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Preface

Active Social Studies is a comprehensive series of social studies for classes 1 to 8. It has been well designed keeping in view the age level and the requirement of the learners. Each book of this series is accompanied with a Teacher’s Resource Book.

Active Social Studies Teacher’s Resource Book has been prepared keeping in mind the benefits of the teachers as well as the students. It covers both scholastic and co-scholastic aspects of the students overall learning and development. Also, it is an initiative to help the teachers teach various skills and concepts to the learners in a meaningful manner. The method employed in this set is intended to encourage independent thinking.

Salient features:

• The teachers can plan their teaching process well ahead by going through this resource book.

• It comprises answers to coursebook exercise.

In a nutshell, we have made an earnest effort to prepare the resource book teacher-friendly. We are sure that it would be able to serve the purpose for which it is prepared.

—Publisher

ContentsHISTORY 5-24Chapter 1 : The Medieval India — When, Where and How 5Chapter 2 : The Regional Kingdoms-I 6Chapter 3 : The Sultanate Period 8Chapter 4 : The Regional Kingdoms-II 9Chapter 5 : The Mughal Empire 11Chapter 6 : Monumental Architecture 12Answer to Assignment-1 and Model Test Paper-1 13Chapter 7 : Towns, Traders and Craftsmen 15Chapter 8 : Tribal Communities 17Chapter 9 : Religious Beliefs 19Chapter 10 : Development of Regional Cultures 20Chapter 11 : Political Formations in the Eighteenth Century 22Answer to Assignment-2 and Model Test Paper-2 23

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE 25-39Chapter 1 : Democracy 25Chapter 2 : Pillars of Democracy 26 Chapter 3 : Institutional Representation of Democracy 27 Chapter 4 : State Government 28Answer to Assignment-1 and Model Test Paper-1 30Chapter 5 : Media and Democracy 33Chapter 6 : Advertising 34Chapter 7 : Markets Around Us 35Chapter 8 : Role of Gender 36Chapter 9 : India and Democracy 37Answer to Assignment-2 and Model Test Paper-2 38

GEOGRAPHY 40-60Chapter 1 : Our Environment 40Chapter 2 : The Structure of the Earth 41Chapter 3 : The Changing Earth 43Chapter 4 : Landforms of the Earth 44Chapter 5 : Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere 46Chapter 6 : Weather and Climate 47Answer to Assignment-1 and Model Test Paper-1 49Chapter 7 : Water 51Chapter 8 : Natural Vegetation and Wildlife 53Chapter 9 : Human Settlement 54Chapter 10 : Life in the Tropical and Subtropical Regions 55Chapter 11 : Life in the Temperate Grasslands 57Chapter 12 : Life in the Deserts 58Answer to Assignment-2 and Model Test Paper-2 59

5Active Social Studies Teacher’s Resource Book-7

CHAPTER - 1

THE MEDIEVAL INDIA — WHEN, WHERE AND HOWExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct option. 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c)

B. Match the following. 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (e) 4. (a) 5. (c)

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (F) 2. (T) 3. (T) 4. (F) 5. (T)

D. Answer the following questions in brief. 1. Medieval court historian Minhas-i-Siraj used the word ‘Hindustan’ to mean only the areas

covering Punjab, Haryana, Delhi and parts of modern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. 2. Babur, the first Mughal emperor, used the term ‘Hindustan’ to mean the whole of the Indian

subcontinent. 3. Coins provide us significant information regarding important dates, economic prosperity of

the region, its language and economic status, and various other aspects of social and religious life of people. The inscriptions found engraved on surfaces of rocks or stone are the most reliable sources of studying the history of the medieval period.

4. Prithviraj Raso was written by Chand Bardai. It tells about the life of the 12th century Indian king Prithviraj Chauhan.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. The term Hindustan stands for India in the medieval times. Subsequently, when the Indian

subcontinent came, to a large extent, under the British rule, India came to be known as ‘India’. Mughal emperor Babur used the term ‘Hindustan’ to mean whole of the Indian subcontinent.

2. The medieval period in India is characterised by some important historical developments. Old and new religion — The Greeks who came to India in the ancient period, followed

Indian religions—Hinduism or Buddhism. They adopted Indian culture and dresses. But the Turks, Afghans and Mughals brought their own culture and religion (Islam) with them. While Islam spread in India, Sikhism was also born. Later, Christianity also spread in India. In Hinduism itself, many changes took place, but continued to be the major religious system.

A composite culture — As a result of constant interaction between the old and new systems of faith, a composite culture began to evolve and spread across the Indian subcontinent. It reflected itself in language, literature, painting, architecture and sculpture.

HISTORY

6 Active Social Studies Teacher’s Resource Book-7

Stability and peace — Some of the Sultanate rulers and the Mughals were able to provide stability and peace for many centuries.

Sufism and Bhakti Movement — Sufism and Bhakti Movement developed during the medieval period. These movements brought Hinduism and Islam closer to each other. Emphasis was placed on love, brotherhood, tolerance and unity of god.

3. Information on the medieval period can be derived from two main sources—archaeological and literary.

Archaeological sources consist of inscriptions, coins, monuments, sculptures and other artefacts.

Literary sources include royal autobiographies, official records, chronicles, religious texts, works of historians and accounts of foreign travellers.

4. Many foreign travellers visited India during the medieval period. Al-Beruni and Ibn Batuta were sent by the ruler of Persia to the kingdom of Vijaynagar. Their writings and letters are very valuable sources for reconstructing the history of the medieval period in India.

Do and Learn (Do it yourself)

CHAPTER - 2

THE REGIONAL KINGDOMS-IExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (b)

B. Match the following. 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (e) 5. (c)

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (F) 2. (F) 3. (T) 4. (T) 5. (F)

D. Answer the following questions in brief. 1. Ajmer and Kota were the two important cities under the control of the Chauhans. 2. Bhoja Paramara was the most powerful ruler of the Paramara dynasty. 3. Mahmud Ghazni’s father Sabuktigin was the founder of the Ghaznavi dynasty. 4. The Nalanda university and Vikramshila university were two universities of Bihar during

the early medieval period. 5. Basavanna and Virashaiva saints popularised the Bhakti Movement in South India. 6. Mahmud of Ghazni plundered the Somnath temple in Gujarat.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. According to Hindu mythology, the Rajputs of Rajasthan were the descendants of the


kshatriyas or warrior class of Vedic India. The Rajputs claimed that they were ‘Suryavanshi’, descendants of the Sun’s family or ‘Chandravanshi’, descendants of the Moon’s family. Later, a third clan was added. It was called the ‘agni-kula’ or fire born. Members of this clan claimed that they had emerged from the flames of a sacrificial fire.

2. The struggle for control over Kannauj came to be known as the Tripartite struggle i.e. three sided struggle. It lasted for more than two centuries and weakened the Palas, the Gurjara-Pratiharas and the Rashtrakutas, the three dynasties involved in this struggle. The location of Kannauj was such that whoever held Kannauj could control the resources (minerals, agriculture, trade) of the entire Ganga valley since the eighth century.

3. The Tripartite struggle i.e. the three sided struggle, lasted for more than two centuries. It was fought between the Palas, the Gurjara-Pratiharas and the Rashtrakutas. The location of Kannauj was such that whoever held Kannauj could control the resources (minerals, agriculture, trade) of the entire Ganga valley since the eighth century.

4. Raja Raja Chola was a brilliant commander. He defeated the Pandyas and the Cheras. He built a strong navy to control trade along the coastal areas. The Chola fleet captured parts of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and the Maldive islands.

The army under Rajendra Chola defeated the Cheras, the Chalukyas and marched as far north as modern day West Bengal, where he defeated the Palas. Rajendra Chola’s most daring campaign was in south-east Asia and southern China.

5. The Chola empire was well-administered. For administrative convenience, the kingdom was divided into provinces called Mandalams, which were administered by governors. The Mandalams were further divided into a number of districts called valanadus. A valanadu consisted of a group of villages. The smallest unit of administration was the village or graman. The most striking feature of Chola administration was the institution of popular assemblies at different levels. Assembly at the district level was called Nattar. A big city also had its own assembly known as the Nagaratta. These assemblies performed several administrative functions.

6. The Chauhan dynasty flourished from 8th to 12th centuries AD. The Chauhans dominated in Delhi, Ajmer and Ranthambhor. They were also prominent at Sirohi in the south-west of Rajputana and at Bundi and Kota in the east. The most powerful Chauhan ruler was Prithviraj Chauhan. He resisted the Muslim attack in the first battle of Tarain in 1191.

7. The origin of the Pallavas is unknown. The Pallavas were in continuous conflict with the Chalukyas, Pandyas, Cheras and Cholas. The Chalukya ruler Pulakesin II defeated the Pallava ruler Mahendravarman I and annexed his northern provinces. Under the Pallavas, Kanchi became a great centre of Brahminical as well as Buddhist learning. The Pallava kings were patrons of art and architecture. The shore temples at Mahabalipuram and the Kailashnath temple at Kanchi are best examples of architecture of the Pallava period.

8. The area between the Narmada and Krishna rivers is known as the Deccan. The Rashtrakutas, Yadavas of Devagiri, Chalukyas of Kalyani, Kakatiyas of Warangal and Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra were the regional kingdoms of the Deccan. Among them Rashtrakutas were very powerful. The Rashtrakutas rose to power in the Deccan in the 8th century. They ruled for more than two centuries. Bhillama founded the kingdom of Devagiri in the 12th century. The Chalukyas were the dominant power in the Deccan. The Kakatiyas ruled in the 12th and 13th centuries. Their kingdom lay between the Godavari and Krishna rivers. The Hoysalas ruled in southern India from 1000 CE to about 1346 CE.



CHAPTER - 3

THE SULTANATE PERIODExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (b)

B. Match the following. 1. (e) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a)

C. Fill in the blanks. 1. Iltutmish was the most powerful ruler of the Slave dynasty. 2. Iltutmish completed the construction of the Qutub Minar in Delhi. 3. Alauddin developed an efficient administrative system. 4. The Qazi advised the sultan on religious issues. 5. The first battle of Panipat was fought between Ibrahim Lodi and Babur.

D. Answer the following questions in brief. 1. Qutb-ud-din Aibak founded the Slave dynasty. 2. Qutb-ud-din Aibak was the first sultan who established his capital in Delhi. 3. Razia Sultan was the daughter of Iltutmish. She was the first female Muslim ruler. The Turkish

nobles resented having a women as their ruler. 4. Balban introduced the Persian customs of Sijdah and Paibos or Zamindos. People were

against these customs, as they felt such customs were reserved for god alone. 5. The rulers of the Slave dynasty were called slaves or Mamluk. 6. Muhammad-bin Tughluq and Firoz Shah Tughluq were the two powerful sultans of the

Tughluq dynasty.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. In the administrative system of the Delhi sultanate, the central figure was the sultan. The

sultan was all powerful. To rule, he needed the support of the nobles. The nobles were a very powerful group. Some of them were governors while many others were military commanders. There were four departments or pillars of administration—

(i) Diwan-i-Wizarat (concerned with finance) (ii) Diwan-i-Risalat (concerned with religious military) (iii) Diwan-i-Arz (concerned with matters) (iv) Diwan-i-Insha (concerned with royal correspondence)


The sultan selected nobles to head the different departments of the state. The Wazir was the Prime Minister. He was very powerful. The Qazi was the chief judge and the sultan’s advisor on religious issues. The Bakshi was the paymaster of the army. Ariz-i-Mumalik held the overall charge of the army.

2. The two ways in which Firoz Shah Tughluq improved cultivation and promoted welfare of the people—

(i) Made efforts to improve cultivation. He reclaimed waste land and brought it under farming. He repaired the old canals and dug new ones.

(ii) He reduced the taxes. 3. Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, son-in-law of Qutb-ub-din Aibak succeeded the throne. He is

considered to be the real founder of the Islamic empire in India. Under his rule, the Slave dynasty was able to find a strong footing and established itself as an important kingdom.

4. Alauddin Khalji fixed the prices of foodgrains, clothes and other essential commodities. The merchants had to sell all commodities at fixed rates. If they failed to carry out these orders, they were punished. Although this was done to benefit the soldiers, ordinary people also benefited from it.

5. To prevent the recurrence of rebellions Sultan Alauddin decided to uproot the causes and hence introduced four important ordinances as part of his administrative policies.

The first ordinance was made to confiscate all religious endowments and free grants of lands. The nobility had to pay land tax for their holdings and the tax collectors were required to extort from them as much money as possible on any pretext. By a second ordinance the Sultan re-organised the espionage system. A considerably big army of spies was created. The third ordinance prohibited the use of liquor and drugs. By the fourth ordinance Alauddin ordered the nobles not to have social gatherings and not to make inter-marriage without his permission. Social gatherings and friendly meetings of the nobles came to an end.

6. Daughter of Iltutmish, Razia Sultan, was the first female Muslim ruler. The Turkish nobles resented having a women as their ruler. They began to conspire against her. In 1239, the Turkish governor of Lahore rebelled against her. Then the governor of Bhatinda revolted.

Do and Learn(Do it yourself)

CHAPTER - 4

THE REGIONAL KINGDOMS-IIExerciseMultiple Choice QuestionsA. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (a)

B. Match the following. 1. (e) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a)


C. Fill in the blanks. 1. Udaipur was the capital of the Rajput kingdom of Mewar. 2. The most powerful Sharqi ruler was Ibrahim Shah Sharqi. 3. Nicolo Conti visited Vijayanagar in 1420 AD. 4. The kingdom of Vijayanagar lasted for 300 years.

