SERVICES IN HIGH RISE

ASTHA AGARWAL4 – CSSAA

TAIPEI 101

Taipei 101 – stylized as TAIPEI 101 and formerly known as the Taipei World Financial Center – is a landmark supertall skyscraper in Xinyi District, Taipei, Taiwan. The building was officially classified as the world's tallest in 2004, and remained such until the completion of Burj Khalifa in Dubai in 2009.

Type Commercial offices

Architectural style Postmodern

Location Xinyi DistrictTaipei, Taiwan

Construction started 1999

Completed 2004

Opening 31 December 2004

Cost NT$ 58 billion(US$1.934 billion)

PROJECT DETAILS

Owner/Developer

Taipei Financial Center Corporation

Architect• Design C.Y. Lee & Partners

Architects/PlannersStructural Engineer• Design Evergreen Consulting Engineering;

Thornton Tomasetti

MEP Engineer• Design Continental Engineering

Consultants, Inc.• Peer Review Lehr Engineering

Project Manager

Turner International LLC

Standing in the Xinyi District of Taipei, an area known for its financial services and vibrant shopping malls, TAIPEI 101 represents a worldwide precedent for sustainable skyscraper development. It achieved a LEED Platinum certification for Operations and Maintenance in 2011, an impressive feat for a tower of its size and complexity.

Other Consultant• Acoustics Shen Milsom Wilke, Inc.• Building Monitoring

Kinemetrics Inc.

• Façade ALT Limited• Landscape Genius Loci• Lighting Theo Kondos• Vertical Transportation

Lerch Bates

• Wind RWDI• (not specified) MotioneeringMaterial Supplier• Cladding Permasteelisa Group• Construction Hoists

Alimak Hek

• Elevator Toshiba Elevator and Building Systems Corporation (TELC)

• Façade Maintenance Equipment

CoxGomyl

• Fire Proofing Grace Construction Products• Flooring CS Group Construction Specialties Company• HVAC Carrier; York• Sealants Dow Corning Corporation• Steel China Steel Corporation; Nippon Steel &

Sumitomo Metal Corporation

The tower rises from its base in a series of eight-story modules that flare outward, evoking the form of a Chinese pagoda. The top of each module houses mechanical floors that accommodate garbage systems, ventilation equipment, water storage, and MEP services. Near the top, a smaller tower caps the structure, forming a pinnacle that has become a familiar sight for the city. The façade of the tower features double-paned green glass curtain walls that are highly reflective and block solar heat gain by 50 percent. Other sustainable features include energy efficient luminaries, custom lighting controls, low-flow water fixtures, and a smart Energy Management and Control System.

HEIGHTTaipei 101 comprises 101 floors above ground, as well as 5 basement levels. It was not only the first building in the world to break the half-kilometer mark in height, but also the world's tallest building from March 2004 to 10 March 2010.

Base of the tower.

Upon its completion, Taipei 101 was the world's tallest inhabited building, at 509.2 m (1,671 ft) as measured to its height architectural top (spire), exceeding the Petronas Towers, which were previously the tallest inhabited skyscraper at 451.9 m (1,483 ft). The height to the top of the roof, at 449.2 m (1,474 ft), and highest occupied floor, at 439.2 m (1,441 ft), surpassed the previous records of 442 m (1,450 ft) and 412.4 m (1,353 ft), respectively; the Willis Tower had previously held that distinction.

1,010 meters per minute The World's Fastest Elevators

The world fastest elevator* was introduced by Toshiba. It is able to run at a speed of 1010m/min, which is equivalent to 60.6km/h. Toshiba has made significant improvements of technology by successfully developed elevators that able to travel against the gravity at the mentioned high speed without sacrificing the riding comfort and the safety of passengers. This technology definitely would be treasured as references for the future developments.

Entrance of the Observation Elevators

Escalators in Shopping Mall Interior of Passenger Elevator

APPLICATIONS

Ultra High Speed Elevator

Ultra High Speed Elevator was introduced by Toshiba. It is able to run at a speed of 1010m/min, which is equivalent to 60.6km/h. Toshiba has made significant improvements of technology by successfully developed elevators that able to travel against the gravity at the mentioned high speed without sacrificing the riding comfort and the safety of passengers. This technology definitely would be treasured as references for the future developments.

