Siwes it report

A

TECHNICAL REPORTON STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

UNDERTAKEN AT

NOKIA SIEMENS NETWORKS 98100 APAPA-OSHODI EXPRESSWAY

LAGOS STATE

SUBMITTED BY

OLAFUSI MICHAEL O

EEE042995

TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AKURE

ONDO STATE

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (BENG) DEGREE IN ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

NOVEMBER 2008

DEDICATION

In our lives three set of people matter most

First and greatest is God Almighty who daily re-creates us

Second is our family the people we love the most

The third is our friends the bright side of us

To them do I dedicate this report

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I acknowledge the overwhelming help God gave me throughout the

scheme He encouraged me not to give up on getting a relevant (to my field of study)

reputable company and when I was getting to the end of my rope He came to my rescue

Without His support and miracles I would not have been alive let alone have a successful

Industrial training attachment

I appreciate my parents and siblings for their constant help and support especially my

mother who took my placement over-personal and my father for his constant financial

support even when I could not give a reasonable report of expenditure

I heartily express my appreciation to Mr Tope Akinkuowo (Transmission Manager

Zain Nigeria) and Mr Zijad Demirovic (Project Manager Nokia Siemens Networks

Nigeria) for making it possible for me to do my Industrial Training attachment at Nokia

Siemens Networks

I also appreciate Mr Kehinde Oke (Senior Engineer Nokia Siemens Networks) for

sparing some of his precious time to teach me all I could understand about

Telecommunications transmission and radio telephone network system I also thank my

colleagues Ifekauche Onyeka and Agho Osasu for helping make my six months industrial

training attachment a swell time

Sincerely all the technicians at the Pre-installation and Transmission department

taught me so much that even though they are too many for me list name by name I could

not have had a very successful Industrial Training attachment without them

ii

ABSTRACT

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is designed to give

University undergraduates in Nigeria the relevant practical knowledge and industrial

exposure they need to fully understand the application of the theoretical knowledge they

acquire within the four walls of the lecture halls I was fortunate to serve my six months

industrial work experience at Nokia Siemens Networks an international

telecommunications company involved in fixed telephone network system and mobile

telephone network system installation and servicing for telephone network operators and

multinational organizations all over the world

This report is a comprehensive summary of all that I learnt and was involved in

throughout my industrial attachment at the Radio access business unit of the Lagos

Nigeria branch of the company I learnt the fundamentals of telecommunications the

different type of telecommunications systems the operational difference between a fixed

telephone line network and a mobile telephone network and how the GSM network is

implemented I was involved in a couple of site works twice at the Twenty-first century

telecommunications company fixed line switching and transmission capacity expansion

and twice at Zains Ibadan Oyo state Base Transceiver Stations upgrade At the companys

Transmission Pre-installation Office (TPO) I was able to learn how the different

transmission equipments operate are installed troubleshooted and remotely monitored I

was shown the different types of waveguides coaxial cables optical fibres and twisted

copper cable and was made to understand their areas of application

The chapter one gives a brief introduction to the history and operations of Nokia

Siemens Networks with an organogram of the company Chapter two discusses the basics

of telecommunications and the media used in signal propagation Chapter three delves

straight into the core of the GSM network architecture and how the operate together to

make mobile phone calls possible The last major chapter chapter four talks extensively on

the Base Transceiver Station and its radio access link segment where I worked on at the

sites

iii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 11 Nokia Siemens Networks Organizational chart4

Figure 21 Communication link between two telephones5

Figure 22 A four-pair copper cable7

Figure 23 A typical coaxial cable8

Figure 24 A typical optic fibre9

Figure 25 Wireless communication links10

Figure 31 Frequency allocation in the GSM 900 and GSM 1800 band12

Figure 32 A mobile station13

Figure 33 Time Division Multiple Access principle15

Figure 34 The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)17

Figure 35 The Base Station Subsystem (BSS)20

Figure 36 A diagramatic representation of the management function of the NMS23

Figure 37 Obanla trying to call Ajegunle23

Figure 38 The frequency reuse chart25

Figure 39 Synchronization of the mobile station with the network26

Figure 310 Channel request and allocation27

Figure 311 A summary of the GSM architecture28

Figure 41 The SRA 4 unit31

Figure 42 Local Craft Terminal software31

Figure 43 The NetBuilder software32

Figure 44 On site testing of connectivity between two BTSs using the SRA 4 handset32

Figure 45 The SRA 4 unit fully connected to the other network units33

Figure 46 The coaxial cables connecting the indoor units to the outdoor units34

Figure 47 The coaxial cables entering into the BTS shelter34

Figure 48 An ODU35

Figure 49 An antenna with two ODUs closely attached35

Figure 410 The 6 ndash 13 GHz ODU36


iv

Figure 412 The different polarizations37

Figure 413 Directional high performance shielded antenna already installed38

Figure 414 Mutual impedance between parallel 2 dipoles not staggered Curves Re and Im are the resistive and reactive parts of the impedance39

Figure 415 The 21 pair twisted cables being made into E1 transmission lines41

Figure 416 The specialized crimper and clamp for fixing the E1 DB-32 connectors42

Figure 417 A general tool box43

Figure 418 The Digital Distribution Frame (DDF)44

Figure 419 The Multiplexer (Surpass HiT 7070 under testing)45

Figure 420 The Synchronous Radio Access XL (SRA XL)46

v

LIST OF TABLES

Table 31 GSM 900 frequency channels13


Table 41 The standard frequency allocation table29

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATIONi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTii

ABSTRACTiii

LIST OF FIGURESiv

LIST OF TABLESvi

TABLE OF CONTENTSvii

10 INTRODUCTION1

11 NOKIA SIEMENS NETWORKS hellip2

111 BRIEF HISTORY AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE2

112 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART3

20 TELECOMMUNICATIONS BASICS5

21 TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRANSMISSION MEDIA6

211 COPPER7

212 COAXIAL CABLES8

213 OPTIC FIBRES8

214 WIRELESS (ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES)9

30 GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS (GSM)11

31 GSM NETWORK ARCHITECTURE16

32 NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM (NSS)16

321 MOBILE SERVICES SWITCHING CENTRE (MSC)17

322 VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER (VLR)18

323 HOME LOCATION REGISTER (HLR)18

324 AUTHENTICATION CENTRE (AU)18

325 EQUIPMENT IDENTITY REGISTER (EIR)19

33 BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM (BSS)19

331 BASE STATION CONTROLLER (BSC)20

332 BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION (BTS)20

333 TRANSCODER (TC)21

vii

34 NETWORK MANAGEMENT SUBSYSTEM (NMS)22

35 PRACTICAL ILLUSTRATION23

40 BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION RADIO ACCESS LINK29

41 THE SYNCHRONOUS RADIO ACCESS STM-4 (SRA 4) UNIT30

42 THE COAXIAL CABLE33

43 THE OUTDOOR FREQUENCY CONVERTER AND SIGNAL AMPLIFIER UNIT (ODU)35

44 DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA37

45 TWISTED PAIR COPPER CABLE41

50 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION47

REFERENCES48

viii

CHAPTER ONE

10 INTRODUCTION

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was established in 1973 to enable

undergraduates in various Nigerian universities to acquire relevant practical and industrial experience

in their various fields of study This is to help the students better understand what they are being

taught in the universities and to practically apply them

At Nokia Siemens Networks where I observed the SIWES I was exposed to many major

telecommunications equipment like the Nokia Siemens Networks Synchronous Radio Access STM-4

(SRA 4) unit Synchronous Radio Access Trunk (SRT) unit Surpass HiT 7070 Multiplexer Digital

Distribution Frame (DDF) EWSD high capacity switch various optic fibres waveguides twisted

pair copper cables and antennae

I was involved in the following projects

1 The expansion of the fixed line telephone network of the Twenty-first century

telecommunications company branch at Ikeja Lagos state

2 Another expansion of the fixed line telephone network of the Twenty-first century

telecommunications company branch at Victoria Island Lagos state

3 The powering of Zains Base Transceiver Station Synchronous Radio Access STM-4

(SRA 4) system in Ibadan Oyo state

4 The configuration of another Zains Base Transceiver Station Radio Access link at

Ibadan and testing of connectivity between the station another nearby station and the

nearest Mobile services Switching Centre

5 The coupling of shielded twisted seven-pair copper cables into a standard E1 jack for use

with the Surpass HiT 7070 multiplexer and the Digital Distribution Frame (DDF)

6 The installation of Very Small Arperture Terminal (VSAT) for data communications at

the Nokia Siemens Networks Lagos branch

I was able through the company and personal efforts to learn the following

1

1 The use of AutoCAD and even used it on some occasions to reproduce in softcopy

some company project site diagrams

2 The installation multi-user capability and administration of the linux operating

system I tried my hands on Ubuntu Kubuntu and OpenSuse linux distributions

3 Microsoft windows XP operating software management and administration use of

system restore registry edit and password reset through a bootable XP installation

CD and a password breaker floppy disk

4 Use of Microsoft Excel to prepare stock lists and faulty equipments record

5 Oracle 10g R2 database mangement software and SQL relational query language

6 Medium size computer network ( less than a thousand computers involved) setup and

management using cisco switches conventional routers and wireless routers

11 NOKIA SIEMENS NETWORKS

Nokia Siemens Networks started operations on the 1st April 2007 as a result of a merger

between the former Network Business Group department of Nokia and the Carrier-related

operations department of Siemens International

Nokia Siemens Networks operates in 150 countries located in all the major continents of the

world ranking second in both Wireless networks infrastructure and Operator services and third

in Wireline networks infrastructure They are headquartered in Espoo Finland with over 60000

highly skilled professionals worldwide providing infrastructure and services to about 1400

corporate customers and infrastructural setup connecting over 1 billion people all over the world

111 BRIEF HISTORY AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

Nokia Siemens Networks came out of two industry giants ndash Nokia and Siemens Nokia is a

world leader in mobile telecommunications connecting people to each other and the information

that matters to them with easy-to-use and innovative products like mobile phones devices and

solutions for imaging gaming media and businesses Nokia has been in existence since 1865

2

though first as a furniture company which later evolved into a multinational telecommunications

company and a pioneer in mobile communications development

On the other hand Siemens has been a global powerhouse in electrical engineering and

electronics since 1847 presently with over 461000 employees in over 190 countries working to

develop and manufacture products design and install complex systems The company focuses on

the areas of Information and Communications Automation and Control Power Transportation

Medical and Lighting

On June 19 2006 Nokia and Siemens announced that they intend to merge the Networks