D. Answer the following questions in brief. 1. In the 14th century, Shah Mir started a Muslim dynasty in Kashmir. 2. Zain-ul-Abidin, also known as ‘Budshah’ was the greatest ruler of Kashmir. 3. Rana Sanga was the greatest ruler of Mewar. The Rajput strength reached its zenith under

Rana Sanga. 4. The kingdom of Malwa was founded by Dilawar Khan in 1401. 5. Harihara and Bukka were two brothers who established the Vijaynagar empire. 6. Bahmani kingdom had broken up into five independent sultanates. The kingdom declined

because the later kings who followed were weak.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Zain-ul-Abidin, the greatest ruler of Kashmir was popularly called the ‘Akbar of Kashmir’.

He practised religious tolerance and patronised education and learning. 2. Krishnadeva Raya was the greatest ruler of the Vijaynagar empire. He defeated the Bahmani

sultan and the king of Orissa. He also annexed the Raichur Doab, a very fertile area between the Krishna and the Tungabhadra rivers. Under him, the empire covered the whole of south India.

3. Marwar and Mewar were the two Rajput kingdoms of the period. The Rathors ruled Marwar. Rathor is a Rajput tribe of India from the Marwar region of western Rajasthan. Rana Kumbha and Rana Sanga were great Rajput kings of Mewar. The Rajput strength reached its zenith under Rana Sanga.

Administrative divisions of the Vijayanagar empire The king was the head of the government and he was guided by a group of ministers. The

entire empire was divided into provinces (mandalas). The provinces were administered by chieftains and nobles. The provinces were further divided into Grama (village), Nagara (town) and Nadu (bigger than village).

The central government was dominated by the emperor who was the apex of the whole system. In civil, military and judicial affairs, the authority of the ruler was final. The social, administrative and judicial matters in the villages were looked after by the local assemblies.

4. Revenue from land was the main source of income of the Vijaynagar empire. It was levied according to the fertility of land.

5. Mahmud Gawan was the Wazir of the Bahmani king Muhammad Shah III. He made the kingdom very powerful. He expanded the kingdom and reorganised the administration. He encouraged the growth of Urdu. He also built a magnificent madrasa in Bihar.



CHAPTER - 5

THE MUGHAL EMPIREExerciseMultiple Choice QuestionsA. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (a)

B. Match the following. 1. (c) 2. (e) 3. (a) 4. (f) 5. (b) 6. (d)

C. Answer the following questions in brief. 1. In the battle of Khanwa, Babur defeated Rana Sanga, the Rajput chief of Mewar. 2. Sher Shah was the son of an Afghan jagirdar. He introduced the silver coin ‘Rupaya’ and the

copper ‘dam’, and abolished all old and mixed metal currency. 3. Sher Shah promoted trade and commerce by reducing custom duties, and built an excellent

network of roads. 4. To gain the loyalty of Rajputs, Akbar followed the policy of matrimonial alliance. He treated

them honourably and allowed the Rajput kings to continue ruling over their territories. 5. In the North-West, Jahangir lost Kandhar to the Persians. This was a huge loss as the major

trade routes between India and West Asia passed through Kandhar. 6. The revolts of Jats and Satnamis broke out during Aurangzeb’s reign.

D. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. For administrative purposes, Akbar divided his empire into 15 provinces called Subas. These

Subas were under the control of provincial governors called Subedars and Sipahsalars. The Subas or provinces were further divided into districts called Sarkars. The districts

were sub-divided into smaller units called Parganas which were under Faujdars. Each Pargana consisted of a number of villages. The Muqaddam and Patwari looked after village administration.

2. Akbar created an imperial service based on merit and rank or position. It was called Mansabdari system. The Mansabdars or the holders of this rank enjoyed certain privileges, and had certain functions to perform. The Mansabdars held their appointment directly from the emperor. They acted both as military commanders and civil administrators. The highest rank was generally reserved for members of the royal family and the nobles. Each Mansab maintained a fixed number of horses, camels and carts.

3. Shah Jahan’s reign witnessed many revolts. The Bundela Rajputs of Bundelkhand revolted against him. Shah Jahan crushed this revolt easily. Shah Jahan invaded the Deccan and annexed Ahmadnagar in 1632, Bijapur and Golconda signed a peace treaty with Shah Jahan and agreed to pay an annual tribute. In order to add Samarkand to his empire, Shah Jahan sent an army to Balkh and Badakshan in central Asia.

4. Raja Todar Mal was the Finance Minister of the Mughal empire during Akbar’s reign. He introduced standard weights and measures, a land survey and settlement system, revenue districts and officers. He introduced a new system of revenue known as Zabt and a system of taxation called Danshala.


5. After listening to many religious scholars, Akbar decided on a new religion which he called Din-I-Ilahi and encouraged his subjects to follow it. This religion promoted many universal values such as compassion and piety. This religion was also called the religion of god. This was a synthesis of all religions based on the idea of god as Supreme Being. It also emphasised the idea of divine kingship.


CHAPTER - 6

MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTUREExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (c)

B. Match the following. 1. (e) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d)

C. Answer the following questions in brief. 1. Buland Darwaza and Jama Masjid were two buildings built by Akbar at Fatehpur Sikri. 2. The two main features used in the buildings of medieval period were the arch and the dome.

There was no longer the need to construct pillars to support the roof. Starting with half domes, there was a shift towards full domes. Some buildings also had minarets. Most early structures were built of red sandstone. Later, monuments began to be made of stone covered with plaster. They were decorated with floral and geometric designs.

3. Jahangir completed Akbar’s tomb at Sikandara. 4. The two distinguishing features of Mughal architecture are as follows— (i) For the construction of buildings, white marble and red sandstone were mainly used. (ii) The buildings were decorated with natural scenery, precious stones of different colours

and mosaic work. 5. It was in the field of architecture that the Mughals made their greatest contribution to Indian

culture. Their buildings are great masterpieces of all times. Babur and Humayun had great liking for Persian style of architecture. During Akbar’s reign, Indian style got embedded in it and during the rule of successors, it was entirely Indian.

6. Humayun’s tomb is located in Delhi. Two main features of Humayun’s tomb includes (i) the architectural style is a delightful amalgamation of the Persian, Turkish and Indian influences; and (ii) Humayun’s tomb heralded the beginning of new architectural style in India, in both size and grandeur.

7. The Bara Imambara was built by Nawab Asaf-ud-Daula in 1784. It was built to provide work for the famine-stricken people of the region.


D. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Kings in medieval India built forts, palaces and tombs to impress others with their power,

position and wealth. Kings celebrated their victories in war by building monuments. They wanted to demonstrate their devotion to God. They did so by building places of worship such as temples and mosques.

2. In south India, the Pallavas, the Pandyas and the Cholas were great temple builders. The Pallava kings built the Ratha temple and the Shore temple at Mahabalipuram and the Kailashnath temple at Kanchi. The Pandyas constructed numerous temples in Madurai. The Chola kings built a large number of temples at Tanjore. Chola temples were built in the Dravidian style.

Early temples were simple structures. Later, they became bigger and grander. The main shrine where images of gods and goddesses were kept was known as garbhagriha. The mandapa was generally situated in front of the main shrine. It was an audience hall where people gathered for prayers. On top of the main shrine was a tall structure or tower called shikhara.

3. The Indo-Islamic style of architecture influenced the regional kingdoms. Ahmad Shah of Gujarat laid the foundation of Ahmedabad and decorated it with grand structures. The most famous among them is the Jami Masjid and the Sidi Sayyid mosque. The rulers of Malwa built numerous structures at Mandu. Some of these are the Jama Masjid, the Hindola Mahal, the Asharfi Mahal, the Jahaz Mahal and the tomb of Hushang Shah. The Adina Masjid at Pandua and the Dakhil Darwaza at Gaur are the most impressive monuments of the Ilyas Shahi and Husain Shahi rulers of Bengal. In Jaunpur, Ibrahim Shah Sharqui built the Atala Masjid.

The rulers of Vijayanagar empire, Bahmani kingdom were also builders of palaces, mosques and tombs.

4. Akbar and Shah Jahan were great builders. Akbar’s buildings were mainly made of red sandstone. His buildings at Fatehpur Sikri are excellent. During the reign of Jahangir precious and semi-precious stones were fashioned into the marble. Architectural activities reached their peak under Shah Jahan. The Indo-Islamic style of architecture improved. The Taj Mahal is the most famous creation of Shah Jahan. He also built the Moti Masjid, the Jama Masjid and the Red Fort.

Do and Learn(Do it yourself)

Assignment-1 (Based on Chapters 1 to 6)

(Do it yourself)

Model Test Paper-1 (Based on Chapters 1 to 6)

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (c)


B. Very short answer questions. 1. Babur used the term ‘Hindustan’ to mean the whole of the Indian subcontinent. 2. Kirtivarman was the most powerful ruler of the Chandella dynasty. 3. Ajmer and Kota were the two important cities under the control of the Chauhans. 4. Razia Sultan ruled Delhi between 1236 to 1240 AD. 5. Qutb-ud-din Aibak founded the Slave dynasty. 6. Zain-ul-Abidin was the greatest ruler of Kashmir. 7. Sher Shah was the son of an Afghan jagirdar. He introduced the silver coin ‘Rupaya’ and the

copper ‘dam’ and abolished all old and mixed metal currency. 8. Buland Darwaza and Jama Masjid were the two buildings built by Akbar at Fatehpur Sikri.

C. Answer the questions in 20-40 words. 1. The Sultans of Delhi were replaced by the Mughals. They ruled strongly till 1707. Babur

founded the Mughal empire by defeating Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat in 1526. In 1530, Babur’s son Humayun came into power. He re-established Mughal rule in India. He was succeeded by his son Akbar, who was the great emperor and brought almost the entire of India under his rule. Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb were the other Mughal kings.

2. In the administrative system of the Delhi Sultanate, the central figure was the Sultan. The Sultan was all powerful. There were four departments or pillars of the Delhi Sultanate administration. They are—

(i) Diwan-i-Wizarat (concerned with finance) (ii) Diwan-i-Risalat (concerned with religious matters) (iii) Diwan-i-Arz (concerned with military) (iv) Diwan-i-Insha (concerned with royal correspondence) 3. Krishnadeva Raya was the greatest ruler of the Vijaynagar empire. He defeated the Bahmani

sultan and the king of Orissa. He also annexed the Raichur Doab, a very fertile area between the Krishna and the Tungabhadra rivers. Under him, the empire covered the whole of south India.

4. In the battle of Khanwa, Babur defeated Rana Sanga, the Rajput chief of Mewar. 5. Kings in medieval India built forts, palaces and tombs to impress others with their power,

position and wealth. Kings celebrated their victories in war by building monuments. They wanted to demonstrate their devotion to god. They did so by building places of worship such as temples and mosques.

D. Answer the questions in 50-70 words. 1. The struggle for control over Kannauj came to be known as Tripartite Struggle i.e. three

sided struggle. It lasted for more than two centuries and weakened the Palas, the Gurjara-Pratiharas and the Rashtrakutas, the three dynasties involved in this struggle. The location of Kannauj was such that whoever held Kannauj could control the resources (minerals, agriculture, trade) of the entire Ganga valley since the eighth century.

2. Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, son-in-law of Qutb-ud-din Aibak succeeded the throne. He is considered to be the real founder of the Islamic empire in India. Under his rule, the Slave dynasty was able to find a strong footing and established itself as an important kingdom.

3. Mahmud Gawan was a patron of learning. He was well-versed in mathematics and literature.


He encouraged the growth of Urdu. Many scholars from Persia came to the Bahmani court. He also built a magnificent madarsa in Bidar. Many students from different parts of India and abroad came to this madarsa to study.

4. Revenue from land was the main source of income of the Vijaynagar empire. It was levied according to the fertility of land.

5. Akbar created an imperial service based on merit and rank or position. It was called the Mansabdari System. The Mansabdars or the holders of this rank enjoyed certain privileges, and had certain functions to perform. The Mansabdsars held their appointment directly from the emperor. They acted both as military commanders and civil administrators. The highest rank was generally reserved for members of the royal family and the nobles. Each Mansab maintained a fixed number of horses, camels and carts.

6. In south India, the Pallavas, the Pandyas and the Cholas were great temple builders. The Pallava kings built the Ratha temple and the Shore temple at Mahabalipuram and the Kailashnath temple at Kanchi. The Pandyas constructed numerous temples in Madurai. The Chola kings built a large number of temples at Tanjore. Chola temples were built in the Dravidian style. Early temples were simple structures. Later, they became bigger and grander. The main shrine where images of gods and goddesses were kept was known as garbhagriha. The mandapa was generally situated in front of the main shrine. It was an audience hall where people gathered for prayers. On top of the main shrine was a tall structure or tower called Shikhara.

E. 1. (Do it yourself) 2. (Do it yourself) 3. Gulbarga and Bidar were the two capitals of the Bahmani kingdom. 4. Qutb-ud-din Aibak built the Adhai din ka Jhonpra at Ajmer.

CHAPTER - 7

TOWNS, TRADERS AND CRAFTSMENExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c)

B. Match the following. 1. (c) 2. (e) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (f) 6. (d)

C. Fill in the blanks. 1. Hampi was the medieval capital of the Vijaynagar empire. 2. Surat was a commercial town situated in Gujarat. 3. Kasim Bazar in Bengal was an important trading town for cotton. 4. Bidar was famous for its beautiful bidri work. 5. Masulipatnam was well-known for its Kalamkari fabrics.


