SI4000 SUMMER 2004 UAV Brief UAV Development and History ...

UAV Development and History at Northrop Grumman Corporation

Ryan Aeronautical Center

Norman S. [email protected]

File Name.1As of (date)

SI4000 SUMMER 2004 UAV Brief


UAV Family TreeHistorically, no single, universally accepted definition has adequately categorize the Unmanned Air Vehicle.

VehicleBallistic Powered

UnguidedGuidedGuidedUnguided

Simple Rocket

RecoverableExpendable

Conventional Aircraft

Kamikaze

RecoverableExpendable

Remote Control

Automatic Control

Remote Control

Automatic Control

Guided Missile

Cruise Missile

RPV Drone

MannedUnmanned

BulletShell

Free FallBomb

ICBM SmartBomb

Current Definition of a UAV


Unmanned Air Vehicle OriginsNecessity, the “mother of invention” produced flying bomb concepts during the First World War. The armistice halted experiments on all but targets.

• 1917: French artillery officer, Rene`Lorin proposed flying bombs using gyroscopic and barometric stabilization and control.

• 1918: Germany halts development of guided weapons.

• 1918: Charles Kettering (USA) flies Liberty Eagle “Kettering Bug” and Army Air Corps orders 75 copies.

• 1920: Elmer Sperry perfects the gyroscope and the first enabling technology makes flight control feasible

• 1932: RAE “Fairey Queen” crashes, technology is still in its infancy.

Fairey Queen IIIF Mark IIIB, 1932


USA - Targets Become Successful1935 - Reginald Denny develops the RP-1 and launches the Radio Plane Company, later to become the Northrop Ventura Division.


V-1 Debuts in 1943Advanced technologies of the Forties provided control, guidance and targeting.

Propeller driven “air-log” governed range

Speed was determined by engine performance at max. power

Azimuth Control by gyroscope governed by magnetic compass

Aneroid barometer altitude control


Launch SystemsA wide variety of launch systems have been developed for UAV applications

Pneumatic Catapult

JATO/RATO Launch

Air Launch

Runway Launch


UAV Recovery TechniquesRecovery schemes are determined by application and UAV size, the trend is toward autoland capability

Mid Air Retrieval System (MARS)

Conventional

ABIAS

Net

Parachute

Ryan Aeronautical UAV History





Ryan XAAM-A-1 FirebirdFirebird ushers in the missile age at Ryan in 1949

Speed was determined by engine performance at max. power

Aneroid barometer altitude control

Early radar guidance was a forerunner to Sparrow missiles

7.5’ without booster


BQM-34 Firebee Subsonic Aerial Target High Performance, Jet-powered UAV designed to simulate hostile aircraft or missile threats

BQ-34 Firebee evolved from

the Ryan KD-A• Primary Missions

– Air defense weapons development, test & evaluation

– Air defense weapons training

• Secondary Missions– Aerial reconnaissance– Experimental aerial platform

• System Capabilities– Ground launch– Air launch from C-130– Recovery by parachute on land or at sea– 8-12 flights per vehicle

• Flight Control and Navigation– Remotely piloted from airborne or ground

control station– Preprogrammable Microprocessor Flight

Control System ( MFCS) for autonomous flight


BQM-34E Firebee II Supersonic Aerial Target Turbojet Powered UAV designed to simulate high speed hostile aircraft and anti-ship missiles

• Primary Missions– Air defense training– Aerial combat training – Weapons systems development

• Secondary Missions– Test vehicle for advanced

aerodynamic technology research (NASA)

• System Capabilities– Ground Launch– Air launch from C-130– Recovery by parachute on land or at

sea– 8-12 flights per vehicle Firebee II with external fuel tank in

subsonic flight


AQM-91A Compass Arrow Twenty plus vehicles built in the late ‘60’s, still holds the unmanned turbine powered altitude record, 80,000 ft.

• Incorporated several low observable features.

• Significant reduction in the RCS features of the aircraft as seen from the ground.

• Vertical tails and fuselage sides canted toward centerline to eliminate the specular reflections from the side aspect at or below the horizontal plane.

• The engine inlet, located on top of the fuselage was lined with RAM, to conceal it from angles below the horizontal plane.

• Exhaust nozzle was cooled to reduce IR signature, and like the inlet, was placed so as to be hidden by other airframe features at many aspects of observation. RAM was applied to the leading edges of the wing and to some portions of the fuselage.