Business Group of Nokia and the carrier-related operations of Siemens into a new company to be

called Nokia Siemens Networks This 50-50 joint venture eventually on April 1 2007 created a

global leader with strong positions in important growth segments of fixed and mobile network

infrastructure and services

Nokia Siemens Networks has its operations grouped into five different business units

namely

1 Converged core business unit

2 IP Transport business unit

3 Radio Access business unit

4 Broadband Access business unit and

5 Operations and business software business unit

I worked in the Radio Access business unit which is concerned with the setting up of radio

links between different network stationsnodes and configuration of the radio access equipments

The network nodes are usually branches of a bank or base stations of a mobile telephone

network

112 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

Nokia Siemens Networks organizational chart is as shown below

3

4

Figu

re 1

1 N

okia

Sie

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rt

CHAPTER TWO

20 THE BASICS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Telecommunications is the assisted transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of

communication A telecommunication system consists of three basic elements namely

1 A transmitter that takes information and converts it to an easily transmittable signal

2 A transmission medium that carries the signal and

3 A receiver that receives the signal and converts it back to a useable information

Oftentimes a single equipment can act as both a transmitter and a receiver and it is referred

to as transceiver

Telecommunication that involves one transmitter and one receiver over a dedicated line of

transmission is called a point-to-point communication While telecommunication that involves

one powerful transmitter and several receivers is called broadcast communication An example of

a point-to-point communication is communication over a telephone line (phone call) even

though there may be many transmitters and receivers along the communication path only one

transmitter and receiver is actively used others are simply serving as repeaters to amplify and re-

propagate the signal Also an example of a broadcast communication is the conventional free-to-

air radio broadcast where a radio station uses one powerful transmitter to send signals to

numerous transistor radios

A simple illustration of telecommunications would be a Plain Old Telephone (POT) system

Figure 21 Communication link between two telephones

5

copper wire line

Telephone A Telephone B

The transmitter is the mouthpiece of each of the two telephones the receiver is the earpiece

of each of the two telephones and the transmission medium is the copper wire between the two

telephones This is a point-to-point communication because the transmitter of telephone A is

using a dedicated link over the copper wire to communicate with the receiver of telephone B and

same with the transmitter of telephone B and the receiver of telephone A

When you speak through the mouthpiece of telephone A your voice which is in an analogue

form and of low frequency (hence cannot of itself reach the other party of telephone B) is made

to alter the electrical properties of the mouthpiece in a predictable way These electrical

alterations (electrical signals) are transmitted through the copper wires to the receiver of the other

telephone which then regenerates the audio speech This shaping of a signal to convey

information is called modulation

If we want to setup a plain old telephone network system for a town or large community we

will probably need to run a copper wire from each telephone to every other telephone in the

network This will be very cumbersome and uneconomical so usually there are some copper

wires that are made to carry communications signals for more than one point-to-point

communication This will require a special device called a multiplexer to combine several point-

to-point communication signals to be transmitted on one copper wire There will also be a

demultiplexer at the other end to separate the different communications signals A modem is

usually used to perform the operations of both the multiplexer and demultiplexer at both

communication ends The combination of several communications signal to be transmitted over

one transmission line is called multiplexing

A collection of several transmitters receivers andor transceivers that can communicate with

one another is known as a network

21 TELECOMMUNICATION TRANSMISSION MEDIA

There are four basic types of transmission media used for transmission of signals in

telecommunications namely

1 Copper cable

2 Coaxial cable

6

3 Optical fibre and

4 Wireless

211 COPPER CABLE

Copper cable is the most extensively used transmission media and often in conjunction with

other media It is very cheap to implement and in form of a twisted pair cable it is quite

satisfactory for Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) lines and voice communications

But as data communications were been implemented in most telephone networks including the

PSTN copper became unsuitable due to the high degenerative effect it has on high frequency

data signals Also the load coils that are frequently added to copper loops longer than than

18000 feet to block frequencies higher than the standard 64kbitss voice modulated signals

frequency are low-pass filters which greatly attenuate higher frequencies that characterize data

signals Data signals require higher frequencies compared with voice modulated signals in other

to achieve a very high bandwidth

Copper cable is still much in use as a transmission medium but it is not used for very high-

traffic data communication Since all telecommunications networks now provide both voice and

data communication over the same set of infrastructure copper cable as a transmission medium

is now limited to low traffic network areas and cover a relatively short distances

Figure 22 A four-pair copper cable

7

212 COAXIAL CABLE

Coaxial cable is a special adaptation of copper It consists of a single strand of copper

shielded by a foam-like insulator or air dielectric and an electromagnetic shield of a conductive

foil with interwoven strands of wire between the outermost insulator and the foil Coaxial cable is

more like an antenna than a regular cable because it carries an electromagnetic wave between the

inner core and the shielding It has superior signal quality because the shielding mostly prevents

interference from reaching the signal Coaxial connectors are designed to have the same impedance as

the cable and to maintain its shielding The main connector types are the BNC connector used for

computer networking and the F connector used for cable television Cable terminators are closed

connectors that are placed on all open ends of a coaxial cable network to minimize signal loss and

interference Because of its construction the coaxial cable can conveniently transmit high

frequency signals for a longer distance and lower attenuation than the conventional copper cable

would Usually dozens of television channels each 6MHz wide can be multiplexed on a single

coaxial cable for satellite television broadcast reception

But still the coaxial cable still has the limitation of attenuating very high frequency signals

and is not usually used for very long distances

Figure 23 A typical coaxial cable

8

213 OPTICAL FIBRE

Optical fibre is simply a very thin strand of specially treated glass (about a few micrometers

in diameter) padded with a flexible insulator material (cladding) with an outer jacket to prevent

breakage It transmits signals in form of refracted light rays It is an ideal transmission medium

with practically no attenuation for thousands of miles of very high frequency signal transmission