D. Answer the following questions in brief. 1. The place where kings held their courts often developed into a town. These were also centres

of administration. For example, first Agra, then Fatehpur Sikri and thereafter Lahore were the seats of emperor Akbar.

2. Specialised crafts were concentrated at different places. Kings and nobles required luxury goods. This led to the growth of craft towns.

3. Varanasi and Allahabad are two holy shrines of India. 4. Surat became a very important commercial city, famous for all types of clothes particularly

cotton textiles.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Several towns developed around places of religious importance for both Hindus and

Muslims. Varanasi and Allahabad were believed to be holy places, being visited by Hindus from all over India. Sanchi, Kurukshetra, Nankana Sahib, Amritsar, Jagannath Puri, Tirupati, Somnath, Kanchipuram, Madurai and Mathura were pilgrimage towns. Some of these are famous temple towns.

2. Hampi was the capital of the mighty Vijaynagar empire. Hampi was the main religious center and continues to be the same today because of its ancient Virupaksha temple and many such places. Along with this, there are more than 500 ancient monuments in the form of very old market streets, royal pavilions, remains of ancient aquatic structures etc. This makes Hampi a religious as well as historic place in India that is packed with history in the form of ruins.

3. During the reign of the Mughals, Surat became a very important commercial city, famous for all types of clothes particularly cotton textiles. Fine cotton textiles with ‘Zari’ borders were produced by craftsmen. These were exported to markets in west Asia and Europe. The English set up a trading post in Surat in 1612. They were followed by the Dutch and the French.

The location of Surat also helped it to prosper. Ships carrying Haj pilgrims to Mecca set sail from here, realising its importance.

4. The importance of Masulipatnam was due to the fact that it was a major port city of the prosperous Golconda kingdom. It has been the centre of trade rivalry between the Dutch, the English and the French companies in the 17th century. The English had set up a factory at Masulipatnam in 1633. The Dutch also had a trading settlement at Masulipatnam.

Masulipatnam has been well-known for its Kalamkari fabrics. Masulipatnam was also known for its carpets and curtains industry. It had a lucrative trade in textiles and spices. Craftsmen at Masulipatnam made curtains for export to European cities.



CHAPTER - 8

TRIBAL COMMUNITIESExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c)

B. Match the following. 1. (d) 2. (e) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a)

C. Answer the following questions in brief. 1. Gonds, Santhals, Bhils, Bhutias and Khasis are some of the major tribal groups in India. 2. The Santhals are mostly found in the eastern parts of India. 3. The adivasis are primitive families or communities united by racial bonds. They are believed

to be the earliest settlers in the Indian peninsula. They usually live in remote areas, forests, hills, deserts etc.

4. Most nomadic tribal groups follow a fixed annual or seasonal pattern of movements and settlements, Nomadic people traditionally travel by animal or canoe or on foot. Most nomads live in tents or other portable shelters. Most nomads travel in groups of families called bands or tribes.

5. Tribal people had adopted different kinds of lifestyles. They were very dependent on natural resources. Some tribes earned their livelihood from agriculture, some were hunter- gatherers, while others were nomads. By the medieval period, many forests had been cleared for cultivation and many pasture lands had been brought under cultivation. As a result, many tribes settled down and joined the mainstream of society. This led to their gradual assimilation into the society at large.

6. The Ahoms belonged to Mao-Shan tribe of China. They began to migrate to upper Myanmar (Burma) and then, gradually entered India.

D. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. The lifestyle of tribal society is primitive and depends entirely on their characteristic ways

of non-monetary transacted life. Due to this reason the tribal societies are known as simple societies.

2. Some key features of the tribal societies in India are as follows— (i) Some of the tribes like Birhors and Hill Kharias are living by hunting, food gathering

and fishing. (ii) There are some other tribes who practise slash and burn cultivation. Juangs and Hill

Bhuiyans are some of the tribes, who practise this type of cultivation. (iii) There are many tribes who practise settled agriculture. (iv) Some tribal groups like Koyas practise pastoralism or animal rearing. (v) The Mahalis and Kol Lohari are artisans engaged in basketmaking or working as

blacksmiths using primitive techniques.


(vi) Some of them like Pradhans of Madhya Pradesh are folk artists. 3. Changes in tribal societies after being organised into a state— (i) With the support of the Brahmanas, many tribes became part of the caste system. (ii) Leading tribal families joined ruling classes and a large majority joined the lower jatis

of caste society. (iii) Many dominant tribes of Punjab, Sindh and North-West Frontier had adopted Islam. (iv) Some became politically powerful and clashed with larger and more complex kingdoms

and empires. 4. Administration of the Ahom state— (i) The administration was centralised during the first half of the 17th century. (ii) The Ahom state depended upon forced labour to work for the state and were called

paiks. (iii) Almost all adult males served in the army during war and in other times, they were

engaged in building dams, irrigation systems and other public works. (iv) Ahom society was divided into clans who often controlled several villages. (v) The peasant was given land by his village community and even the king could not take

it away without the permission of the community. 5. Write short notes on Rani Durgawati — Garh Katanga was one of the most powerful kingdoms of its times.

Rani Durgawati was one of the most powerful personalities in the Gonds. After the death of her husband, she began to rule as the regent of her minor son. Akbar offered her the choice of becoming a vassal of the Mughals and thus live peacefully. She, however refused to acknowledge Akbar’s overlordship. In 1565, the Mughals attacked Garh Katanga. Rani Durgawati put up a stiff resistance and died fighting for the cause of her kingdom.

Bhils — The Bhils are the second largest tribal group in the country. They are concentrated mainly in some districts of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Rajasthan. It is a very ancient tribe. We find references to it in the Mahabharata as well as the Ramayana. The Bhils provided military assistance to Rana Pratap in his struggle against the Mughals.

Life in an Ahom village — Bihu has been the most precious gift of Ahoms to Assam. Ahoms have been second to none in architecture and monuments. They make the best of cuisines. They are straightforward people. Ahom was the only kingdom in India which won over the well-organised and mighty Mughals. Ahoms are very hard-working and industrious.



CHAPTER - 9

RELIGIOUS BELIEFSExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a)

B. Match the following. 1. (d) 2. (e) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b)

C. Answer the following questions in brief. 1. The word ‘Bhakti’ means devotion to God. 2. Guru Nanak founded Sikhism. His main teachings are as follows— (i) The ultimate aim in life should be to reach god. Only good actions could lead individuals

to reach god. (ii) He advised people to recite the word Satnam or the True Name. (iii) He opposed caste distinctions. He also disapproved idol worship. (iv) He taught religious tolerance and believed in the equality of all religions. (v) True knowledge could be attained only under the guidance of a Guru. 3. Kabir is regarded as a great mystic saint. He was the disciple of the famous saint Ramanand. 4. The Sufis were the Muslim devotees who emphasised personal devotion to god through

love. 5. Ramananda was a famous Bhakti saint. He was the guru of Saint Kabir.

D. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Four major teachings of Kabir are as follows— (a) He emphasised the equality of all religions. (b) He denounced idol worship and believed in a formless (Nirakar) god. (c) He did not believe in meaningless rituals, such as pilgrimage to holy places. (d) Devotion to god was regarded as an effective means of salvation. 2. The Bhakti Movement in south India was led by Ramanujacharya and Madhavacharya.

Ramananda, Kabir, Guru Nanak, Tukaram, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Meerabai, Vallabhacharya were some of the prominent Bhakti saints. They stressed the significance of leading a pious life. They strongly criticised idol worship, caste system and various superstitious beliefs. Their teachings were in the language of the common people.

3. Shankaracharya laid emphasis on the philosophy of Upanishads, the Advaita system. It means that the ultimate reality is God, ‘Brahma’, who is impersonal or formless.

4. The following were the teachings of Sufism— (i) According to Sufi saints, god is one. We are all the progenies of god. Love is the true

path to achieve god.


(ii) According to Sufi saints, man is great not by what religion he follows but by his actions. (iii) All religions are equal, because the attainment of god is the ultimate objective for all of

them. The Sufis also held that people needed Pirs to guide them. 5. Guru Nanak, Guru Angad, Guru Amar Das, Guru Ramdas, Guru Arjan Dev, Guru Hargobind,

Guru Har Rai, Guru Har Kishan, Guru Tegh Bahadur and Guru Gobind Singh were the ten Sikh gurus.

Guru Nanak was the founder of Sikhism. He started the institution of Guru ka Langar. Guru Angad standardised and popularised the Gurumukhi script. Guru Ramdas made the Guru- Gaddi hereditary. He founded the holy city of Amritsar in 1575. Guru Arjan Dev completed the construction of Amritsar and erected the Harmandar Sahib (the Golden Temple). Guru Hargobind Singh constructed the Akal Takht at Amritsar. Under the guidance and leadership of Guru Har Rai, Sikhism expanded its organisational work. Guru Tegh Bahadur opposed the forced conversions of the Hindu Kashmiri Pandits by Muslims. Guru Govind Singh founded the Khalsa Panth in 1699. He passed the Guruship of the Sikhs to the Guru Granth Sahib.


CHAPTER - 10

DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL CULTURESExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (a)

B. Match the following. 1. (c) 2. (e) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b)

C. Give one-word answer for the following questions. 1. Somadeva 2. Pahari or Kangra school of paintings 3. Mughal emperor Jahangir 4. Mughal dynasty

D. Answer the following questions in brief. 1. During the reign of later Mughals, Urdu became an important language for literary

expressions. The Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah patronised Urdu. 2. Pampa, Ponna and Ranna were the three gems of Kannada literature. 3. Hindi, Sanskrit, Bengali and Marathi were some of the regional languages that became

popular means of literary expression during the medieval period. 4. Rajput paintings can be divided into two major schools—the Rajasthani school and the

Pahari school. The Rajasthani school of art flourished in Rajasthan and Central India. The


rulers of the Himalayan states of Kullu, Mandi, Jammu and Garhwal were patrons of the Pahari school.

5. The Jaipur gharana and the Lucknow gharana are the two famous kathak gharanas. 6. During the medieval period, a large number of temples were constructed in Bengal. Most of

these were modest brick and terracotta structures with four triangular roofs, moving up to converge at a point. The outer walls of temples are covered with terracotta tiles, depicting scenes from the epics.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Amir Khusrau was the greatest Persian writer during the medieval period. He wrote mainly

in Persian, but he also contributed to the growth of Urdu and Hindi literature. His style of writing was called Hindawi. He also developed a new musical style called qawwali. He is also credited with having introduced some musical instruments like the sitar.

2. Akbar encouraged Persian literature. He had the Ramayana and Mahabharata translated into Persian. Books in Arabic and Turkish were also translated into Persian. Many original works in Persian were also written.

3. The painting style that developed during the Mughal period was a synthesis of Indian and Persian traditions. Mughal miniature paintings are very beautiful. The painters used bright colours such as peacock blue and red. The themes of the paintings were very varied. Popular themes included scenes of the royal hunts, nature scenes (animals, birds and flowers) depicting everyday life; themes from mythology; and episodes from Hindu epics and Persian classics. Some painters were expert at painting portraits of kings and queens. Skilled painters also decorated books with beautiful miniatures.

4. Write short notes on (a) Music during the Mughal period — Music flourished under the Mughal emperors.

Abul Fazal mentions 36 musicians, who played music in the court of Akbar. The most famous among them was Tansen. He composed many new ragas, the most popular among them being Raga Darbari and Raga Deepak. Jahangir and Shah Jahan also employed many court musicians.

(b) Literature and painting in medieval Bengal — The rulers of Bengal were great lovers of literature. The sultans of Bengal got many Persian books translated into Bengali. Maladhar Basu was a well-known Bengali poet of that time. The ruler of Bengal honoured him with the title of ‘Gunaraja Khan’. Another famous contemporary poet Chandidas, wrote many devotional poems on the divine Radha-Krishna romance. Krittivasa Ojha wrote the Bengali version of Ramayana, and Maladhar Basu translated the Bhagwad Gita into Bengali from Sanskrit.

Hundreds of illustrated manuscripts from the Husain Shahi period have been found in Bengal. The paintings of Bengal resemble the paintings of the Sultanate period.



CHAPTER - 11

POLITICAL FORMATIONS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURYExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (b)

B. Match the following. 1. (d) 2. (e) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c)

C. Fill in the blanks. 1. When Nadir Shah invaded India Muhammad Shah was the Mughal emperor. 2. The name of Jat ruler who completed the ‘Iron fort’ of Bharatpur was Surajmal. 3. The Third Battle of Panipat was fought in 1761 between Maratha army and Ahmad Shah. 4. Ashta Pradhan was the council of eight ministers under Shivaji. 5. Baji Rao was the most influential among all the Maratha Peshwas.

D. Answer the following questions in brief. 1. Bahadur Shah Zafar was the last Mughal emperor. 2. Saadat Khan founded the kingdom of Awadh. 3. Shivaji Bhonsle is recognised as the ‘Father of Maratha Nation’. 4. Saadat Khan was the Governor of Awadh. He was succeeded by Safdar Jung. 5. Aurangzeb sent the Rajput chief Raja Jai Singh to deal with Shivaji.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Aurangzeb’s reimposition of Jazya tax sowed the seeds of discontent and rebellion among

Hindus and other non-Muslim communities in many parts of the empire. These included Jats, Sikhs and Rajputs in the North and Maratha forces in the Deccan. After Aurangzeb, later Mughal emperors were incompetent and did not have the skills to rule over a vast empire. These factors paved the way for the decline of the Mughal empire.

