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Sentence of the Week Presentation
English 11
Week #1What did you notice?This week’s focus is subject-verb
agreementParts of speech build sentencesWhat is a sentence?ClausePhrase
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTTHE BASICS
A SINGULAR SUBJECT NEEDS A SINGULAR VERB
THE GIRL (SINGULAR SUBJECT) READS (SINGULAR VERB) MYSTERY STORIES.
A PLURAL SUBJECT NEEDS A PLURAL VERB
THE GIRLS (PLURAL SUBJECT) READ (PLURAL VERB) MYSTERY STORIES.
HE/THEY TRICK
LET’S BEGINDo a basic diagramThe simple subject must match the
simple verbSingular subjects require singular verbsPlural subjects require plural verbsThe dog is black. The dogs are black.Simple, right?
IF ONLY LIFE WERE THAT SIMPLE
DON’T BE CONFUSED BY PLURAL WORDS THAT COME AFTER THE VERB
MY BIGGEST PROBLEM (IS/ARE) THE MANY INCOMPLETE HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS I NEED TO FINISH.
MORE ISSUESDON’T BE CONFUSED BY PLURAL
WORDS THAT COME BETWEEN A SINGULAR SUBJECT AND THE VERB
THE TOPIC OF THESE FOUR BOOKS (IS/ARE) HORSES.
EACH OF THE BIKES (HAS/HAVE) NEW TIRES.
MORE ISSUESDON’T BE CONFUSED BY SUBJECTS
THAT COME AT THE END OF THE SENTENCE.
STANDING AT THE BACK OF THE ROOM (WAS/WERE) MY PARENTS.
AT THE END OF MOST OF OUR TEAM’S GAMES (COME/COMES) VICTORY’S SWEETNESS.
MORE ISSUESDON’T BE CONFUSED BY PHRASES
SUCH AS “ALONG WITH”, “TOGETHER WITH”, “ACCOMPANIED BY”, “AS WELL AS”, “INCLUDING”, AND “IN ADDITION TO”
TENITA, AS WELL AS MIKE, (PLAY/PLAYS) BASKETBALL WELL.
MORE ISSUESDON’T BE CONFUSED BY A “NOT”
PHRASE. I, NOT YOU, (AM/ARE) LATE.
MORE ISSUES DON’T BE CONFUSED BY COLLECTIVE
NOUNS FAMILY, ORCHESTRA, GROUP,
COMMITTEE, JURY, CROWD, HERD, AUDIENCE, PAIR, SQUAD
WHETHER THE NOUN IS PLURAL OR SINGULAR DEPENDS ON WHETHER THE SENTENCE REFERS TO THE INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS OR THE GROUP AS A WHOLE.
MORE ISSUES DON’T BE CONFUSED BY NOUNS OF
AMOUNT THESE ARE LIKE COLLECTIVE NOUNS –
ARE THEY INDIVIDUAL OR THE WHOLE FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS IS A LOT OF
MONEY. WE HAVE A PROBLEM: FIVE HUNDRED-
DOLLAR BILLS ARE MISSING.
Let’s PracticeThe family (live/lives) on Elm Street.The orchestra (tune/tunes) its instruments.My pair of scissors (is/are) lost.Eight pounds of grapes (is/are) a lot of grapes.One of the Martin twins (is/are) absent today. (Do/Does) either of the Joneses live here?
Recap Week #1Find the simple subject and the simple verb no
matter where they are in the sentence – do a simple diagram
Nothing else in the sentence is relevantReread the sentence to be sure you understand
the intent in collective nouns or nouns of amountMatch the subject (singular or plural) with the
verb (singular or plural)Practice
Week #2 and #3MORE ISSUES
DON’T BE CONFUSED BY INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
“I” AND “YOU” REFER TO SPECIFIC PEOPLE. SOME OTHER PRONOUNS POINT TO NON-SPECIFIC PEOPLE—SOMEONE, ANYONE, NOBODY, EVERYBODY(INDEFINITE PRONOUNS)
MORE ISSUES PRONOUNS BEGINNING WITH “ANY”,
“NO”, “EVERY”, AND “SOME” ARE ALWAYS SINGULAR.