It can transmit bandwidths of 110 Gbs on a single strand as tiny as 10 micrometer diameter

(Coring 2006)

Since most telecommunications signals are in electrical form an electrical-to-optical signal

converter chip is used at each end of the optic fibre transmission line Most telephone network

operators use optic fibre backbone installation Though it is quite expensive to implement but on

a per-bandwidth basis it is the cheapest form of telecommunication medium Its only limitation

is that it not economical for local network loops of low traffic load and short distances

Figure 24 A typical optic fibre

214 WIRELESS

Wireless transmission involves the use of electromagnetic waves of various frequencies for

telecommunication transmission In reality a wireless transmission medium can be anything

ranging from the atmosphere to even water body as long as the electromagnetic waves is not

reflected or absorbed completely Hence a wireless transmission medium goes beyond just air

and free space media it means any material that the signal can be propagated through Wireless

transmission can be implemented through several equipments like microwave transmitters

synchronous satellites low-earth orbit satellites cellular transmitters and personal

9

communication services (PCS) devices In fact the GSM (Global System for Mobile

communications) that I will discuss extensively in the following chapter uses wireless

Wireless has the advantage of the fact that it could be implemented in remote or

mountainous locations where wired connections will be too expensive or impossible to

implement But wireless is the most expensive transmission mode per-bandwidth basis

Figure 25 Wireless communication links

10

CHAPTER THREE

30 GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS (GSM)

The major application of wireless communication is for speech or voice communications

Though radio telephony has been in use for many decades but in a very limited way usually for

communications between different military bases and research institutes

The GSM is a radio telephony standard set up to allow commercial internationally

standardized cellular (use of cells in a network with frequency channels that can reused) radio

telephone networks in the world More than 80 percent of the mobile telephone network systems

in the world uses the GSM standard This makes it possible for companies to produce phones that

comply with the standard and can work with any mobile telephone network operator that uses the

GSM standard For example you can buy any of Nokia Samsung or Siemens GSM phone and

use it with either Zain MTN or Glo network operators in Nigeria

GSM operates in four standardized frequency rangesbands namely

GSM 850

GSM 900

GSM 1800 and

GSM 1900

In Nigeria we use both the GSM 900 and 1800 bands

11

Figure 31 Frequency allocation in the GSM 900 and GSM 1800 band

The uplink refers to a signal flow from the mobile station (MS) to the Base Transceiver

Station (BTS) while the downlink refers to the signal flow from the Base Transceiver station to

the mobile station

The mobile station is a combination of a terminal equipment (usually a mobile phone) and a

subscriber data usually stored on a subscriber Identity Module chip (SIM) Hence mobile phone

+ SIM = Mobile station

Figure 32 A mobile station

12

The simultaneous use of separate uplink and downlink frequencies enables communication

in both the transmit (TX) and the receive (RX) directions The radio carrier frequencies are

arranged in pairs and the difference between these uplink and downlink frequencies is called the

duplex frequency Each of these uplink and downlink frequency ranges are divided into carrier

frequencies spaced at 200kHz

Table 31 GSM 900 frequency channels

CHANNEL UPLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 8901 ndash 8903 9351 ndash 9353

2 8903 ndash 8905 9353 ndash 9355

3 8905 ndash 8907 9355 ndash 9357

4 8907 ndash 8909 9357 ndash 9359

5 8909 ndash 8911 9359 ndash 9361

6 8911 ndash 8913 9361 ndash 9363

7 8913 ndash 8915 9363 ndash 9365

8 8915 ndash 8917 9365 ndash 9367

9 8917 ndash 8919 9367 ndash 9369

10 8919 ndash 8921 9369 ndash 9371

11 8921 ndash 8923 9371 ndash 9373

12 8923 ndash 8925 9373 ndash 9375

13 8925 ndash 8927 9375 ndash 9377

14 8927 ndash 8929 9377 ndash 9379

13

24 9147 ndash 9149 9597 ndash 9599



(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 17101 ndash 17103 18051 ndash 18053

2 17103 ndash 17105 18053 ndash 18055

3 17105 ndash 17107 18055 ndash 18057

4 17107 ndash 17109 18057 ndash 18059

5 17109 ndash 17111 18059 ndash 18061

6 17111 ndash 17113 18061 ndash 18063

7 17113 ndash 17115 18063 ndash 18065

8 17115 ndash 17117 18065 ndash 18067

9 17117 ndash 17119 18067 ndash 18069

10 17119 ndash 17121 18071 ndash 18073

11 17121 ndash 17123 18073 ndash 18075

12 17123 ndash 17125 18075 ndash 18077

13 17125 ndash 17127 18077 ndash 18079

14 17127 ndash 17129 18079 ndash 18081

374 17847 ndash 17849 18797 ndash 18799

14

In GSM 900 the duplex frequency is 45MHz and in GSM 1800 it is 95MHz The lowest

and highest channels are not used in both GSM 900 and 1800 bands to avoid interference with

services using neighbouring frequencies

The radio transmission in GSM networks is based on digital technology and is implemented

using the Frequency Division Multiple Acess (FDMA) for cell allocation to a Base Transceiver