• First large UAV specifically designed to survive by stealth.

• Compass Arrow operated at altitudes in excess of 80,000 ft. while traveling at subsonic speeds.


AQM-81A/N Firebolt Rocket-powered target missile designed to replicate high altitude and high speed threats.

• Primary Mission–Provide a realistic threat simulation of

advanced enemy threats that fly in the upper reaches of earth’s airspace for…

– Air defense training– Aerial combat training– Weapons systems development

• Reusable Hybrid Rocket Powered Target Missile

–Air Launch–Recovery by MARS over land or sea–20 Flights per vehicle

• Flight Control and Navigation–Pre-programmable Mission Logic Control Unit

(MLCU)–Remotely piloted from Ground Control Station


YQM-98A Compass CopeTwo units built and flight tested in 1976, held the unmanned turbine engine endurance record of 28 hr. 11 min. until surpassed by Global Hawk on March 21, 2001

• Primary Mission–High altitude endurance reconnaissance

and surveillance

• Minimum 24 hours of endurance • 750 lbs. payload capability • Triple redundant autoland system • Dual redundant avionics system • Quadruple redundant Command &

Control System • First major Use of GOTS/COTS

hardware


Model 410 Long Endurance UAVEconomical aerial reconnaissance and surveillance system for civilian or military customers

• Primary Mission– Provide a long-range or long-

endurance aerial platform for:– Military reconnaissance– Electronic communications

relay– Electronic warfare

countermeasure– Law enforcement, drug

interdiction– Border surveillance– Disaster area observation– Natural resources

monitoring


Model 410 Long Endurance UAV (continued)

Economical aerial reconnaissance and surveillance system for civilian or military customers

• System Components– Long Endurance Aerial Vehicle

– Composite construction– Modular design– Two-man assembly / disassembly– Short, unimproved runway capability

– Ground Control Station– Self contained, transportable, fully

integrated– Autonomous flight control & mission

programming– Remote manual flight & sensor control– Real-time datalink– Image data processing

– Onboard Flight Control & Navigation– Central Flight Control Computer (CFCC)– Global Positioning System (GPS)– Auto takeoff and landing

– Payload– 300 pound capacity– 24 cubic foot volume– Stabilized retractable sensor platform


Model 324 Medium RangeMobile and transportable advanced technology unmanned aerial reconnaissance system

• Primary Mission– Conduct autonomous tactical aerial

reconnaissance and surveillance

• System Components– Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

– Composite airframe– Ground launch from mobile

transport trailer– Recovery by parachute with air-bag

attenuation system– Onboard Flight Control & Navigation

– Mission Logic Control Unit (MLCU)– Inertial Navigation System (INS)– Global Positioning System (GPS)


Model 324 Medium Range (continued)

Mobile, and transportable advanced technology unmanned aerial reconnaissance system

• System Components (con’t)– Mobile Launch & Recovery Vehicle (LRV)

– 8 wheel all-terrain tractor– 6 wheel trailer transport/launcher– Self-contained command 7 control shelter– Autonomous flight control & mission

programming– Remote manual flight control– Command tracking & telemetry system

– Payload– CAI/Recon Optical KS-153A camera– Loral IRLS D-500 Infrared line scanner

Ryan Aeronautical Modern UAV Design & Technology





Model 350 Medium Range UAVAdvanced technology tactical unmanned aerial reconnaissance system

• Mission– Provide near real-time optical and/or

infrared images of heavily defended areas– Target detection– Target identification– Battle damage assessment

• System Components– Onboard Flight Control & Navigation

– Mission Logic Control Unit (MLCU)– Inertial Navigation System (INS)– Global Positioning System (GPS)

– Payload– Advanced Tactical Aerial Reconnaissance

System (ATARS)


Model 350 Medium Range UAVAdvanced technology tactical unmanned aerial reconnaissance system

• System Components– Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

– Ground launch– Air launch ( from F/A-18 and F-16R)– Soft landing recovery by parachute or by

Mid-Air Recovery System (MARS)

– Local Control & Monitoring Station (LCMS)– Self-contained, transportable– Autonomous flight control & mission

programming– Remote manual flight control– Command, tracking, telemetry & image

data link systems– Image data processing system


Global Hawk HAE UAVHigh Altitude Endurance Unmanned Aerial Reconnaissance System

• Mission– Provide continuous day /

night, high altitude, all weather surveillance and reconnaissance in direct support of allied ground and air forces across the spectrum of conflict