EVERYBODY IS COMING. “EACH”, “ANOTHER”, “EITHER”, “NEITHER”,
“LITTLE”, “MUCH” ARE ALWAYS SINGULAR.
LITTLE IS HAPPENING BECAUSE NEITHER OF MY FRIENDS IS HERE.
MORE ISSUES “BOTH”, “SEVERAL”, “FEW”, “MANY”,
“MOST”, “OTHERS” ARE PLURAL “ANY”, “MORE”, “SOME”, “ENOUGH”,
“ALL”, “MOST”, “WHO”, “HALF”, “NONE” ARE EITHER SINGULAR OR PLURAL.
EITHER/ORNEITHER/NOR
THESE DEPEND UPON THE REST OF THE SENTENCE FOR DETERMINATION.
IF BOTH PARTS ARE SINGULAR – USE A SINGULAR VERB (EITHER RYAN OR WESLEY IS HERE.)
IF BOTH PARTS ARE PLURAL- USE A PLURAL VERB (NEITHER THE BOYS NOR THE GIRLS ARE HERE.)
EITHER AND NEITHER IF ONE PART IS SINGULAR AND ONE
IS PLURAL TAKE THE NOUN CLOSEST TO THE VERB AND MAKE THE VERB AGREE.
NEITHER THE BOYS NOR THEIR MOTHER (IS/ARE) HERE.
NEITHER THE MOTHER NOR HER SONS (IS/ARE) HERE.
MORE ISSUESDON’T BE CONFUSED BY NOUN
PHRASES REFERRING TO A SINGLE UNIT.
SINGULAR PHRASE = SINGULAR VERB
SPAGHETTI AND MEATBALLS (IS/ARE) MY FAVORITE DINNER.
MORE ISSUESDON’T BE CONFUSED BY NOUNS
THAT LOOK PLURAL BUT ARE ACTUALLY SINGULAR.
THE NEWS (IS/ARE) BAD.MEASLES (IS/ARE) CONTAGIOUS.MATHEMATICS (IS/ARE) MY EASIEST
CLASS.
MORE ISSUESDON’T BE CONFUSED BY SOME
“-ICS” NOUNS THAT CAN BE EITHER SINGULAR OR PLURAL.
POLITICS (IS/ARE) AN INTERESTING CAREER.
THE POLITICS IN THE PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN (WAS/WERE) MIGHTY DIRTY.
MORE ISSUESDON’T BE CONFUSED BY THE
PLURAL FORMS OF FOREIGN WORDS.
THE DATA (SHOW/SHOWS) THAT BOYS WATCH MORE SPORTS ON TV THAN GIRLS WATCH.
DATUM IS SINGULAR – DATA IS PLURAL
MORE ISSUESDON’T BE CONFUSED BY
MATHEMATICAL PHRASES.ONE AND ONE (IS/ARE) TWO.FIVE TIMES SIX (IS/ARE) THIRTY.
Recap Week #2 And #3
Memorize the “inconsistent” rulesSimple subject singular (at least in
meaning) = singular verbPlural subject (at least in meaning) = plural
verbMultiple nouns – work with the one closest
to the verbAny-, every-, no-, some- always singular
Practice Week #2Macaroni and Cheese are Emily’s favorite
do-it-yourself dinner.The only problem we 500 campers have are
the hundreds of wasps swarming around our ten campsites.
Standing there looking happy was Wesley and Austin.
Only one out of four kids in America eat a healthy diet.
Practice Week #2 I can’t find my catcher’s glove; I hope
either David or the Joneses has it.The company Video Games Galore are
holding their annual picnic on Thursday.
Practice Week #3There has been many child prodigies in
music.Few, however, has been able to sustain a
career as Midori has done.Concerts and recitals seems to leaver her
little time for other activities.Nevertheless, neither practice nor a busy
professional calendar has kept her from fulfilling other commitments.