2. The Marathas emerged as a powerful force under Shivaji. He captured a lot of territory and challenged the authority of Aurangzeb. He also reformed the revenue and military administration. Shivaji is recognised as the ’Father of Maratha Nation’.

3. The Prime Minister was called Peshwa. His main duty was to work for the welfare of the public and look after them. He represented the king in his absence. He also supervised various departments of the kingdom. After Aurangzeb’s death, various forces were at work that transferred Shivaji’s kingdom into a confederacy led by a hereditary minister, the Peshwa.

4. Write short notes on Haider Ali — A Hindu king ruled over Mysore. Haider Ali, one of the officers of the army,

staged a coup in 1761 and captured the throne of Mysore. He conquered several territories and consolidated the empire. He had many campaigns and he fought against the Marathas, the Nizam and the British.


Ranjit Singh — He was the chief of one of the Misls (small chiefdomes). He showed great qualities of military leadership and administrative skills. He united these chiefdomes into a powerful kingdom. He was proclaimed Maharaja in 1801. He established an efficient system of administration.

Ashta Pradhan — Ashta Pradhan was a council of eight ministers that administered the Maratha empire. The council was formed in 1674 by their king, Chhatrapati Shivaji.



(Do it yourself)


A. Tick (3) the correct option. 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (a)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Hampi was the medieval capital of Vijaynagar empire. 2. The Gonds established a powerful kingdom in Central India. 3. The leader of the Bhakti Movement was Ramanujacharya. 4. Persian literature entered a new era in the writings of Amir Khusrau. 5. The Third battle of Panipat was fought in 1761 between Maratha army and Ahmad Shah.


D. Answer the following questions in brief. 1. The place where kings held their courts often developed into a town. These were also centres

of administration. For example, first Agra, then Fatehpur Sikri and thereafter Lahore were the seats of emperor Akbar.

2. Varanasi and Allahabad (Prayag) are believed to be holy places in India. 3. Gonds, Santhals, Bhils, Bhutias and Khasis are some of the major tribal groups in India. 4. The word ‘Bhakti’ means devotion to god. 5. Sufis were Muslim devotees who emphasised personal devotion to God through love. 6. Pampa, Ponna and Ranna were the three gems of Kannada literature.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Several towns developed around places of religious importance for both Hindus and

Muslims. Varanasi and Allahabad are believed to be holy places, being visited by Hindus from all over India. Sanchi, Kurukshetra, Nankana Sahib, Amritsar, Jagannath Puri, Tirupati, Somnath, Kanchipuram, Madurai and Mathura are pilgrimage towns. Some of these are famous temple towns.


2. Hampi was the capital of the mighty Vijaynagar empire. Hampi was the main religious centre and continues to be the same today because of its ancient Virupaksha temple and many such places. Along with this, there are more than 500 ancient monuments in the form of very old market streets, royal pavilions, remains of anicient aquatic structures etc. This makes Hampi a religious as well as historic place in India packed with history in its ruins.

3. Changes in tribal societies after being organised into a state— (i) With the support of the Brahmanas, many tribes became part of the caste system. (ii) Leading tribal families joined the lower jatis of caste society. (iii) Many dominant tribes of Punjab, Sindh and North-West Frontier had adopted Islam. (iv) Some became politically powerful and clashed with larger and more complex kingdoms

and empires. 4. The main teachings of Guru Nanak are as follows— (i) The ultimate aim in life should be to reach God. (ii) He advised people to recite the word Satnam or the ‘True Name’. (iii) He opposed caste distinctions. He also disapproved idol worship. (iv) He taught religious tolerance and believed in the equality of all religions. (v) True knowledge could be attained only under the guidance of a Guru. 5. Akbar encouraged Persian literature. He had the Ramayana and Mahabharata translated

into Persian. Books in Arabic and Turkish were also translated into Persian. Many original works in Persian were also written.

6. The Prime Minister was called Peshwa. His main duty was to work for the welfare of the public and look after them. He represented the king in his absence. He also supervised various departments of kingdom. After Aurangzeb’s death, various forces were at work that transferred Shivaji’s kingdom into a confederacy led by a hereditary ministers, the Peshwa.


SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE

CHAPTER - 1

DEMOCRACYExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (c)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. ‘Demos’ means people and ‘Kratos’ means power. 2. Dictatorship means the rule by an unelected and all-powerful dictator. 3. In India, people elect their representatives for a fixed term. 4. Economic democracy makes no distinction between the rich and the poor. 5. Article 17 abolishes the practise of untouchability.

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (T) 3. (F) 4. (T) 5. (F)

D. Answer the following questions in brief. 1. Democracy is a system of government where the people rule themselves either directly or

indirectly through their elected representatives. 2. Abraham Lincoln defines democracy as “the government of the people, by the people and

for the people”. 3. Bangladesh 4. A system in which people elect their representatives for a fixed term who in turn form and

run the government on their behalf. This is called indirect democracy. In many countries of the world, it is in practice. India is one of its example.

5. A country with an elected government and an elected head of state is a democratic republic. In this sense, India is one of the most stable democracies in the world.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. In the unitary form of government, all the powers are vested in the central government. The

whole territory is governed from a single centre of power. In a federal form of government, there is a division of power between two levels of government

of equal status. 2. Rule of law is the principle that all people and institutions are subject to and accountable to

law that is fairly applied and enforced. 3. All adult men and women, who are 18 years old or above, can cast their vote to elect their

representatives. In doing so, they participate in the governance of the country. When people enjoy the right to elect and remove their leaders, it is political democracy.


4. A democracy by definition is government through elected representatives. It is a form of society which favours equal rights, freedom of speech and a fair trial and tolerates the views of minorities.

5. Article 15 of the Indian Constitution makes provisions to treat people equally and with dignity. The government has tried to enforce equality as mentioned in the constitution, through different laws as well as schemes for the disadvantaged sections of the society. One such scheme is the mid-day meal scheme. Through this scheme, children in elementary government schools are provided cooked lunch.


CHAPTER - 2

PILLARS OF DEMOCRACYExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. If none of the political parties gets majority coalition government is formed. 2. Political awareness is an essential condition of democracy. 3. Political leaders enlighten the voters. 4. A democratic government is dependent on enlightened citizens. 5. Enlightened, tolerant and disciplined citizens are important for the successful working of

democracy.

C. Write ‘T‘ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (T) 3. (F) 4. (T) 5. (T)

D. Answer the following questions in brief. 1. The rule of law states that in a democracy, every citizen is equal before the law. 2. Public opinion plays a very important role in a democracy. Common people generally do

not have much knowledge about political problems. Political parties present such problems to the people in simple language, thus creating political awakening and awareness among them. Political parties convey their views to people in different ways and through different means of mass communication, such as newspapers, magazines, public meetings, dramas etc. The ruling party can retain power only with a favourable public opinion.

3. Democracy rests upon the principles of majority rule, coupled with individual and majority rights.

4. In a democratic system, people should respect the rights and views of others. They should respect the opinion of others even if those opinions contradict their own.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Enlightened leadership is a leadership of responsibility and freedom. Out of responsibility


comes freedom and out of the freedom grows responsibility. It is a responsibility for the self, for the fellow human beings, for the society at large, and for the whole existence outside. Responsibility and freedom are two sides of the same phenomenon and are inter-related.

2. A good democratic government is possible in a country only if the citizens of that country are conscious of their rights and duties. They have to be vigilant. Today, citizens often have to take hard decisions on important issues. Therefore, they should possess prefect knowledge of the problem before their country.

3. In a democratic government, people are provided social and economic power. A democratic society is free from all forms of discrimination, based on caste, gender, religion and language. A society can be called democratic if all its members are respected as human beings and with dignity. A democratic government launches many welfare activities for economically and socially weaker sections of the society. If there are yawning gaps of inequality between the rich and the poor, it is not a true democracy. So, social and economic equality is an essential condition for the successful working of a democracy.

4. For good governance, people should be aware of their rights and duties. They should be willing to fight for their rights as also be equally willing to perform their duties.


CHAPTER - 3

INSTITUTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF DEMOCRACYExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (d)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. People who fight elections on their own and without the support of political parties are

called independent candidates. 2. The head of the Election Commission is Chief Election Commissioner. 3. The system of universal adult franchise is based on the principle of one person, one vote. 4. A government formed with the alliance of two or more political parties is called a coalition

government. 5. Telegu Desam is a regional party of Andhra Pradesh.


D. Answer the following questions in brief. 1. Election is a procedure through which people can elect, by voting, their representatives for

running the government. 2. Constituencies are different areas into which the state is divided for the purpose of election.


3. Election Commission holds elections for various representative institutions in India. 4. The right of voting granted to every adult citizen of the country is known as universal adult

franchise. 5. Two functions of the Election Commission are as follows— (i) The Election Commission is responsible for holding elections to the Parliament and the

State Legislatures. It also directs and supervises the elections conducted for the offices of the President and Vice President.

(ii) The Election Commission allocates symbols to various political parties and independent candidates who contest elections.

6. An election manifesto tells the public about the party’s commitment to national and international issues.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. If no single party wins a clear majority in a general election, two or more parties together

form the government. This type of government is called a coalition government. In a coalition government, decisions regarding the state or the country cannot be taken by

any individual party. Some times it creates a difficult situation as all opinions have to be taken into consideration. There is always a chance of the government breaking up due to disagreement among the member parties. All the political parties of the coalition have to be consulted before taking a decision.

2. The following are the two conditions when citizens are unable to enjoy voting rights— (i) A person cannot exercise his vote if his name is not entered in the electoral roll although

he has attained the age of 18 years. (ii) Article 326 of the Constitution permits the disqualification of a voter under the

Constitution or a law on the grounds of non-residence, unsoundness of mind, corrupt or illegal practice.

3. Three functions of political parties are as follows— (i) To contest elections and conduct election campaigns for its candidates. (ii) To make use of public meetings, processions and demonstrations to help formulate

public opinion. (iii) To act as a link between the government and the citizens. 4. Opposition parties are important for the smooth running of a democracy. They criticise the

policies of the government forcing the government to work for the welfare of the people.


CHAPTER - 4

STATE GOVERNMENTExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (d)


B. Fill in the blanks. 1. The Chief Minister of a state is appointed by the Governor. 2. The legislative assembly or Vidhan Sabha is the lower house of state legislature. 3. The maximum strength of a Vidhan Sabha is 500. 4. The Governor nominates one-sixth members of the legislative council. 5. The nominal executive of the state is Governor.

C. Write ‘T‘ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (F) 2. (F) 3. (F) 4. (T)

D. Answer the following questions in brief. 1. The union list contains 97 subjects and the state list contains 61 subjects. Defence of India,

Delimitation of Cantonment Areas, Atomic Energy and Mineral Resources, Industries, Foreign Affairs, Railways etc., are some important subjects of the union list.

Police, Prisons, Local Self-government, Public Health, Agriculture, Land Revenue, Tolls etc. are some of the important subjects of the state list.

2. The Governor of a state is appointed by the President of India on the advice of the Prime Minister.

3. The Governor appoints the Advocate General and members of State Public Service Commission.

4. The Governor has many important powers such as the Executive powers, Legislative powers, Judicial powers, Discretionary powers and Financial powers. The Governor appoints the Chief Minister and other ministers. He summons and prorogues the sessions of the state legislature. He can dissolve the state legislative assembly. The Governor can grant pardon or reduce the punishment of people convicted under the state laws. Discretionary powers allow the Governor the freedom to judge what should be done in a particular situation. The Governor recommends the state budgets before it is presented in the state legislative assemblies every year.

5. The Chief Secretary heads the Civil Services in a state. The state is divided into administrative units called divisions, which are looked after by a Commissioner. These are divided into districts, administered by District Magistrates.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. The following are the three powers and functions of the Governor— (i) He appoints the leader of the majority party as the Chief Minister. (ii) He summons and prorogues the sessions of the state legislature. (iii) He recommends the state budgets before it is presented in the state legislative assemblies

every year. 2. The following are the three powers and functions of the Chief Minister— (i) To act as the leader of the majority party in the state legislative assembly. (ii) To distribute portfolios to the ministers of the state councils. (iii) To preside over cabinet meetings. 3. Powers and functions of state legislative assembly are as follows— (i) It passes the money bills and the budget. It alone has the power to originate money

bills.


(ii) It exercises control over the executive. The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the legislative assembly.

(iii) It may approve the ordinances, which have been issued by the Governor, when the legislative assembly is not in session.

4. The leader of the party with a majority in the state legislative assembly is invited by the Governor to form the government. The leader is sworn in as the Chief Minister.

The main functions of a Chief Minister include the following— (i) To advise the Governor on the selection of the Council of Ministers and its size. (ii) To preside over cabinet meetings. (iii) To distribute portfolios to the ministers of the state councils. (iv) To ask for resignation of a minister if he/she is not satisfied with that minister’s work. 5. Discretionary powers allow the Governor the freedom to judge what should be done in a

particular situation. He may not act according to advice of the Council of Ministers on certain matters. He can make a report to the President. The President, on the basis of the report, may dissolve the state legislative assembly or, keep it under suspension or, dismiss the Council of Ministers.