The elevators are the fastest in the world, rising at 1010 meters per minute (60.48 km/hour) and descending at 610 m/min (36.6 km/hour). The top speeds are 34 percent faster than the previous world's fastest elevators in Yokohama Landmark Tower.

Toshiba Elevator and Buildings Systems Corporation has installed two elevators with speed of 1010m/min (60.6km/h) for TAIPEI 101. These elevators are officially approved by the Guinness World Records as the fastest elevator* in the world. The development of the world's fastest elevator* has pushes the limits of technology. Toshiba took the challenges and introducing solutions of the fastest ride to the passengers without neglecting the safety and riding comfort.

RWDI designed a 660-tonne (728-short-ton) steel pendulum that serves as a tuned mass damper, at a cost of NT$132 million (US$4 million). Suspended from the 92nd to the 87th floor, the pendulum sways to offset movements in the building caused by strong gusts. Its sphere, the largest damper sphere in the world, consists of 41 circular steel plates of varying diameters, each 125 mm (4.92 in) thick, welded together to form a 5.5 m (18 ft) diameter sphere.

TAIPEI 101 contains a 728-ton tuned mass damper (TMD), a large spherical steel pendulum that offsets lateral movements caused by strong winds. The TMD is located in a large multi-story cavity near the top of the tower. This location is ideal for countering overturning forces, a necessary precaution in a typhoon-prone part of the world.

STRUCTURAL DESIGNTaipei 101 is designed to withstand the typhoon winds and earthquake tremors that are common in the area east of Taiwan. Evergreen Consulting Engineering, the structural engineer, designed Taipei 101 to withstand gale winds of 60 metres per second (197 ft/s), (216 km/h or 134 mph), as well as the strongest earthquakes in a 2,500-year cycle.

Location of Taipei 101's largest tuned mass damper

Taipei 101 was designed to be flexible as well as structurally resistant, because while flexibility prevents structural damage, resistance ensures comfort for the occupants and for the protection of glass, curtain walls, and other features.

The Technology of Providing Riding Comfort to Passengers - Car SystemVibration and noise increases along with the speed of elevator. To provide passengers comfortable riding experiences, we must overcome these two major obstacles. Criteria such as car design and atmospheric pressure control are taken into consideration. We go through plans, investigations, simulations and inspections in order to develop the solutions for a comfortable high-speed elevator car system.

The World's First Atmospheric Control System

The distance from the 1st floor to the 89th floor is 382.2m and the difference in atmospheric is about 48 hPa . The sudden change of pressure will cause discomfort to the passengers in the elevator. Other than maintaining the air tightness in the car, Toshiba has introduced a pressure control system for the first time in the world to an elevator system to give air into the car and emit air from the car.

ACTIVE MASS DAMPER

The elevator tends to vibrate whenever the elevator travels in high speed or 2 elevators travel in different condition. In order to overcome this problem, Toshiba developed an anti vibration device named, Active Mass Damper. Once the sensor detects vibration, the counterweight will move to opposite direction to ease the vibration. The application of Active Mass Damper has reduces 20% (and above) of the momentary vibration of the elevator car.

REDUCING NOISE-AERODYNAMIC CAPSULEWhen elevator travels in a narrow shaft at high speed, wind sheer occurs. After analysis of the airflow in the hoistway and the surface pressure of the capsule, Aerodynamic capsule is employed to reduce wind sheer. Due to the reduction of sealing material at car door and application of wedge-shaped spoilers on the capsules, most of the airflow generated flows toward the sides and back of the car when the car travels.

REDUCING VIBRATION- ROLLER GUIDE

Elevator will experienced shaking force during high speed, running along the distorted or undulated guide rails, A new type of roller guide is used to isolate shaking force and absorb the vibration with proper allocation of forcing spring and having the optimum balance weight Thus, the application of the improved roller guide leads to a more comfortable ride.

TRACTION MACHINE

The traction machine used is a newly developed twin-winding permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM ) with standard 168kW output ( highest is 1168kW) for 24 passengers. The traction machine consist a special frame to eliminate electromagnetic vibration that is greatly contribute to quiet operation when the elevator is traveling at speed of 1010m/min. Besides, Toshiba has developed a dual, multi-stage vibration-isolating structure for the traction machine to improve vibration suppression.

Interior • Taipei 101 is the first record-

setting skyscraper to be constructed in the 21st century. It exhibits a number of technologically advanced features.