Practice Week #3To expose children to classical music
are one of her important goals.Her foundation, Midori and Friends,
concentrate on bringing music to schools all over New York City.
Her group travel all over the city, delighting students with the beauty of her classical tradition.
Practice Week #3Works by composers of many
nationalities and from several centuries makes her concerts interesting.
The arts boasts of few individuals who have contributed more in so short a time.
Here, indeed, are an amazing artist and individual.
Week #4 Verb Tenses three simple tenses three perfect tenses Demonstrate sequence of events; help to understand
cause/effect Present tense I talk, you talk, he talks, we talk Use to describe an action or state of being, one
regularly occurring, future if modifying adverb/adverbial phrase
Week #4 Past tense Add –ed to present (regular verbs only) I talked, you talked, he talked, we talked Use when action or being began and ended in past Future tense Add “will” or “shall” to the present I will/shall talk, you will/shall talk, we will/shall talk Use when action or being will take place after present
moment
Week #4Present perfect tenseAdd “has” or “have” to past participle I have talked, we have talkedUse to express an action or being
completed at an indefinite time in the past or one that started in the past and continues into the present
Week #4Past perfect tenseAdd “had” to the past participle I had talked, we had talkedUse to express a past action or being that
occurred before another in the pastGandhi had embraced the principles of
nonviolent protest long before he organized a demonstration against an unfair tax.
Week #4 Future perfect tense Add “will have” or “shall have” to past
participle I will/shall have talked; we will/shall have
talked Use to express a future action or being that
will take place before another in the future By the year 2010, Gandhi’s reforms will have
been in practice for more than 60 years.
Week #4When Graham swimmed in Amsterdam, he
rammed into a dam.Past tenseWellington has recently sang a bouncy song
about Ping-Pong.Past participle (completed action)Last night Otis dreamt about croaking toads.Past
Week #4 Instead of eating his tomatoes for supper, Tupper drunk a bottle of ketchup.Past Cousin Nell, who always pretends she’s a pail, has fell into the well.Perfect present Hank’s bloated goldfish has sank to the bottom of the tank.Past participle
Cousin Nell, who always pretends she’s a pail, has fell into the well.Hank’s bloated goldfish has sank to the bottom of the tank.
Week #5 Phrases Verbal phrases Participial Phrases Verb that functions as an adjective Present participle - -ing The falling prices were good news for would-be
buyers. Past participle - -ed or –d The improved designs made the automobile cheaper
and more reliable.
Week #5 Participial Phrases as Adjectives Launching the first moving assembly line, Henry
Ford revolutionized the automobile industry. Absolute Phrase No grammatical connection to the rest of the
sentence. Usually relates by providing details about circumstances or time.
Its popularity waning, the Model T was retired from production in 1927.
Week #5GerundsVerbal that ends in –ing and functions as a
noun. Skiing is a winter sport.Gerunds and present participles end in –ing.
Look for function to determine type.What does a blinking cursor mean?Blinking can be a sign of eye strain.
Week #5 Infinitive Phrases Usually begins with the word “to” and functions as a
noun, adjective, or adverb In 1995, Eileen Collins became the first female pilot
to command a space mission. Try not to split infinitives. Astronauts need to rigorously train for space
missions. Astronauts need to train rigorously for space
missions.
Week #6Review of phrases, quiz issuesActive and Passive Voice THE BALL WAS HIT. (BY WHOM) PASSIVE TUCKER HIT THE BALL. ACTIVE CIGARETTE TAXES WILL BE RAISED. PASSIVE CONGRESS WILL RAISE TAXES ON CIGARETTES. ACTIVE
Week #6 Practice
Identify as active or passive voiceWar was declared because of the
terrorist attack on 9-11.Your request for a promotion was
approved.George W. Bush’s tax cuts were not
renewed.