6. The decisions made by our ministers are essentially the brain child of the officers of Civil Services. They are the ones who run the administration at the state level. All civil service officers in the state work under the Chief Secretary.

Every state has an official called the Advocate General who gives advice to the Executive on legal matters and performs other legal functions assigned by the Governor. The Advocate General can take part in the proceedings of the state legislature, but does not have the right to vote.



(Do it yourself)


A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (d)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. In India, people elect their representatives for a fixed term. 2. Economic democracy makes no distinction between the rich and the poor. 3. Political leaders enlighten the voters. 4. A democratic government is dependent on enlightened citizens. 5. The head of the Election Commission is the Chief Election Commissioner. 6. A government formed with the alliance of two or more parties is called a coalition government.


7. The legislative assembly or Vidhan Sabha is the lower house of state legislature. 8. The nominal executive of the state is Governor.

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (F) 2. (F) 3. (T) 4. (T) 5. (T) 6. (T) 7. (F) 8. (T)

D. Answer the following questions in brief. 1. Democracy is a system of government where the people rule themselves either directly or

indirectly through their elected representatives. 2. A democracy by definition is a government through elected representatives. It is a form of

society which favours equal rights, freedom of speech and a fair trial, and tolerates the views of minorities.

3. A good democratic government is possible in a country only if the citizens of that country are conscious of their rights and duties. They have to be vigilant. Today, citizens often have to take difficult decisions on important issues. Therefore, they should possess perfect knowledge of the problems before their country.

4. If no single party wins a clear majority in a general election, two or more parties together form the government. This type of government is called a coalition government.

5. The right of voting granted to every adult citizen of the country is known as universal adult franchise.


public opinion. (iii) To act as a link between the government and the citizens. 7. Public opinion plays a very important role in a democracy. Common people generally do

not have much knowledge about political problems. Political parties present such problems to these people in simple language, thus creating political awakening among them. Political parties convey their views to the people in different ways and through different means of mass communication, such as newspapers, magazines, public meetings, dramas etc. They try to mould public opinion in their favour. The ruling party can retain power only with a favourable public opinion.

8. Powers and functions of the legislative assembly are as follows— (i) It passes the money bills and the budget. It alone has the power to originate money

bills. (ii) It may approve the ordinances, which have been issued by the Governor, when the

legislative assembly is not in session. (iii) It exercises control over the Executive. The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible

to the legislative assembly. (iv) Some Articles of the Constitution can be amended only with the consent of the state

legislature.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. In the unitary form of government, all the powers are vested in the central government. The


whole territory is governed from a single centre of power. In a federal form of government, there is a division of power between two levels of government

of equal status. 2. A democracy by definition is government through elected representatives. It is a form of

society which favours equal rights, freedom of speech and a fair trial and tolerates the views of minorities.

3. The following are the two conditions when citizens are unable to enjoy voting rights— (i) A person cannot exercise his vote if his name is not entered in the electoral roll although

he has attained the age of 18 years. (ii) Article 326 of the Constitution permits the disqualification of a voter under the

Constitution or a law on the grounds of non-residence, unsoundness of mind, corrupt or illegal practice.

4. If no single political party wins a clear majority in a general election, two or more political parties together form the government. This type of government is called a coalition government.

5. The right of voting granted to every adult citizen of the country is known as universal adult franchise.


public opinion. (iii) To act as a link between the government and the citizens. 7. Public opinion plays a very important role in a democracy. Common people generally do

not have much knowledge about political problems. Political parties present such problems to the people in simple language, thus creating political awakening and awareness among them. Political parties convey their views to people in different ways and through different means of mass communication, such as newspapers, magazines, public meetings, dramas etc. The ruling party can retain power only with a favourable public opinion.

8. Powers and functions of state legislative assembly are as follows— (i) It passes the money bills and the budget. It alone has the power to originate money

bills. (ii) It exercises control over the executive. The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible

to the legislative assembly. (iii) It may approve the ordinances, which have been issued by the Governor, when the

legislative assembly is not in session.


CHAPTER - 5

MEDIA AND DEMOCRACYExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. The forms of media that can reach a very large number of people at the same time are

collectively called mass media. 2. The media plays an important role in a democracy. 3. Advertisements are an important source of income for the media. 4. Accountability means that one fulfils her or his responsibilities. 5. The RTI Act is not applicable to the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

C. Answer the following questions in brief. 1. Media is the plural form of the word ‘medium’. This word is now used for the various ways

in which we communicate within our society. 2. Radio, television, newspapers, magazines and the internet are some examples of mass media. 3. Some of the objectives of media are as follows— (i) Separation of news and business interests of the management is an important objective

of media. If the two get mixed up, it may interfere with the media’s responsibility towards people at large.

(ii) To avoid one sided account of events. (iii) To provide authenticity of facts.

D. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Media plays a crucial role in shaping a healthy democracy. It is the backbone of democracy.

Media makes us aware of various social, political and economic activities happening around the world. It is like a mirror that shows us the harsh realities of life. Thus, different forms of media protect the democratic interests of the people.

2. In our daily lives, each one of us makes use of various forms of communication. Newspapers, radio, television, magazines, internet, films, letters, poster, e-mails, public meetings etc., are the common means of communication. When we use these channels to communicate to the public or masses, then they are called media.



CHAPTER - 6

ADVERTISINGExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Advertising is a form of promotion. 2. An important objective of advertising is to promote the demand for the product. 3. Broadcast advertising means television, radio and internet. 4. Protecting consumers against harmful or low quality products, misleading advertising,

unfair pricing etc., is known as consumer protection.

C. Answer the following questions in brief. 1. Advertisement is a promotional tool. It is used to promote ideas, goods and services. It is an

important method of mass communication. 2. Advertising helps the producers in the following ways— (i) Advertising creates demand for existing as well as new products and helps to increase

sales. (ii) When goods are made on a large scale, it results in lower costs of production. (iii) Advertising increases profit by creating regular and greater demand for the goods they

produce. 3. Political advertising is one of the means through which political parties and socially active

groups reach out to people during the time of elections. Posters, writings on walls, radio and TV communicate political messages.

D. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. The word ‘commercial’ itself indicates that the purpose is to earn profit. Its aim is to satisfy

the financial interest of the sponsor. Commercial advertising is communication between the producer/manufacturer and the consumer/buyer.

Commercial advertising is done though newspapers, magazines, radio, posters, television and even cinema.

2. The purpose of advertising is nothing but to sell something—a product, a service or an idea. The real objective of advertising is effective communication between producers and consumers. The following are the main objectives of advertising:

(i) Preparing ground for new products. (ii) Creation of demand. (iii) Facing the competition. (iv) Creating or enhancing goodwill. (v) Informing the changes to the customers.


3. The word ‘commercial’ itself indicates that the purpose is to earn profit. Its aim is to satisfy the financial interest of the sponsor. Commercial advertising is communication between the producer/manufacturer and the consumer/ buyer.

Social advertising is done when no financial gains are expected by the firm. This is meant for educating the public and create awareness, such as advertisement regarding energy saving, nature conservation, pollution, public health and national integrity etc.


CHAPTER - 7

MARKETS AROUND USExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (a)B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Traders serve as a link between producers and consumers. 2. Weekly markets offer a good product at very low rates. 3. Retailers who do not have a fixed place are called itinerant retailers. 4. Departmental store has many departments in it. 5. Most producers sell the goods produced by them directly to consumers.

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (F) 2. (T) 3. (F) 4. (F) 5. (T)

D. Answer the following questions in brief. 1. A market is a place where buyers and sellers meet and engage in buying and selling goods,

for a price. 2. There are different types of markets—weekly markets, neighbourhood markets, super

markets and malls. 3. A person who deals in large stock of things is known as a wholesaler. 4. Sale and purchase of products are the two activities that take place in a market.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Itinerant retailers don’t have fixed shops. They deal in low-priced commodities and move

from one place to another to sell their products. Periodic market traders open their shops at different places on fixed days called market days. 2. A departmental store is a big store engaged in the retail trade of wide variety of articles

under the same roof. It has many departments, each specialising in one kind of merchandise. 3. All of us go to a market to buy goods of daily use. Market establishes a link between producers

and consumers through traders.


4. The most important benefit of marketing is brand recognition. Some other benefits are as follows—

(i) It generates employment in the production and distribution sectors. (ii) It explores the export market for goods. (iii) Marketing a product is the best way to provide information. (iv) It helps in export promotion. (v) It makes large-scale production of goods possible, which is very cost effective. (vi) It generates revenue in the process of buying and selling, and thus brings in profits. Marketing is not only about promoting sales but also negotiating the terms of sale, mode of

delivery and after-sale services.


CHAPTER - 8

ROLE OF GENDERExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c)

B. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (F) 3. (T) 4. (T) 5. (F)

C. Answer the following questions in brief. 1. Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities and attributes that a

given society considers to be appropriate for men and women. 2. Gender inequality refers to unequal treatment or perceptions based on health, education,

economic and political inequalities between men and women. 3. Gender is determined by the concept of tasks, functions and roles attributed to women and

men in society; and in public and private life. 4. The biological determination between boys and girls, termed as sex, is interchangeably used

with gender.

D. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar and Jyotiba Phule

contributed to the upliftment of women. Raja Ram Mohan Roy worked hard to get Sati abolished. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar took steps to educate women. Jyotiba Phule opposed child marriage and encouraged female education.

2. The work done by a woman is rarely recognised in most cultures. Various activities are done by women as part of a regular routine. Such pieces of work are invisible or remain hidden. It is known as invisibility of women labour.


3. Some specific laws were enacted by the Parliament in order to fulfil constitutional obligation of women empowerment. These are—

(i) Equal Remuneration Act, 1976. (ii) Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961. (iii) Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006. (iv) Sexual Harassment of Women at Work Place (Prevention, Protection) Act, 2013.


CHAPTER - 9

INDIA AND DEMOCRACYExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. All religions teach universal brotherhood. 2. The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is a government-run programme that helps in the spread of

education. 3. Media has played a significant role in formulating a sound public opinion. 4. Democracy believes in the capacity of every individual to take decision on a matter.

C. Answer the following questions in brief. 1. Democracy is a form of government in which people are governed by their own elected

representatives. 2. The Constitution of India promotes justice, liberty, equality and fraternity. It has established

a democratic polity and stands on a pledge to secure to all its citizens justice, liberty and equality of status and opportunity. That is why India is a successful democratic country.

3. Religion is a major cultural influence and plays an important role in the formation of public opinion. Religious leaders often express their views on current affairs and social problems. Some leaders and misguided religious heads spread hatred. As a result, at times communal tensions grip the society. Under their influence, people begin to fight against one another.

4. Dictatorship is a form of government where a country or a group of countries is ruled by one person or political entity. A dictator imposes his/her will on the people, destroying their initiative and curbing their freedom.

Democracy is a form of government in which people are governed by their own elected representatives.

D. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Education plays a vital role in the progress of a democracy. Educational institutions and

books play a vital role in the development of democracy. With a fast growing population,


550 million people in India are below 25 years of age. They need to be educated, not in the conventional sense but from the point of view of a modern competitive world. The ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’ is a government-run programme that helps in the spread of eduction.

2. The Constitution of India promotes justice, liberty, equality and fraternity. It not only protects the unity and integrity of the nation, but also ensures the dignity of every citizen. It also establishes a democratic polity and stands on a pledge to secure to all its citizens justice, liberty, equality of status and opportunity. Thus, India has developed a sound tradition of democracy.



(Do it yourself)


A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (c)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Advertising is a form of promotion. 2. An important objective of advertising is to promote the demand for the product. 3. The oldest form of advertising was prevalent in ancient Greece and Rome. 4. A market is a place where buyers and sellers meet and engage in buying and selling of

products for a price. 5. Weekly markets offer a good product at very low rates. 6. Most producers sell the goods produced by them directly to consumers.

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (F) 2. (F) 3. (T) 4. (F) 5. (T) 6. (T)

D. Answer the following questions in brief. 1. Advertisement is a promotional tool. It is used to promote ideas, goods and services. It is an

important method of mass communication. 2. Political advertising is one of the means through which political parties and socially active

groups reach out to people during the time of elections. Posters, writing on walls, radio and TV communicate political messages.

3. A departmental store is a big store engaged in the retail trade of a wide variety of articles under the same roof. It has many departments, each specialising in one kind of merchandise.

4. All of us go to a market to buy goods of daily use. Market establishes a link between producers and consumers through traders.

5. Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities and attributes that a given society considers to be appropriate for men and women.


6. Despite all the differences among ourselves, we have a basic national consensus on democracy and this is what keeps it vibrant. We live, we fight and we quarrel, but we have a national consensus on the essentials of democracy.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. The purpose of advertising is nothing but to sell something—a product, a service or an

idea. The real objective of advertising is effective communication between producers and consumers.

The following are the main objectives of advertising: (i) Preparing ground for new products (ii) Creation of demand (iii) Facing the competition (iv) Creating or enhancing goodwill (v) Informing changes to the customers 2. The word ‘commercial’ itself indicates that the purpose is to earn profit. Its aim is to satisfy

the financial interests of the sponsor. Commercial advertising is communication between the producer/manufacturer and the consumer/buyer.

Social advertising is done when no financial gains are expected by the firm. This is meant for educating the public and create awareness, such as advertisements regarding energy saving, nature conservation, pollution, public health and national integrity etc.