Station (BTS) and the Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) for resource share among several

mobile stations in a cell As for the FDMA each BTS (covering a cell) is allocated different radio

frequency channels to avoid interference in adjacent cells While in TDMA each Mobile Station

is allocated a time slot to send and receive data

Figure 33 Time Division Multiple Access principle

15

31 GSM NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

A connection between two people ndash the caller and the called person ndash is the basic service of

all telephone networks In a GSM network the establishment of this connection is quite complex

because the users are allowed to move about provided they stay within the overall network

service area of the network operator unlike fixed telephone networks where each phone location

is fixed

In practice the GSM network has to fnd solutions to the following three basic problems

before it can even set up a call

1 Who is the subscriber

2 Where is the subscriber

3 What does the subscriber want

In other words the subscriber has to be located identified and provided with the requested

services

The GSM network is able to do these and many more through the use of a decentralised

intelligence subsystems namely

1 Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)

2 Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

3 Network management Subsystem (NMS)

The actual network part needed for establishing call is the NSS and BSS The NMS is the

operation and maintenance related part of the network and it is needed for the control of the

whole GSM network

32 NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM (NSS)

The network switching subsystem is the GSM network subsystem part that handles call

control charging information subscriber location information signalling and subscriber data

storage It is able to do all these through various component network elements namely

16

1 Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC)

2 Home Location Registry (HLR)

3 Visitor Location Registry (VLR)

4 Authentication Centre (AC) and

5 Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

The GMSC stands for Gateway Mobile services Switching Centre and is used to

interconnect with the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

Figure 34 The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)

321 MOBILE SERVICES SWITCHING CENTRE (MSC)

The MSC is responsible for controlling calls in the mobile network It identifies the origin

and destination of a call (mobile station or fixed telephone) as well as the type of call An MSC

also initiates paging which is the process of locating a particular mobile station to receive a

callMSC also collects charging information

17

322 VISITOR LOCATION REGISTRY (VLR)

In the Nokia Siemens Networks implementation the Visitor Location Register is integerated

with the MSC The Visitor Location Register is a database that contains information about

subscribers currently in the service area of the MSCVLR such as

1 Identification numbers of subscribers

2 Security information for authentication of the SIM card and for ciphering

3 Services that the subscriber can us

The VLR database is temporary in the sense that the data is held as long as the subscriber is

within its service area It also contains the address to every subscribers Home Location Register

which I will discus next

323 HOME LOCATION REGISTER (HLR)

The Home Location Register maintains a permanent database of the subscribers their

identification numbers and subscribed services Also the HLR keeps track of the current location

of its customers This makes it possble for the MSC to ask for call routing information from the

HLR to get to the dialled number

In Nokia Siemens Networks implementation the Authentication Centre (AC) and the

Equipment Identity Register (EIR) are located in the HLR

324 AUTHENTICATION CENTRE (AC)

The authentication centre provides security information to the network so that SIM cards

can be verified The AC provides authentication between the mobile station and the VLR The

AC also issues a so-called authentication triplets upon request and ciphers the information

transmitted between the mobile station and the Base Tranceiver Station

18

325 EQUIPMENT IDENTITY REGISTER (EIR)

Just like the Authentication Centre the Equipment Identity Register is used for security

reasons But while the AC provides information for verifying the SIM cards the EIR is

responsible for the IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) number checking to ascertain

the mobile phones validity on the network

The EIR contains three lists

1 White list containing the list of mobile phones allowed to operate normally on the

network

2 Grey list containing the list of mobile phones whose use will be monitored for security

reasons and

3 Black list containing the list of mobile phones reported stolen or just not allowed to

operate on the network for security reasons

33 BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM (BSS)

The base station subsystem is responsible for managing the radio network and it is

controlled by the MSC Typically one MSC controls several BSSs A BSS itself may cover a

considerably large geographical area consisting of many cells

The BSS consists of the following network elements

1 Base Station Controller (BSC)

2 Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

3 Transcoder (TC)

19

Figure 35 The Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

331 BASE STATION CONTROLLER (BSC)

The Base Station Controller is the central network element in the BSS and it controls the

radio network All calls to and from the mobile station are connected through the group switch of

the BSC The BSC is response for initiating the vast majority of all handovers and it makes the

handover decision based on among others measurement reports sent by the mobile station

during a call Also information from the Base Transceiver Stations Transcoders and BSC are

collected in the BSC and forwarded via the Data Communications Network to the Network

management Subsystem (NMS) where they are post-processed into statistical views from which

the network quality and status is obtained

It is the BSC that cordinates the operation of several BTSs and Transcoders And it is

capable of barring a BTS from the network and collecting alarm information

332 BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION (BTS)

The Base Transceiver station is the network element responsible for maintaining

communication with the mobile station The BTS enables a lot of call and non-call signalling

with the mobile station in order for the communication system to work well For example when

a mobile station is just switched on in a new location area it will need to send and receive a lot of

20

information (as short data bursts) with the network through the BTS before it can begin to receive

and make calls

The BTS also performs speech processing in order to guarantee an error-free connection

between the mobile station and the network This includes speech coding channel coding and

data burst formatting

332 TRANSCODER (TC)

For transmission between the mobile station and the Base Transceiver Station the media

carrying the traffic is a radio frequency And to enable an efficient transmission of digital speech

information the digital speech signal is compressed We must however also be able to

communicate with and through the fixed network whose speech compression format is different