Week #7Sentence Structure
CLAUSES AND PHRASES PUT TOGETHER LOGICALLY
INDEPENDENT CLAUSES VERSUS DEPENDENT CLAUSES
SINGLE WORDS CAN MAKE DEPENDENT CLAUSES, INDEPENDENT
AS HE RAN ACROSS THE ROOM (LOSE THE “AS”)
Sentence Structure Punctuation
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE (PERIOD) INDEPENDENT CLAUSE (PERIOD)
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE (COMMA) AND, BUT, OR, SO, INDEPENDENT CLAUSE (PERIOD)
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE (SEMICOLON) INDEPENDENT CLAUSE (PERIOD)
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE (COMMA) DEPENDENT CLAUSE (PERIOD)
DEPENDENT CLAUSE (COMMA) INDEPENDENT CLAUSE (PERIOD)
SENTENCE STRUCTURE EXAMPLES
Week 7 examplesMimic the examples
SOW #7 ExamplesBrutus missed his bus he had to ride a
drooling mule to school.Darlene needs dental work she eats ice
she also chews on broomsticks and marbles.
Some self-conscious warthogs get nose jobs they think that good looks will gain them more friends.
#7 Comma RulesComma in a Series
IN A SERIES OF THREE OR MORE ITEMS, USE A COMMA AFTER EVERY ITEM (LAST ONE OPTIONAL)
ROCKS, SNAGS, AND SHOALS CAN BE HAZARDOUS TO BOATS.
NO COMMAS ARE NEEDED IF THE ITEMS IN A SERIES ARE JOINED BY AND, OR, OR NOR.
SEMI-COLONS AND COMMA SERIES
#7 ExamplesAunt Tallulah talks to her tulips she also
puts party hats on her petunias.My bus driver who acts like she’s crazy.
Such as when she playfully drives towards pedestrians.
Trace thinks that space aliens hide in many places. For example, inside of the small intestines of hamsters.
#8Comma Rules
USE A COMMA AFTER AN INTRODUCTORY WORD OR MILD INTERJECTION AT THE BEGINNING OF A SENTENCE: (NO, OUR CREW WAS UNABLE TO CALL FOR HELP.)
USE A COMMA AFTER AN INTRODUCTORY PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE THAT CONTAINS ONE OR MORE ADDITIONAL PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES: (IN THE SPRING OF 1930, MARINE SCIENCE TOOK A GIANT STEP FORWARD.)
#8 Comma Rules USE A COMMA AFTER A VERBAL PHRASE
AT THE BEGINNING OF A SENTENCE. (TO MAKE THE HALF-MILE DIVE, SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS DESIGNED A DEEP-SEA VEHICLE.)
USE A COMMA AFTER AN INTRODUCTORY ADVERB OR ADVERB CLAUSE AT THE BEGINNING UNLESS IT IS THE SUBJECT. (FORTUNATELY, THE VEHICLE WORKED WELL.)
#8 Comma RulesUSE COMMAS TO SET OFF A
PARENTHETICAL EXPRESSION. (BEEBE DID, OF COURSE, KEEP A JOURNAL.)
USE COMMAS TO SET OFF WORDS OF DIRECT ADDRESS. (THANK YOU, CAPTAIN LOWRY, FOR A JOB WELL DONE.)
#8 Comma RulesUSE COMMAS TO SET OFF
NONESSENTIAL PARTS OF THE SENTENCE. (ADVANCED LIFESAVING, WHICH IS AN EXCELLENT COURSE, PREPARES STUDENTS TO BE LIFEGUARDS. SCIENTISTS TRANSFORMED THE H.M.S. CHALLENGER, A BRITISH WARSHIP, INTO A FLOATING LAB.
ColonsUSED AFTER A COMPLETE STATEMENT
TO INTRODUCE A LIST OF RELATED DETAILS
MARIA JUST PURCHASED ALL THE CAMPING SUPPLIES FOR OUR TRIP: A BACKPACK, A SLEEPING BAG, AND A PAIR OF HIKING BOOTS.
IT MUST BE AFTER AN INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
SemicolonsPUT TWO OR MORE INDEPENDENT
CLAUSES TOGETHER TO FORM ONE BIG SENTENCE
THE CLAUSES MUST BE RELATEDON ACT YOU WILL NOT HAVE TO
CHOOSE BETWEEN A SEMICOLON AND PERIOD