3. In every city, big or small, the weekly markets are a common feature. They are called so because they are held every week on a fixed day. In a weekly market, goods are available at very low rates.

Neighbourhood market refers to the application of different variables in a business’s marketing mix dependent on localised specifications including the consumer, competition and store characteristics.

4. The most important benefit of marketing is brand recognition. Marketing strategies help to imprint a brand in the mind of customers.

Some of the other benefits of marketing are— (i) It generates employment in the production and distribution sectors. (ii) It explores the export market for goods. (iii) Marketing a product is the best way to provide information. (iv) It helps in export promotion. (v) It generates revenue in the process of buying and selling and thus brings in profits. 5. Some specific laws were enacted by the Parliament in order to fulfil constitutional obligations

of women’s empowerment. Some of these are— (i) Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 (ii) Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 (iii) Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 (iv) Sexual Harassment of Women at Work Place (Prevention and Protection ) Act, 2013.


GEOGRAPHY

CHAPTER - 1

OUR ENVIRONMENTExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. The average thickness of the lithosphere is about 100 km. 2. The word biosphere comes from a Greek word ‘bios’ meaning life. 3. Ozone layer protects us from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the Sun. 4. All energy for life comes from the Sun. 5. Lithosphere includes the crust and upper part of mantle. 6. Ecology studies the relationship between living organisms and their environment.

C. Answer the following questions in short. 1. The surroundings that include all the living and nonliving things around us is known as

environment. 2. Natural environment includes biotic and abiotic components. It consists of the lithosphere,

hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. 3. Lithosphere is useful to us as it provides land for building houses, roads, factories and for

agriculture. It is also an important source of minerals and power resources. 4. Ecosystem is a distinct zone within the biosphere formed by the interaction of all living

organisms with each other and with the physical environment in which they live.

D. Distinguish between the following. 1. The biosphere is the zone where the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere interact.

An ecosystem is a geographical area where plants, animals, landscape and the climate, all interact with one another.

2. Natural environment includes biotic and abiotic components. It consists of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. Human-made environment is created by man for his better existence and growth. It includes his agriculture, industries, settlements, means of transport and communication and development of all other facilities.

3. The air that envelopes the Earth is called the atmosphere. It is the body of air which surrounds the Earth. The conditions of the atmosphere like temperature, pressure, humidity and sunshine make up the weather of places.

4. The realm of the environment that contain all the water bodies on the Earth’s surface is known as hydrosphere. The air that envelops the Earth is called the atmosphere. It is the body of air which surrounds the Earth.


E. Define the following. 1. Lithosphere—The outermost layer or crust of the Earth, which is made up of rocks and

minerals is known as lithosphere. 2. Hydrosphere—It is the realm of the environment that contain all the water bodies on the

Earth’s surface. 3. Ecosystem—It is a distinct zone within the biosphere formed by the interaction of all living

organisms with each other and with the physical environment in which they live. 4. Biotic component—Biotic component consists of all living things, which can be classified

into four categories—plants, animals, humans and micro-organisms.F. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Natural environment includes both physical and biological environments. It is the prevailing

natural conditions which comprises soils, climate, land, water and air. The biological environment consists of all living things, such as the plants, animals, humans and micro-organisms. Human environment is created by man for his better existence and growth. It includes his agriculture, industries, settlements, means of transport and communication and development of all other facilities.

2. The atmosphere contains life-giving oxygen for human beings and animals, and carbon dioxide for plants. Nitrogen is the main abundant gas found in the air, constituting 78% of it. Oxygen constitutes 21%. The remaining 1% of air is made up of carbon dioxide and other gases such as hydrogen, argon, helium etc. and water vapour.

The gases in the atmosphere are useful in various ways. Oxygen is a life-supporting gas and is used by all living beings. Plants make their food with the help of carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight. Nitrogen is required to maintain the fertility of soil. Ozone blocks harmful ultraviolet rays emitted by the Sun. Water vapour in the atmosphere condenses and produces precipitation.

3. It is important to protect the environment because man-made disruptions to ecosystems can cause extinction, because pollution creates dangers for both animals and people, and because mankind owes the natural world a moral obligation. Many of the dangers to the environment come from practices designed to make human life easier but actually threaten the long term health and prosperity of humans. One of the most important reasons to protect the environment is because it helps protect different ecosystems.

4. The atmosphere contains life-giving oxygen for human beings and animals, and carbon dioxide for plants. The atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation and reducing temperature extremes between day and night.


CHAPTER - 2

THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTHExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (d)


B. Fill in the blanks. 1. The mantle extends to the depth of 2900 km below the lithosphere. 2. Molten material in the interior of the Earth is called magma. 3. The igneous rocks which form on the surface of the Earth are called primary rocks. 4. The igneous rocks are associated with the volcanic eruptions. 5. The rock cycle derives energy from inside the Earth and also from the Sun.

C. Match the columns. 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (e)

D. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (F) 2. (F) 3. (T) 4. (F) 5. (F)

E. Answer the following questions in short. 1. The three layers of the Earth are—crust, mantle and core. 2. The three types of rocks are—Igneous rocks, Sedimentary rocks and Metamorphic rocks. 3. Moving ice, wind, rain, running water, waves, plants and animals are constantly breaking

down the rocks on the Earth’s surface into smaller fragments. These small pieces of rocks are called sediments.

4. Metamorphic rocks are formed when sedimentary or igneous rocks are subjected to extreme heat and pressure.

5. Substances occurring in nature with a definite chemical composition are known as minerals. Sandstone and gypsum are two rocks forming minerals.

F. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. The interior structure of the Earth is layered in spherical shells, like an onion. The Earth has

an outer silicate solid crust, a highly viscous mantle, a liquid outer core and a solid inner core. The structure of the Earth can be defined in two ways—by mechanical properties such as rheology, or chemically. Mechanically, it can be divided into lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesospheric mantle, outer core, and the inner core. Chemically, Earth can be divided into the crust, upper mantle, lower mantle, outer core and inner core.

2. Moving ice, wind, rain, running water, waves, plants and animals are constantly breaking down the rocks on the Earth’s surface into smaller fragments. These small pieces of rocks are called sediments. The loose sediments are then compressed and hardened to form layers of rocks. These are called sedimentary rocks. Sandstone, limestone, gypsum and slate are some examples of sedimentary rocks.

Metamorphic rocks are formed when sedimentary or igneous rocks are subjected to extreme heat and pressure. As a result, they undergo a complete change in their form and characteristics. Such rocks are called metamorphic rocks. Slate, gneiss and quartzite are some examples of metamorphic rocks.

3. Metamorphic rocks are formed when sedimentary or igneous rocks are subjected to extreme heat and pressure.

4. The igneous rocks are associated with volcanic eruptions. They are formed by cooling and solidifiction of the molten matter of the Earth. Basalt is one example of igneous rock. Sedimentary rocks are formed due to the deposition and accumulation of sediments. Sandstone, shale, limestone and gypsum are examples of sedimentary rocks. Metamorphic


rocks are formed when sedimentary or igneous rocks are subjected to extreme heat and pressure. As a result, they undergo a complete change in their form and characteristics. Slate, gneiss and quartzite are some examples of metamorphic rocks.

5. The change of one type of rock into another under certain conditions in a cyclic manner is called the rock cycle.

The rock cycle operates in the following ways— (i) The rock cycle derives energy from inside the Earth and also from the Sun. (ii) The rock material of the Earth is never lost in the rock cycle. (iii) The rock cycle on the Earth’s surface has neither a beginning nor an end. (iv) The broken rock fragments, when transported and deposited in basins, form sedimentary

rocks. (v) The sedimentary and metamorphic rocks are buried again and melt to form magma. (vi) This magma again cools down and forms igneous rocks.


CHAPTER - 3

THE CHANGING EARTHExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. The Himalayan mountains are a part of the Alpine-Himalayan belt of earthquakes. 2. Secondary waves travel at about 3.5 km per second. 3. Magma is molten rock that comes from the Earth’s crust. 4. Tectonic activities occur mostly along the boundaries of the plates. 5. Primary waves are the fastest seismic waves.

C. Distinguish between the following. 1. Vent and Crater—The passage through which magma travels is called a vent. The top of the

volcano has a cup-shaped or a funnel-shaped depression known as crater. 2. Dormant and Extinct Volcano—Dormant volcanoes have not erupted for a long time, but it

may erupt anytime. Mt. Visuvius in Europe and Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa are examples of dormant volcanoes.

Extinct volcanoes have no record of eruptions and they are not likely to erupt in the near future. Mt. Kenya in Africa and Mt. Aconcagua in South America are examples of extinct volcanoes.


3. Focus and Epicentre—The point from where the earthquake originates in the interior is called sciesmic focus. The point on the Earth’s surface, which is vertically above the focus, is called epicentre.

4. Endogenic and Exogenic Forces—The forces that originate from the interior of the Earth are known as the endogenic forces. The forces which originate and work on the surface of the Earth are known as the exogenic forces.

D. Answer the following questions in short. 1. There are three types of plate movements. These are—(i) Divergent movement, (ii) Convergent movement and (iii) Transform plate

movement. 2. Volcano is an opening in the Earth’s crust through which magma comes out on the Earth’s

surface. 3. Seismograph is the instrument that records earthquake tremors. 4. The shaking of the Earth’s surface due to sudden movements is called earthquake.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Earthquakes are caused by the movement of molten magma and the movement of lithospheric

plates along lines of weakness. 2. A tectonic plate is a massive, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock, generally composed of

both continental and oceanic lithosphere. 3. The distribution of volcanoes usually occur on plate boundaries. Most of the volcanoes occur

near the earthquake belts around the young fold mountains. Volcanoes mostly occur in two major belts—the Circum-Pacific belt and the Mid-World Mountain belt. Most of the active volcanoes and high volcanic cones are found in the Circum-Pacific belt.

4. The Bhuj earthquake occured on 26th of January 2001. Its magnitude was 7.7.


CHAPTER - 4

LANDFORMS OF THE EARTHExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (a)

B. Distinguish between the following. 1. Degradation and aggradation—The agents of gradation wear down the land surface and

carry away the broken rock fragments. This process results in the reduction of heights of landforms, is called degradation. The rock fragments obtained from degradation are deposited in low-lying areas. This results in an increase in the height of these areas. This process is known as aggradation.

2. Weathering and erosion—Weathering is the process of breaking down or decomposition of


rocks. Erosion is displacement of solids by the agents such as wind, water, ice and gravity. 3. Tributary and distributary—A tributary stream bifurcates near its confluence with a larger

stream such as an ocean. A distributary is a stream that branches off and flows away from a main stream channel.

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (F) 3. (T) 4. (F) 5. (T)

D. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Sea caves occur on almost every cliffed headland or coast where the waves break directly on

a rock cliff and are formed by mechanical erosion rather than the chemical solution process that is responsible for the majority of inland caves.

2. During floods, the river overflows its banks. The soil brought by the river is deposited on the valley floor. This fertile part is called the flood plain.

3. When the velocity of the wind decreases or an obstruction in the form of hills are observed, the sand gets deposited there to form sand dunes.

4. Glaciers carry huge pieces of rocks of varying size, and sand and silt gets deposited at certain places. Such deposits are called moraines.

5. As the wind direction keeps changing, the rock eroded resembles a mushroom. Rocks eroded in this way are called mushroom rocks.

6. Sometimes a portion of the sea gets enclosed between the sand bar and the coast. This is called a lagoon.

7. Juhu beach and Marina beach are two sea beaches in India.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. The action of running water is the most widespread among the various agents of gradation.

As the river descends to the plains, the speed becomes remarkably slow resulting in large bends (curves) known as meanders. Due to extensive erosion, a part of the meander gets cut off to form a fertile plain called flood plain. The raised banks are levees. As the rivers move towards the sea, the speed becomes extremely slow and it branches off into numerous channels called distributaries. Sediments get deposited along the mouth of the river to form a delta. Some rivers which do not form a delta form estuaries.

2. Wind is able to transport the smallest particles of sediment, like silt and clay, over great distances, and areas. Once the particles become mixed into the air, wind can keep them suspended for hours or maybe even days at a time. If nothing disturbs these tiny particles, wind would have trouble picking them off the ground surface. This is because very close to the ground, there is very little motion due to wind.

3. A glacier can modify and sometimes totally remove the existing landforms, and substitute them with new and distinctly different ones. Glaciers break and carry away rock material. The valley formed by a glacier has steep sides and flat bottom. As the ice melts, the depressions get filled up with water to form beautiful lakes in the mountains. Glaciers carry huge pieces of rocks of varying size.

4. As the wind direction keeps changing, the rock eroded resembles a mushroom. Mushroom rocks are common in the Sahara Desert.



CHAPTER - 5

COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHEREExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (d)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. The Earth’s atmosphere contains two major gases. 2. The Earth’s ozone layer is located in the stratosphere. 3. The upper limit of troposphere is known as atmosphere. 4. The greenhouse effect is due to the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. 5. The mesosphere is the coldest region of the atmosphere.

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (F) 2. (T) 3. (T) 4. (T) 5. (F)

D. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere and Exosphere are the five layers of

the atmosphere. 2. Ozone protects us from harmful ultraviolet rays of the Sun. 3. The vast blanket of air which surrounds the Earth is known as the atmosphere. 4. Ozone is a gas in the atmosphere that protects every living thing on the Earth from harmful

ultraviolet rays from the Sun. Without the ozone layer in the atmosphere, it would be very difficult for anything to survive on the surface of the Earth.