So somewhere between the BTS and the fixed network we therefore have to convert from one

speech compression format to another and this is where the Transcoder comes in

For transmission over the air interface the speech signal is compressed using three formats

namely

1 FULL RATE compression of 13kbitss using compression algorithm Regular Pulse

Excitation with Long Term Prediction (RPE-LTP)

2 ENHANCED FULL RATE of also 13kbitss (but better quality then the full rate) using

compression algorithm Algorithm Code Excited Linear Prediction (ACELP)

3 HALF RATE compression of 56kbitss using compression algorithm Vector Sum

Excited Linear Prediction (VSELP)

But the standard bit rate for speech in fixed network Public Switched Telephone Network

(PSTN) is 64kbitss using Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) The transcoder takes care of the

change from one bit rate to another Also the Transcoder enables Discontinuous Transmission

(DTX) which is used during a call when there is nothing to transmit (no conversation) in order to

reduce interference and mobile phones battery usage

21

In Nokia Siemens Networks the submultiplexing and transcoding functions are combined in

one equipment called TCSME (Transcoder-Submultiplexer European version) or TCSMA

(Transcoder-Submultiplexer American version)

34 NETWORK MANAGEMENT SUBSYSTEM (NMS)

The Network Management Subsystem is the third subsystem of the GSM network working

in conjuction with the Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) and Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

which I have already discussed The purpose of the NMS is to monitor the various functions and

elements of the network In the Nokia Siemens Networks implementation these tasks are carried

out by the NMS2000 which consists of a number of workstations servers and a router which

connects to a Data Communications Network (DCN)

The operator workstations are connected to the database and communications servers via a

Local Area Network (LAN) The database stores the management information about

communications between the NMS and the equipments in the GSM network known as network

elements These communications are carried over a Data Communication Network (DCN)

which consists to the NMS via a router

The major functions of the NMS are

1 Fault management to ensure the smooth operation of the network and rapid correction of

any kind of problems detected

2 Configuration management to maintain up-to-date information about the operation and

configuration status of network elements

3 Performance management through collection of measurement data from various

individual network elements

22

Figure 37 A diagramatic representation of the management function of the NMS

35 PRACTICAL ILLUSTRATION

Lets take an MTN subscriber in Engineering building Federal University of Technology

Akure Ondo state and call him Obanla

Figure 38 Obanla trying to call Ajegunle

23

Let us take another MTN subscriber located in Ajegunle Lagos state and call him Ajegunle

I am going to explain what happens when Obanla switches on his phone and dials

Ajegunles mobile phone

Note the following already discussed items

1 A mobile station is a mobile phone that has a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) connected

to it

2 A Base Station Subsystem (BSS) comprises the Base Station Controller (BSC) Base

Transceiver Station (BTS) and Transcoder (TC)

3 The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) comprises the Mobile services Switching

Centre (MSC) Visitor Location Register (VLR) Home Location Register (HLR)

Authentication Centre (AC) and Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

4 Only the Base Station Subsystem (BSS) and Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) are

needed for establishing calls The Network Management Subsystem (NMS) is for

operation monitoring and maintenance of the GSM network

The Base Transceiver Stations are arranged in such a way that one BTS covers an

hexagonal area and the surrounding BTSs must use different frequency channels

24

Figure 39 The frequency reuse chart

When subscriber Obanla switches on his mobile station (mobile phone already with a valid

MTN SIM connected) the mobile station scans all the radio channel frequencies for broadcast

signals from all nearby MTN Base Transceiver Stations measures the distance of each BTS

through a special algorithm and also detects eachs signal strength The mobile station will now

synchronise with the BTS with the best signal sthrength (usually the nearest BTS) and tunes to

its radio channel frequency The radio frequency channel used by the BTS is divided into

consecutive periods of time each one called a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) frame

Each TDMA frame consists of eight shorter periods of time called timeslots The radio carrier

signal between the mobile station and the BTS is divided into a continuous stream of timeslots

which in turn are transmitted in a continuous stream of TDMA frames

With the help of a synchronising signal in a TDMA frame broadcast from the BTS Obanlas

mobile station synchronises itself with the MTN network

25

Figure 310 Synchronization of the mobile station with the network

The timeslots of the TDMA frame represent the physical channels and their contents are

organized into logical channels which are divided into two types namely

1 Dedicated channels and

2 Common channels

A dedicated channel is a logical channel that is allocated exclusively to one mobile station to

transmit speech and data signals A dedicated channel is also known as traffic cahnnel But a

common channel is a logical channel used for broadcasting signals to numerous mobile station at

the same time

After Obanlas mobile station has synchronised itself with the MTN network the next

process before he can be able to set up a call is registration The mobile station will make a

request for a logical channel to establish connection with the VLR to inform it about its new

location and routing information The network acknowledges the request and allocates a logical

chennel Then the mobile station moves into the allocated channel for further transmissions to

inform the MTN network about its whereabout and how it can be reached

26

Figure 311 Channel request and allocation

Once the mobile station is registered in the network Obanla can now dial Ajegunles phone

number When this done Obanlas mobile station requests for a dedicatedtraffic channel to

Ajegunles mobile station This request is sent through the BTS that provides services for

