UN

specialized agenciessystem, 8, 17, 19, 159, 222, 235,

247, 255–63, 268, 276United Nations Conference

(San Francisco), 15UN Educational, Scientific and

Cultural Organization(UNESCO), 16

UN national offices (proposed), 174–5,235

UN-sponsored world conferences, seeunder conferences

UN specialized agencies, 156, 175UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 244,

248UN Conference on Trade and

Development (UNCTAD), 21,93, 98, 136, 139, 156, 158

UN Development Programme(UNDP), 47, 81, 87, 147, 248

UN Economic Commission forAfrica, 268

UN Economic and SocialCommission for Asia and thePacific, 268

UN Environmental Programme(UNEP), 17, 48

UN High Commissioner for Refugees(UNHCR), 175, 244, 248

UN Institute for Training andResearch (UNITAR), 170

UN Regional Centre for Peace andDisarmament (Kathmandu), 267

UN Special Commission forWeapons Inspection in Iraq(UNSCOM), 200, 205

UN Standing Advisory Committeeon Security Questions (CentralAfrica), 267

United States of America (USA), 4, 6,14, 50, 72, 78, 106–7, 142, 276

attitude towards weapons of massdestruction, 183, 185, 201, 206

Bankruptcy Law, 159capital-account convertibility and,

94CIA, 199, 201civil society and, 64Congress, 183, 199, 203Defence Science Board, 199democracy in, 56, 64Department of Defence, 18Department of State, 46Enhanced Proliferation Control

Initiative, 201ethnic conflict in, 41Federal Reserve Bank, 86, 112gold convertibility, 15human rights and, 60IMF and, 114imperialism and, 11Kyoto Protocol, 19, 64mass media, 61multilateralism, 14, 16

Index 305

United States of America (USA) –continued

neo-isolationism, 38neo-traditionalism in, 35Office of Technology Assessment,

204poverty in, 81President’s Working Group on

Financial Markets, 137robber baron capitalism in, 23and South African apartheid, 59Treasury, 111, 137, 153UN finances and, 264unilateralism, 64, 133, 206, 255withdrawal from UNESCO, 16world trade and, 13

Universal Declaration of HumanRights, 56, 280

universalism, 277–8Universal Postal Union (UPU), 10, 13Unrepresented Peoples’ Organization

(UNPO), 60–1Urquhart, Sir Brian, 246U Thant, 171Uzbekistan, 41

Vedrine, Hubert, 133, 204Venezuela, 281Versailles, Treaty of, 13veto, power of, 14–15, 154, 184, 186,

189, 194, 226, 233, 235, 247,259–60, 262, 277

Vienna, Congress of, 8Vietnam, 15, 56, 109

Wall Street, 94, 107Wall Street Journal, 61Warsaw Pact, 40Washington consensus, 118, 120, 128,

131weapons of mass destruction (WMDs),

56, 181–95, 198–208

weapons-of-mass-destruction-freezones (WMDFZs), 187–95

Webster, William, 199Welfare Party (Turkey), 50Wells, H.G., 70Westdal, Christopher, 190West New Guinea dispute, 171Westphalia, Peace/Treaty of, 3, 4,

31, 41Wilson, Woodrow, 41women’s rights, 24, 47working class, 13, 56, 58, 69,

92World Alliance of Young Men’s

Christian Associations, 11World Bank, 83–4, 99, 107–8, 115,

118, 134, 146, 155, 160, 248, 259,261, 269

see also Bretton Woods institutionsWorld Economic Forum, 22, 133, 160,

259, 276World Federalists, 69world government, 69World Health Organization (WHO),

183, 244World Intellectual Property

Organization (WIPO), 7World Policy Journal, 61World Trade Centre, attack on,

see September 11 (2001)terrorist attacks

World Trade Organization (WTO), xiv,19, 59, 61, 92, 146, 151, 153, 155,158, 160, 261

see also General Agreement onTrade and Tariffs

World Wide Web, 18, 66

Yalta Conference, 14Yemen, 171yen ( Japanese), 133, 153Yugoslavia, 39, 41, 174

306 Index