5. The main features of the atmosphere are as follows— (i) Atmosphere is an integral part of the Earth containing life giving gases like oxygen.

Plants, human beings and animals need oxygen to breathe. (ii) Water vapour in the atmosphere absorbs the incoming solar radiation and does not

allow the Earth to become too hot. (iii) It also causes precipitation (rainfall, snowfall, etc.) on the Earth. (iv) The ozone layer in the atmosphere protects life on the Earth from the harmful ultraviolet

radiations of the Sun.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Stratosphere is free from weather phenomena like clouds. It provides ideal conditions for

flying of jet planes. This layer is rich in ozone that protects us from harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun.

2. Characteristics of the different layers of atmosphere— Troposphere is the lowest layer and is closest to the Earth’s surface. It is the most important


layer as all weather phenomena like the formation of clouds, fog, frost, dew thunder, lighting precipitation etc. occur in this layer.

Stratosphere is free from weather phenomena like clouds. This layer is rich in ozone that protects us from harmful ultraviolet rays of the Sun.

Mesosphere extends from 50 km to 80 km above the surface of the Earth. In this layer, the temperature begins to drop and reaches –100° C at the layer’s upper boundary.

Thermosphere lies above the mesosphere. In this layer, temperature increases with height and reaches about 1700° C. This layer is also called ionosphere because of the presence of ions. Exosphere is the uppermost layer of the atmosphere. Light gases, like hydrogen and helium are found in this layer. This layer is extremely rarefied because of the absence of oxygen.

3. The atmosphere is an important part of what makes Earth livable. It blocks some of the Sun’s dangerous rays from reaching the Earth. It traps heat, making the Earth’s temperature comfortable and the oxygen within our atmosphere is essential for life.


CHAPTER - 6

WEATHER AND CLIMATEExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (c)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Air that moves horizontally is called wind. 2. Maximum weather changes take place in the Troposphere. 3. The amount of solar energy received by the Earth is called insolation. 4. The direction of wind can be found with the help of a wind vane. 5. There are several major pressure belts on the Earth. 6. Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in the air.

C. Distinguish between the following. 1. Weather and Climate—Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a particular area over a

short period of time. Climate is defined as the average weather conditions over a long period of time.

2. Planetary winds and Periodic winds—The winds that blow from high pressure to low pressure belts constantly throughout the year are known as planetary winds. Periodic winds blow in definite directions during particular seasons.


3. Insolation and Terrestrial radiation—The solar radiation that strikes the upper layers of Earth’s atmosphere is called insolation. The Earth’s surface absorbs maximum solar radiation during the day. At night, the heat absorbed during the day is radiated back. This is called terrestrial radiation.

4. Condensation and Precipitation—The process of conversion of vapour into raindrops is called condensation. It is closely related to air temperature. The falling down of water in the form of rain, snow, sleet and hail is known as the process of precipitation. Rainfall is an important form of precipitation.

5. Absolute humidity and Relative humidity—The actual amount of moisture present in the atmosphere is known as absolute humidity. The ratio between the actual amount of water vapour present in a given volume of air at a given temperature; and the maximum amount of water vapour which the same volume of air can contain at that temperature, is known as relative humidity. It is always expressed in percentage.

D. Write short notes on the following. 1. Condensation—The process of conversion of vapour into raindrops is called condensation.

It is closely related to air temperature. 2. Heat zones—The Earth is divided into three heat zones—the Torrid zone, the Temperate

zone and the Frigid zone. Torrid zone lies between the Tropic of Cancer (23°5’ N) and the Tropic of Capricorn (23°5’ S).

The Sun remains overhead throughout the year in this zone, keeping temperatures at high levels.

3. Local winds—They blow only during a particular period of the year in a small area, influenced mostly by local relief. Chinook and Harmattan are two well-known local winds.

4. Fog—It is formed when condensation takes place in the lower layers of the atmosphere, close to the land surface or above water bodies.

E. Answer the following questions in short. 1. The weight of air on a unit area of the Earth is called the atmospheric pressure. 2. Weather and climate have common elements that determine and influence them, in the short

run or the long run. These elements are atmospheric temperature, pressure, humidity and precipitation.

3. The amount of water vapour or moisture present in the atmosphere at a particular time and place is known as humidity.

4. Clouds, dew, frost and fog are different forms of condensation. Rain, snow, sleet and hail are different forms of precipitation.

5. There are three main types of wind—Planetary winds, Periodic winds and Variable winds. Planetary winds blow from high pressure to low pressure belts, constantly throughout the

year. Periodic winds blow in definite directions during particular seasons. Variable winds blow only during a particular period of the year in a small area, influenced mostly by local relief.

6. On 29 November 2005, a tropical super cyclone, named Baaz, was formed in the Bay of Bengal off the Southern coast of India. It originated in the Andaman Islands and moved across the Bay of Bengal towards the coast of mainland India.


F. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. The most important factors that affect the temperature in an area are the latitude, height

above sea level, distance from the sea, ocean currents and prevailing winds. 2. There are three types of rainfall—Convection rainfall, Relief rainfall and Cyclonic rainfall. Convectional rainfall occurs when the warm air deflected from a landform rises and forms

rain clouds. It is very common in tropical areas. Relief rainfall occurs due to the presence of mountains, which force the air to rise up. Upon

rising, it sheds some of its moisture, due to the tendency of moisture—saturated air to shed excess moisture at lower temperatures, prevailing at greater heights. Cyclonic rainfall is generally associated with cyclones in the tropical region and depressions in the temperate regions.

3. Planetary winds blow from high pressure to low pressure belts constantly throughout the year.

4. The process of conversion of vapour into raindrops is called condensation. Clouds, dew, frost and fog are its various forms.



(Do it yourself)


A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (c)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. The word biosphere comes from a Greek word. 2. Molten material in the interior of the Earth is called magma. 3. Secondary waves travel at about 3.5 km per second. 4. Magma is molten rock that comes from the Earth’s crust. 5. Air that moves horizontally is called wind. 6. Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in the air.

C. Distinguish between the following. 1. Biosphere and Ecosystem—The biosphere is the zone where the atmosphere, lithosphere

and hydrosphere interact. This sphere supports life. An ecosystem is a geographical area where plants, animals, landscape and the climate all interact with one another.

2. Natural and Human Environment—Natural environment includes biotic and abiotic components. It consists of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. Human environment is created by man for his better existence and growth. It includes his agriculture, industries, settlements, means of transport and communication and development of all other facilities.


3. Vent and Crater—The magma that reaches the Earth’s surface is called lava and the passage through which it travels is called a vent. The top of the volcano has a cup-shaped or a funnel-shaped depression, known as crater.

4. Focus and epicenter—The point from where the earthquake originates in the interior is called seismic focus. The point on the Earth’s surface, which is vertically above the focus, is called epicentre.

5. Degradation and aggradation—The agents of gradation wear down the land surface and carry away the broken rock fragments. This process results in the reduction of heights of landforms, called degradation. The rock fragments obtained from degradation are deposited in low-lying areas. This results in an increase in the height of these areas. This process is known as aggradation.

D. Match the columns. 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (e)

E. Answer the following questions in short. 1. The word environment means the surroundings or conditions within which a person, animal

or plant exists. 2. The Earth is divided into three layers—Crust, Mantle and Core. 3. An opening in the Earth’s crust through which magma comes out on the Earth’s surface is

called volcano. 4. Seismograph is the instrument that records earthquake tremors. 5. When the velocity of the wind decreases or an obstruction in the form of hills are observed,

the sand gets deposited to form sand dunes. 6. Juhu and Marina beach are the two sea beaches of India. 7. The five layers of the atmosphere are— Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere

and Exosphere. 8. The amount of water vapour or moisture present in the atmosphere at a particular time and

place is known as humidity.

F. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. It is important to protect the environment because man-made disruptions to ecosystems

can cause extinction, because pollution creates dangers for both animals and people, and because mankind owes the natural world a moral obligation. Many of the dangers to the environment come from practices designed to make human life easier but actually threaten the long term health and prosperity of humans. One of the most important reasons to protect the environment is because it helps protect different ecosystems.

2. Substances occurring in nature with a definite chemical composition are known as minerals. Sandstone and gypsum are two rocks forming minerals.

3. Earthquakes are caused by the movement of molten magma and the movement of lithospheric plates along lines of weakness.

4. The action of running water is the most widespread among the various agents of gradation. As the river descends to the plains, the speed becomes remarkably slow resulting in large bends (curves) known as meanders. Due to extensive erosion, a part of the meander gets cut off to form a fertile plain called flood plain. The raised banks are levees. As the rivers move towards the sea, the speed becomes extremely slow and its branches off into numerous


channels called distributaries. Sediments get deposited along the mouth of the river to form a delta. Some rivers which do not form a delta form estuaries.

5. The main features of the atmosphere are as follows— (i) Atmosphere is an integral part of the Earth containing life giving gases like oxygen.

Plants, human beings and animals need oxygen to breathe. (ii) Water vapour in the atmosphere absorbs the incoming solar radiation and does not

allow the Earth to become too hot. (iii) It also causes precipitation (rainfall, snowfall, etc.) on the Earth. (iv) The ozone layer in the atmosphere protects life on the Earth from the harmful ultraviolet

radiations of the Sun. 6. The process of conversion of vapour into raindrops is called condensation. Clouds, dew, frost

and fog are its various forms.

CHAPTER - 7

WATERExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (c)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Ocean water moves horizontally as well as vertically. 2. The lowest point of the wave is called the trough. 3. Surface currents are caused by temperature and salinity variations. 4. Tides are caused by gravitational interaction. 5. Up and down movements of ocean waters are called wave. 6. The amount of salts dissolved in the sea water is called saline water.

C. Match the columns. 1. (e) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c)

D. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (T) 3. (F) 4. (T) 5. (T)

E. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Solid, liquid and gas are the three states in which water exists. 2. Fresh water is naturally occurring water on Earth’s surface in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers,

icebergs, ponds, lakes, rivers and streams. Water containing a large amount of dissolved salts is called saline water.

3. Three major factors affect the salinity of ocean water. These are—precipitation, evaporation and winds.


4. Tsunami is a major disturbance in the sea caused by the action of waves resulting from earthquakes on the ocean floor. It occurs when a large mass of water gets displaced.

5. Main currents of the Pacific Ocean are as follows— North Equatorial Current (warm) and California Current (cold) are currents of the Northern

Hemisphere. South Equatorial Current (warm) and Peru Current (cold) are currents of the Southern

Hemisphere.

F. Distinguish between the following. 1. Crest and Trough—The highest point of the wave is called the crest while the lowest point is

called trough. 2. Waves and Tides—Up and down movements of oceanic water is known as waves. The

periodical rise and fall of the sea water surface is called a tide. 3. Current and Drift—When streams of water are flowing regularly on the surface of the oceans

in a definite direction, it is called ocean current. A shallow and slow moving surface current is called a drift.

4. Fresh water and Saline water—Fresh water is naturally occurring water on earth’s surface in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, icebergs, ponds, lakes, rivers and streams. Water containing a large amount of dissolved salts is called saline water.

G. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of all the oceans, covering nearly one third of the Earth’s

surface. It is also the deepest ocean. It is bordered by North America and South America on the east, and Asia and Australia on the west. In the north, it is joined to the Arctic Ocean by the narrow Berring Strait in the south.

2. Four effects of ocean currents are as follows— (i) Ocean currents influence the temperature of coastal areas. (ii) Mixing of cold and warm currents causes dense fog, which hampers navigation. (iii) The best fishing grounds in the world are found where warm and cold currents meet. (iv) Warm currents are helpful in keeping the seaports ice free due to which they remain

open. These currents also influence navigation. 3. Tides are useful to us as they help in navigation and fishing. At high tide, the depth of the

seas, particularly that of gulf and bays, increases. The energy of tides can be used as a source for generating electricity.

4. Ocean currents have far reaching effects on the climate in the coastal areas. Ocean currents influence the temperature of coastal areas. Warm currents raise and cold currents lower the temperature of the regions along which they flow. Mixing of cold and warm currents causes dense fog, which hampers navigation. Warm currents are helpful in keeping the seaports ice free due to which they remain open. These currents also influence navigation.

5. Tides are useful to us as they help in navigation and fishing. At high tide, the depth of the seas, particularly that of gulf and bays, increases. This enables big ships to enter or leave harbours easily. The energy of tides can be used as a source for generating electricity.



CHAPTER - 8

NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFEExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (a)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. The tropical rainforest belt has an annual rainfall of 150 cm. 2. Coniferous forests are also known as Taiga. 3. Moderate climate is found in the temperate regions. 4. The Downs in Australia are temperate grasslands. 5. Thar is a desert in Asia.

C. Match the columns. 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (e)

D. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (F) 3. (T) 4. (T) 5. (F)

E. Answer the following questions in short. 1. The plants that grow naturally without human interference is known as natural vegetation. 2. Cacti, thorny bushes and coarse grasses are some natural vegetation found in the desert

regions. 3. The tropical grasslands are found in the Deccan Plateau of India, northern Australia, parts

of Brazilian Plateau and on either side of the equatorial region in Africa. Most of the tropical grasslands are used for grazing and farming. These grasslands are now home to a large variety of animals.

The temperate grasslands experience a cool climate with low annual precipitation. The grasslands are extensive and the grasses are mostly short.