• The original 2004 fibre-optic and satellite Internet connections permitted transfer speeds up to a gigabyte per second.

• The double-deck elevators built by the Japanese Toshiba Elevator and Building Systems Corporation (TELC) set a new record in 2004 with top ascending speeds of 16.83 m (55.22 ft) per second .

Construction• 380 piles with 3 inch concrete slab.

•Mega columns- 8 cm thick steel & 10,000 psi concrete infill to provide for overturning.

•Walls - 5 & 7 degree slope.

•106,000 tons of steel, grade 60- 25% stronger.

•6 cranes on site – steel placement.

•Electrical & Mechanical.

•Braced core with belt trusses

•Curtain wall placement.

The structure concentrates main loads in two, generally 3 x 2.4-m vertical mega columns, 22.5 m apart along each face, almost touching the sloping perimeter wall at its base. Main floor girders connect each mega column through moment connections with a core corner column along the same gridline, forming a tick-tack-toe board .The 22.5-m-square core comprises 16 box columns in four lines, which are generally fully braced between floors. Composite floors are typically 13.5 cm thick.

•Gravity loads are carried vertically by a variety of columns.•Within the core, sixteen columns are located at the crossing points of four lines of bracing in each direction.•The columns are box sections constructed of steel plates, filled with concrete for added strength as well as stiffness till the 62nd floor.•On the perimeter, up to the 26th floor, each of the four building faces has two ‘super columns,’ two ‘sub-super-columns,’ and two corner columns.•Each face of the perimeter above the 26th floor has the two ‘super-columns’ continue upward.•The ‘super-columns’ and ‘sub-super-columns’ are steel box sections, filled with 10,000 psi (M70) high performance concrete on lower floors for strength and stiffness up to the 62nd floor.

Lateral Loading System• For additional core stiffness,

the lowest floors from basement to the 8th floor have concrete shear walls cast between core columns in addition to diagonal braces.• The most of the lateral loads will be resisted by a combination of braced cores, cantilevers from the core to the perimeter, the super columns and the Special moment resisting frame (SMRF). Column System

Structural facade

• Taipei 101's characteristic blue-green glass curtain walls are double paned and glazed

• They offer heat and UV protection sufficient to block external heat by 50 percent, and can sustain impacts of 7 tonnes.

• .The façade system of glass and aluminium panels installed into an inclined moment-resisting lattices contributes to overall lateral rigidity by tying back to the mega-columns with one-story high trusses at every eighth floor.

• This façade system is therefore able to withstand up to 95mm of seismic lateral displacements without damage.

Towering above the city like the gigantic bamboo stalk it was designed to resemble, Taipei 101 is impossible to miss. At 508m, Taipei 101 held the title of 'world's tallest building' for a number of years. Until 2011 it held the title of the world's tallest green building.

Taipei 101 is a must see when in Taipei as it's easy to visit and it's always nice to be able to say that you've been to the top of the 2nd tallest building in the world. From the high speed elevator to the 730-ton damper ball near the top of the building (to counteract the wind); feats of engineering such as these are always interesting to see and experience.

As earthquake waves pass up through the structure, the ball remains all but stationary; its inertia helps to counteract the movements of the building around it, thus “dampening” the earthquake.

GREEN AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY

Taipei 101 is the world’s third tallest green building at 1,667 feet (508m). It has received two special sustainability awards: “World’s Tallest Green Building” and LEED certification in Platinum, titles it still holds today.

The building houses 11,000 workers and ice is produced from within to keep them cool during hot and humid Taipei summers. Taipei 101 uses two dozen giant refrigerators to cool down the building. The novel method of cooling the building saves its operators €540,000 a year.

Another green highlight is the building’s roof and façade water recycling system that meets 20 to 30% of the building’s water needs.

Conclusion

Taipei 101 is a record breaking extraordinary structure which has been the tallest building in the world from 2004-2010 over-coming the height of Petronas Towers by 58m. It has been the symbol of excellence and technology for Taiwan. It is the structure which is flexible enough to withstand earthquake and strong enough to resist typhoon winds. The engineers and the designers of Taipei 101 have gone beyond the expectations and imagination of human mind to construct this mega marvel. There are many mega-structures under construction and being constructed but Taipei 101 still maintains its uniqueness and variation.

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