Obanlas mobile station and the BSC that controls the BTS to the MSC that controls the BSC

the MSC checks the information coded into Ajegunles phone number to determine his mobile

stations HLR which will have the routing address to the MSCVLR (MSC and VLR is usually

located in the same physical equipment) servicing Ajegunles mobile station The MSCVLR

servicing Ajegunles mobile station is sent this traffic channel request this MSC will now signal

the BTS servicing the mobile station which will in turn page (send a special broadcast) to all the

mobile stations synchronised through it Only Ajegunles mobile station will respond to the

paging signal first by ringing and later sending an I am busy signal or a I am available signal

the MSC will now create a traffic channel from the mobile station through the other MSC to

Obanlas mobile station (provided the mobile station sent an I am available signal) This traffic

channel is then used to establish an audio conversation between Obanla and Ajegunle

27

The Network Management Subsystem only receives information about the call quality time

of call subscribers involved and possible faults which MTN use for maintenance and upgrading

of their network services

As for the charging this is done by a separate network element called Biller

Figure 312 A summary of the GSM architecture

28

CHAPTER FOUR

40 BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION RADIO ACCESS LINK

The Base Transceiver Station radio access link is the segment of the BTS that deals with the

transmission of the microwave frequency signals

The GSM network relies on microwave frequencies (3 ndash 30GHz) to transmit the digital signals

of large bandwidth between the BTSs an MSC and a BTS Only the MS operates on the

standardized GSM 800 900 1800 and 1900 frequency bands to communicate with the BTS at a data

rate of 13kbitss for full rate and enhanced full rate compression or 56kbitss for half rate

compression The BTS multiplexes all these signals into a Synchronous Transport Module (STM) of

bandwidths 15552Mbitss for STM-1 311Mbitss for STM-2 and 622Mbitss for STM-4 which

will be transmitted to the next BTS an MSC or a BSC These high bandwidth signals can only be

effectively transmitted via a very high frequency electromagnetic wave commonly referred to as

microwave

Table 41 The standard frequency allocation table

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE TYPE

FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)

300 Hz ndash 30KHz 10000 ndash 100000 4

Low Frequency (LF) 30Khz ndash 300KHz 1000 ndash 10000 5

Medium Frequency (MF) 300Khz ndash 3MHz 100 ndash 1000 6

High Frequency (HF) 3MHz - 30MHz 10 - 100 7

Very High Frequency (VHF)

30MHz - 300MHz 1 ndash 10 8

Ultra High Frequency ( UHF)

300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9

Super High Frequency (SHF)

3GHz ndash 30GHz 001 ndash 01 10

29

Extremely High Frequency (EHF)

30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11

The Base Transceiver Stations are arranged such that each BTS uses a frequency channel that is

distinct from all adjacent BTSs (to communicate with the mobile stations within its reach) This is to

reduce co-channel interference that will result from two or more adjacent BTSs transmitting on the

same frequency channel hereby leading to cross-talks and reduction in Quality of Service Ideally

BTSs cover a circular area of radius R but for physical planning purpose this will give overlapped

cells which will make planning extremely complex So hexagonal cells are used to represent the

BTS coverage area because it gives no gap and overlap The minimum distance which will allow the

same frequency channel to be reused will depend on many factors such as the type of geographic

terrain the transmitter power and the desired customer capacity per BTS (William1989)

The Radio access link of the BTS in the latest Nokia Siemens Networks implementation

comprises

1 The Synchronous Radio Access STM-4 (SRA 4) unit

2 The coaxial cable

3 An outdoor frequency converter and signal amplifier unit (ODU) and

4 Directional antenna

41 THE SYNCHRONOUS RADIO ACCESSS STM-4 (SRA 4) UNIT

The SRA 4 is a Nokia Siemens Networks proprietary equipment that multiplexes several low

bandwidth signals into a high bandwidth signal for transmission via microwave frequencies or an

optical fibre

30

Figure 41 The SRA 4 unit

The SRA 4 is an intelligent device that does more than multiplexing but also intelligently chooses

the modulation format to use and the path to use in getting to a specific destinationreceiver It is

configured using the Local Craft terminal and the NetBuilder and it can be used to monitor the

operation of most directly connected network elements

Figure 42 Local Craft Terminal software

31

Figure 43 The NetBuilder software

Figure 44 On site testing of connectivity between two BTSs using the SRA 4 handset

32

Figure 45 The SRA 4 unit fully connected to the other network units

42 THE COAXIAL CABLE

The Coaxial cable is a cable consisting of an inner conductor surrounded by a tubular insulating

layer typically made from a flexible material with a high dielectric constant all of which is then

surrounded by another conductive layer (typically of fine woven wire for flexibility or of a thin

metallic foil) and then finally covered again with a thin insulating layer on the outside The term

coaxial comes from the inner conductor and the outer shield sharing the same geometric axis

Coaxial cables are often used as a transmission line for radio frequency signals In a hypothetical

ideal coaxial cable the electromagnetic field carrying the signal exists only in the space between the

inner and outer conductors Practical cables achieve this objective to a high degree A coaxial cable

provides protection of signals from external electromagnetic interference and effectively guides

signals with low emission along the length of the cable (Wikepedia 2008)

It is the coaxial cable that transmits signals between the SRA 4 and the Outdoor Unit (ODU)

33

Figure 46 The coaxial cables connecting the indoor units to the outdoor units

Figure 47 The coaxial cables entering into the BTS shelter

34

43 THE OUTDOOR FREQUENCY CONVERTER AND SIGNAL AMPLIFIER UNIT

(ODU)