– Increase the reach of existing and future surveillance systems

– Extraordinary range and endurance

– Fewer number of systems required to maintain global ISR coverage


Global Hawk HAE UAVThe Global Hawk is an Integrated System

Speed(n.miles/hour)


Global Hawk System Overview

TACTICAL USERS(SENSOR ONLY)

LAUNCH ANDRECOVERYELEMENT(C2 ONLY)

MISSIONCONTROLELEMENT

(C2 &SENSOR)

C2 LOS

COMMUNICATIONSUHF-Band: C2 LOS UHFSATCOM

C2C2 C2

C2 SATCOM

INMARSAT C2

INMARSAT or Equivalent

SENSOR

Ku SATCOM

Ku-Band: C2 and SensorSATCOM

C2 &SENSOR

C2 &SENSOR

CDL SENSORCDL C2 &

SENSOR

X-Band CDL: C2 and SensorLOS

ATC VOICE

ATC Voice


Global Hawk Vehicle Size

Length: 97 feetWingspan: 94 feetMax Takeoff Wt: 130,000 lb.Loiter Speed:Operational Ceiling: 40,000 feetMax Unrefueled Range: 2,700 NM

Length: 44.4 feetWingspan: 116 feetHeight: 15.2 feet (at tail)Max.Takeoff Wt: 25,600 lb.Loiter Speed:Operational Ceiling: 65,000 feetMax Unrefueled Range:over 12,000NM

Length: 63.1 feetWingspan: 104.8 feetHeight: 16.7 feet (at tail)Max Takeoff Wt: 40,000 lb.Maximum Speed: 410 kts. TASOperational Ceiling: over 70,000 feetMax Unrefueled Range: over 3,000 NM

B-737U-2 Global Hawk

573 kts. TAS343 kts. TAS


Global Hawk Integrated Sensor Suite

Ryan Aeronautical Future UAV Technology





TelepresenceTelepresence, also called virtual presences, is participation in an environment from a remote location

• A subset of virtual reality, telepresence uses external mechanics to view the environment,

• Lethal UAV weapons delivery systems of the 1970’s put the shooter out of harms way.

• Ryan developed systems to launch a variety of guided standoff weapons from BGM-34C UAV’s.

• Virtual Reality software today contains the following features:

– Object database - descriptions of virtual objects or environments

– Attribute database - color, texture, orientation– Sensor driver- monitors tracking devices to

know actual position– display driver- reality engine updates object

for display– Simulation manager - coordinates entire

system maintaing proper perspective between objects


Virtual Reality Web sitesCommercial VR packages are available from many houses on the web.

• World Tool Kit Sense8 www.sense8.com• VR Development Systems VREAM www.vream.com• Walk Through Virtus www.virtus.com• Virtual Reality Studio Danmark Software WWW.domark.com• Cyberspace Development Kit Autodesk www.autodesk.com

• Recent check of the links, Red are no longer pertinent or active.


Fuzzy Logic / Neural NetsThe development of an adaptive control system to enhance engine performance is on the horizon

• Fuzzy logic algorithms and hardware have enjoyed a recent development frenzy

• The technology is ready for transition to UAV class engine controllers when the need is great enough

• Current F/A-18 Fuzzy logic engine control work is funded and ongoing


Voice Directed UAVSpeech recognition could replace some navigation logic allowing mixed use of UAV’s and manned aircraft

• Neural Network computing methods could be applied to artificial speech recognition and UAV command language

• This will increase asset interoperability for a force commander or commercial air traffic controller

• Minimizes ground control station assets


Damage Detection / Failure PredictionUAV Mission Failure rate can improve airframe monitoring and failure prediction.

• In high threat areas, damage may occur due to hostile action.

• With proper sensors, a UAV could “decide” to return to base if damage or failures were detected prior to catastrophic failure.

• Smart structure technologies will detect damage, predict useful life, continue operation at optimal flight conditions.