4. The vegetation which is found in the regions north of the Arctic Circle, is called Tundra Vegetation. The main land animals found in Tundra Vegetation are musk ox, yaks, reindeer, polar bears, polar dogs, foxes, wolves, hares and lemmings. In the seas adjoining the coasts, seals, walruses, whales and different kinds of fish are found abundantly.

5. Coniferous forests play a key role in human society and provide wealth of both wood and non-wood products. They are of the evergreen variety. They are widely used to make pulp, paper, furniture, match sticks, plywood, doors, sports good and toys.

F. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. The tropical rainforests are found in the equatorial region. The natural vegetation found in

these forests is mostly of the evergreen type. Broad leaved trees include mahogany, ebony, ironwood, rosewood, rubber and cinchona are commercially useful.

A tropical grassland is home to a variety of wildlife. The region has a rich wildlife, consisting


of the herbivorous and carnivorous animals. Lions, leopards, deer, giraffes, apes, monkeys, turtles, crocodiles and birds like ostrich and rhea are some of the common animals found in this region.

2. The Savanna grasslands are used for grazing and farming. Some grasslands have become deserts. These grasslands are now home to a large variety of animals. The Savanna grasslands are found in the Deccan Plateau of India, northern Australia, parts of Brazilian Plateau and on either side of the equatorial region in Africa.

3. Animals like camels, moles, vultures, parakeets, hedgehogs, hares, rodent, snakes, lizards and wild asses are found in deserts. The camel is the most important among them in India. It has special body features adapted to the desert conditions. It is the most common beast of burden in the hot deserts and is also called the ship of the desert.


CHAPTER - 9

HUMAN SETTLEMENTExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (c)

B. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (T) 3. (F) 4. (T) 5. (T)

C. Answer the following questions in short. 1. A settlement is a place where people live and interact with others and carry out a variety of

activities. 2. Golden Quadrilateral is a network of highways connecting India’s four top metropolitan

cities, namely Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. 3. The patterns of rural settlement can be of four types, namely—compact, scattered, linear and

radial. 4. Post and telegraph system, radio, telephone, television, internet, newspaper etc. are some of

the means of communication available to us.

D. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. There are four types of rural settlements. These are—compact, scattered, linear and radial. Compact settlement—Here the dwellings are close together in one area. These are mostly

found in river valleys and fertile plains. Scattered settlements—These are made up of scattered and isolated dwellings. These are

mostly found in hilly areas and farmlands. Linear settlements—These are developed in a linear pattern. These are mostly found along

the banks of rivers, coasts or transport routes.


Radial settlements—In these settlements, houses are built according to the prevailing physical environment. Local materials are used for construction.

2. The rural and urban settlements are highly dependent on each other. The urban people need the agricultural products of villages while the rural people are dependent on cities for industrial goods, medical facilities, educational facilities, finance etc. The rural and urban areas are connected with each other by roads and rail routes. They have two types of relations—trade relation and social relation.

3. All the settlements are well adapted to suit their natural environment. Houses on hill slopes where heavy rainfall or snowfall are recorded may have sloping roofs. Marshes near sea coasts may have houses built on stilts. Similarly, houses in rural areas are built of locally available building materials.

4. There are a number of trans-continental railways in the world. Some of these are— (i) Trans-Siberian Railway (Russia)—It is the world’s longest railway line linking

St. Petersburg and Moscow in the west to Vladivostok in the east. (ii) Canadian Pacific Railway—It connects Halifax on the Atlantic coast to Vancouver on

the Pacific coast. (iii) Trans-Andean Railway—It links Buenos Aires in Argentina with Valparaiso in Chile. (iv) Trans-Australian Railway—It connects Sydney and Perth. 5. There are six major ocean routes. North-Atlantic Sea Route is the longest ocean route. Other

important ocean routes are the Pacific Ocean Route which connects the west coast of America with the east coast of Asia; the Cape of Good Hope Route connecting Europe with Africa; and the South Atlantic Route connecting South American and North American continents. Other two ocean routes connect Melbourne in Australia via the Cape of Good Hope; and the Panama Canal Route connecting London with Melbourne.


CHAPTER - 10

LIFE IN THE TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL REGIONSExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (a)

B. Match the columns. 1. (e) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a)

C. Fill in the blanks. 1. The Amazon river is about 6,992 km long. 2. The Amazon basin lies in South America.


3. The Ganga river originates from the Gangotri glacier in the Himalayas. 4. Amazon basin is the largest river basin in the world. 5. The Ganga-Brahmaputra basin has a monsoon type climate. 6. Sunderban delta is the house of Royal Bengal tigers.

D. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (F) 3. (F) 4. (T) 5. (F)

E. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Amazon river basin lies very close to the equator mainly between 10° N and 10° S latitudes. 2. Shifting agriculture is a system in which plots of land are cultivated temporarily, than

abondoned and allowed to revert to their natural vegetation. 3. The Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin is located in the subtropical region, i.e. between 10° N and

30° N latitudes. 4. Slash and burn agriculture is a farming method that involves the cutting and burning of

plants in a forest or woodland to create a field called a swidden. 5. Rishikesh, Haridwar, Mathura, Lucknow, Varanasi, Kanpur, Patna, Kolkata and Dispur are

some of the important towns in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin. 6. The Ganga-Brahmaputra basin is made up of the plains of Ganga and Brahmaputra, foothills

of the Himalayas and the Sunderbans delta. The area has monsoon climate with hot summers and cool winters. The plains are most suitable for human occupation as they have fertile lands that are drained by rivers. The density of plains is very high and agriculture is the main occupation of people. Transportation is well developed due to plain topography.

F. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Life of people in the Amazon Basin—Hunting and fishing are the main occupations of the

people. The staple food of people is Manioc or Cassava. People carry out slash and burn pattern of agriculture.

Life of people in Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin—Agriculture and fishery are the primary activity of the people. The staple food of people is rice and wheat. There are centres of dairy products and leather works in this region apart from agriculture.

2. The Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin is a sub-tropical region. This river basin has a fertile belt that includes most of north and east India. The region has a rich source of alluvial soil. The region contains number of ox-bow lakes over the plains. The region is bounded on the north by the mountains and foothills of the Himalayas. On the east, lies the Sundarbans Delta. The region experiences a monsoon type of climate. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people in the plains. Terrace farming is practised in the mountains and hills.

3. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin. The fertile alluvial soil, the ample water from the two river systems and the moderate climate make it possible for farmers in this region to grow a variety of food and cash crops. Land holdings are generally small. The primitive methods of farming used earlier, have now given a way to modern farming techniques.

4. The Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin is located in the subtropical region, i.e. between 10° N and 30° N latitudes. The Ganga river originates from the Gangotri glacier in Uttarakhand, flows for some distance towards east. In the east, it stretches upto the Brahmaputra river in upper


Assam while in the west, it merges with the Indus plain. The Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers join together before draining into the Bay of Bengal.


CHAPTER - 11

LIFE IN THE TEMPERATE GRASSLANDSExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (d)

B. Match the columns. 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (e) 4. (b) 5. (a)

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (F) 2. (F) 3. (T) 4. (T) 5. (F)

D. Answer the following questions in short. 1. The Prairies are found in USA and Canada. This land stretches from the west of the Mississippi

river to the foothills of the Rocky mountains. The Great Lakes of North America lie towards the east of the Prairies.

2. A combine harvester is a machine that harvests grain crops. The name derives from its combining three separate operations comprising harvesting—reaping, threshing, and winnowing into a single process.

3. River Mississippi and its tributaries and river Saskatchewan and its tributaries drain the Prairies.

4. The Veld grassland is located in the Southernmost part of Africa between 25° S and 35° S lying close to the Tropic of Capricorn. It is bounded by the Drakensburg mountain in the east and the Kalahari desert in the west.

5. Wheat, maize, potatoes, soyabean, cotton, oats, barley, flax and oilseeds are some important crops grown in the Prairies.

E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Beef cattle are reared in large farms called ranches. These ranches are self-contained units

and managed like factories. The main workers on a cattle ranch are the cowboys. They are responsible for looking after the farm animals.

2. The people of the Prairie region are very hard working. They mainly do cultivation, run milk dairies and make milk products. The people of the Prairies had a very tough time, when they first arrived, and settled in this region.

3. Agriculture is the main occupation in the Prairies. It produces more than half of the wheat crop grown in the US. It is the largest maize growing region of the world. Potatoes, soyabean and cotton are some other crops grown here. Dairy farming is another important activity of people.


4. South Africa lies in the warm temperate zone of the Southern Hemisphere. Due to the altitude of the plateau, and the presence of oceans on three sides, this region experiences a mild climate. Summers are short and warm, while winters are long and cool. Rainfall is low and it takes place mostly in summer. Winters remain dry with some occasional frost.

5. The main occupations of people living in the Veld are animal rearing and mining. Nomadic harding is replaced by commercial rearing. People grow crops like maize, wheat, sugarcane and cotton. Cattle are reared for milk and meat. Sheep are reared mainly for their wool. Creameries make butter and cheese for domestic needs as well as for export.


CHAPTER - 12

LIFE IN THE DESERTSExerciseMultiple Choice Questions

A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Sahara desert is an example of hot desert. 2. Ladakh is a cold desert located in the Jammu and Kashmir. 3. The highest point in the Sahara desert is Mt Emi Koussi. 4. Bedouins are the nomadic tribes of Sahara desert. 5. Pangong Tso is a huge lake in Ladakh.

C. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Deserts are those areas on the earth where the average annual rainfall is less than 25 cm in a

year. It is a barren land. 2. The Sahara desert covers the region that lies between 20° and 30° latitudes to the north and

south of the equator. It extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Red Sea in the east covering an area of 8.54 million sq. kms. In the north, it is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlas Mountains, and in the south, it merges into the Savanna grasslands.

3. Major cities located in the Sahara desert include—Cairo (Egypt), Tripoli (Libya), Nouakchott, the capital of Mauritania.

4. Yaks, goats and sheep are reared on the mountains in Ladakh. 5. Ladakh is located in the eastern part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. It lies to the north

of the Greater Himalayas in India.

D. Answer the following questions in details. 1. The life of the people in the Sahara desert is changing very fast as they import most of their

requirements from other countries. Many cities have developed here. These cities have


modern facilities such as hospitals, schools, cultural-religious centres and super highways. There are also plans to construct a Trans-Sahara highway. Several parts of the Sahara desert are now accessible by aeroplanes.

2. People of Ladakh are simple and hardworking. Most of them are Buddhist or Muslims. The main occupation of people is to look after the livestock. Waving is also an important occupation of the people. Besides animal rearing and weaving, agriculture and tourism are the other major occupations of the people in Ladakh.



(Do it yourself)


A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (d)

B. Fill in the blanks. 1. Surface currents are caused by temperature and salinity variations. 2. Tides are caused by gravitational interaction. 3. Moderate climate is found in the temperate regions. 4. The Rhone-Rhine Canal is located in France. 5. The Amazon Basin lies in South America. 6. The Amazon river is about 6,992 km long. 7. Ladakh is a cold desert located in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. (T) 2. (F) 3. (F) 4. (T) 5. (F) 6. (T) 7. (F)

D. Answer the following questions in short. 1. Solid, liquid and gas are the three states in which water can exist. 2. Natural vegetation is a generic term for all plants that grow naturally without any human

interference. 3. A settlement is a place where people live and interact with other people and carry out a

variety of activities. 4. Amazon River Basin lies very close to the equator mainly between 10° N and 10° S latitudes. 5. The Sahara Desert covers the region that lies between 20° and 30° latitudes to the north and

south of the equator. It extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Red Sea in the east. In the north, it is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlas Mountains, and in the south it merges into the Savanna grasslands.


E. Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Four effects of ocean currents are as follows— (i) Ocean currents influence the temperature of coastal areas. (ii) Mixing of cold and warm currents causes dense fog, which hampers navigation. (iii) The best fishing grounds in the world are found where warm and cold currents meet. (iv) Warm currents are helpful in keeping the seaports ice free due to which they remain

open. These currents also influence navigation. 2. The tropical forests region has a rich wildlife, consisting of the herbivorous and carnivorous

animals. Deer, giraffes, lions, panthers, apes, monkeys, turtles, crocodiles, ostrich and rhea are some of the animals found in tropical forests.

3. The rural and urban settlements are highly dependent on each other. The urban people need the agricultural products of villages while the rural people are dependent on cities for industrial goods, medical facilities, educational facilities, finance etc. The rural and urban areas are connected with each other by roads and rail routes. They have two types of relations—Trade relation and social relation.

4. The Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin is a sub-tropical region. This river basin has a fertile belt that includes most of north and east India. The region has a rich source of alluvial soil. The region contains number of ox-bow lakes over the plains. The region is bounded on the north by the mountains and foothills of the Himalayas. On the east, lies the Sundarbans Delta. The region experiences a monsoon type of climate. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people in the plains. Terrace farming is practised in the mountains and hills.

5. People of Ladakh are simple and hardworking. Most of them are Buddhist or Muslims. The main occupation of people is to look after the livestock. Weaving is also an important occupation of the people. Besides animal rearing and weaving, agriculture and tourism are the other major occupations of the people in Ladakh.

F. Distinguish between the following. 1. Crest and Trough—The highest point of the wave is called the crest while lowest point is

called trough. 2. Waves and Tides—Up and down movements of oceanic water is known as waves. The

periodical rise and fall of the sea water surface is called a tide.

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