• The UAV will react by reducing speed, flying minimum G profile or dumping fuel and returning to base

UAV’s -Where We’ve Been and Where

We’re Going





Customers

• USAF• USA• USN• USCG• RCAF• JDF• GOI• GOE

• NATO• DEA• DNA• DOT• CIA• FBI• NSA• INS

• Sandia• Los Alamos• LLL• NASA• DARPA• DARO• MDA


Performance

• Altitude 7 Ft to 100,000 Ft• Velocity 60 Kts to Mach 4• Endurance 7 Minutes to 40 hours• Range 25 NMi to 14,000 Nmi• Take-Off Gross Weight 200 Lb to 34,500 Lb• Payload Weight 25 Lb to 3,000 Lb


Missions

• IMINT• SIGINT• GPS Pseudolite• Air Sampling• Strike• EW/ESM

• Decoy• BPI/BPLI• Target• Cargo / Logistics• ACN


Aerodynamics

• Conventional Airfoil• Rogallo Wing• Laminar Flow• SuperCritical• Ailerons, Elevators, Rudders,

Ruddervators, Spoilers, Speed Brakes, Flaps, Elevons

• BLC

• Twin Verticals• V - Tails• Canards• V/STOL• Non Atmospheric• Hypersonic


Airframe

• Metallic– Aluminum– Steel– Titanium– Magnesium

• Composite– Fiberglass– Graphite

• Molded– Sheet Molded

Compound


Low Observables

• Radar• Acoustic• Visual• IR


Propulsion

• Reciprocating ( Aircraft)• 2 Cylinder 2 Cycle• Turbo Prop• Turbo Jet• Turbo Fan• Ramjet• Pulse Jet• Rocket• Electric Motors


Payload Sensors

• Cameras – Still– Motion– Panoramic

• Electro-Optical• FLIR• IRLS• SAR• ISAR• IFSAR

• Chaff• Active EW Jammers• COMINT• ELINT• ESM• Ordnance• Leaflets/Propaganda


Navigation

• Dead Reckoning• Doppler• LORAN / Omega• INS• GPS/DGPS• INMARSAT


Flight Controls

• Analog• Digital• Hybrid• Duplex• Triplex• Electrostatic

• AHRS (Gyros)• Inertial• Formation Flight• Autonomous Flight

– Active Real-Time– Re-Planning– Re-Tasking


Secondary Power

• Batteries• Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)• Solar• Generator


Actuation System

• Hydraulic• Pnuematic• Electro-Mechanical

– Linear/Rotary– Push/Pull– Cables/Pulleys


UAVs - Current Developmentand Emerging Uses


The Networked Vision of the Future

UAVs Are A Major Part of the Vision


Warfighter’s Challenge ~ Future Combat

• Regional & Global Asymmetric Warfare

– Proliferation of Ballistic Missile/Cruise Missile Threats

– Proliferation of WMD Capabilities /Systems ~ and the Will To Use Them

• Uncertainty In Situational Awareness/Decisions

• Non-Traditional Roles & Missions ~ With Force Structure Pressures

• Acquisition of Advanced Technology Force Structures

– Technologies, Applications, Systems & Insertion Sequencing

– Force Mix, Postures, Basing, CONOPS & Employment Concepts

– Sustaining Capability in the Transition/Transformation

– Establishing & Sustaining Affordability - No Immunity To Budget Constraints

Understanding & Integrating UAVs Is A Significant Part of the Challenge


Some of the Emerging Concepts & RequirementsThat UAVs Can Meet

These Lists AreBy No Means

Comprehensive

MilitaryBM/C4ISR

BPLI - Theater Ballistic Missile DefenseCruise Missile Defense - BM/C4ISR & Intercept

Battlespace ~ Infosphere Comms & Reach-BackKinetic & Non-Kinetic Combat Operations

PSYOPs & SOF OperationsSBIRS Low Adjunct & Tactical Surrogate

Satellite / Sensor Test BedSpace Sensing

Space SurveillanceSpace Tracking

Space Comms/Data RelayMilitary Science

Military R&DAugmentation of GPS

Civil Authority & Commercial ApplicationsCommunicationsLaw EnforcementDrug Interdiction

Disaster Preparedness & ManagementGlobal Meteorological (NOAA)

Forest Fire SurveillanceEnvironmental Monitoring, Management & Enforcement

Agricultural Resource Surveillance & ManagementNatural Resource Surveillance & Management

Scientific Research


Questions?

Date post:	03-Nov-2021
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SI4000 SUMMER 2004 UAV Brief UAV Development and History ...

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