The ODU is the unit always closely attached to the antenna which converts the signals from the

antenna into a form that can easily transmitted down the coaxial cable by impedance matching it

converts the high frequency microwave signal into a lower intermediate frequency and amplifies

the signal received from the antenna

Figure 48 An ODU

Figure 49 An antenna with two ODUs closely attached

35

In Nokia Siemens Networks implementation the ODUs are of two major types namely

1 The 6 ndash 13GHz ODU

This is the one used in all the Base Transceiver Stations setup by Nokia Siemens Networks in

Nigeria

Figure 410 The 6 ndash 13GHz ODU

2 The 15 ndash 38 GHz ODU (Not currently used by Nokia Siemens Networks in Nigeria)


36

44 DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA

An antenna is a tranducer that generates a radiating electromagnetic field in response to an

applied alternating voltage and the associated alternating electric current or can be placed in an

electromagnetic field so that the field will induce an alternating current in the antenna and a voltage

between its terminals (Wikipedia 2008)

There are two fundamental types of antennae namely

1 Omni-directional antenna that radiates or receives electromagnetic wave in all direction

equally

2 Directional or uni-directional antenna that radiates or receive electromagnetic wave better

in a specific direction than in all other directions

In the GSM network high performance shielded directional antennae are used to transmit

signals from one BTS to another BTS or an MSC The polarization which is the orientation of the

electric field vector of the electromagnetic wave produced by the antenna is horizontal

Figure 412 The different polarizations

37

Figure 413 Directional high performance shielded antenna already installed

38

Figure 414 Mutual impedance between parallel 2 dipoles not staggered Curves Re and Im

are the resistive and reactive parts of the impedance

Current circulating in any antenna induces currents in all others One can postulate a mutual

impedance between two antennas that have the same significance as the in ordinary

coupled inductors The mutual impedance between two antennas is defined as

where is the current flowing in antenna 1 and is the voltage that would have to be applied to antenna 2 ndash with antenna 1 removed ndash to produce the current in the antenna 2 that was produced by antenna 1

From this definition the currents and voltages applied in a set of coupled antennas are

39

where

bull is the voltage applied to the antenna i bull is the impedance of antenna i bull is the mutual impedance between antennas i and j

Note that as is the case for mutual inductances

Gain (directivity) This is a measure of the degree to which an antenna focuses power in a

given direction relative to the power radiated by a reference antenna in the same direction Units of

measure are dBi (isotopic antenna reference) or dBd (half-wave dipole reference) The two gain

measurements can be converted using the following formula

dBi = dBd + 21

If the directivity of the transmitting and receiving antennas is known it is possible to compute the power received by the receiving antenna using either of the formulas below

When using dB

PRECEIVED = PTRANSMITTER + GT + GR + 20log(λ) ndash 20log(d) ndash 2198

Antenna gain should be expressed in dBi wavelength and distances in m and powers in dBm or dBW

When using gain ratios and powers in W

PRECEIVED = PTRANSMITTERGTGRλ2

16π2d2

Where GT is the gain of the transmitter

GR is the gain of the receiver

d is the distance between the transmitter and the receiver in metres

λ is the wavelength in metres

40

45 TWISTED PAIR COPPER CABLE

Sometimes remote connections are made to monitoring the Network Monitoring Subsystem or

a Base Station Controller through twisted copper cables In Nokia Siemens Networks

implementation we use the 21 pair twisted copper cable to form the standard E1 (2048 Mbitss)

European standard pleisynchronous transport module line

Figure 413 The 21 pair twisted cables being made into E1 transmission lines

41

Figure 414 The specialized crimper and clamp for fixing the E1 DB-32 connectors

42

Figure 415 A general tool box

Also copper cables are used to connect between the Digital Distribution Frames EWSD

Switches and Multiplexers in the Gateway MSC connecting to the Public Land Mobile Networks

43

Figure 416 The Digital Distribution Frame (DDF)

44

Figure 417 The Multiplexer (Surpass HiT 7070 under testing)

45

Figure 418 The Synchronous Radio Access XL (SRA XL)

46

CHAPTER FIVE

50 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusively the SIWES programme has given me the priviledge and opportunity of

understanding the fundamentals of telecommunications and how the mobile telecommunications

network operates I now clearly see how all I have been taught in the lecture hall fit together to be

applied in the designing of telecommunications systems and in particular the GSM network From

the elementary mathematics used in calculating and mapping the frequency reuse chart to the

advanced mathematics used in designing the compression codes modulation techniques and cross-

correlation of signals to eliminate interference In this report I explained in a much simplified form

the principle and system of operation of the GSM network with much emphasis on the Base

Transceiver Station Radio Access Link

I was able to train as a Cisco Certified Network Associate and a Oracle 10g Database

Administration Certified Associate I was also able to work on the Linux edition of Unix Operating

Software and understand its peculiar use as a operating system for most backbone central computer

or server The experience and knowledge I have gained during the SIWES will be greatly beneficial

to my career as an Electrical Electronics Engineer

I will like to make the following recommendations to help make the SIWES programme more

effective

The University should partner with some companies in order to send them in a specified

pattern some students from relevant departments to undertake their SIWES at those

companies This will help lessen the problem of students not getting a company that will

provide experience that is relevant to their field of study

The monthly stipend promised by the Industrial Training Fund (as stated in the SIWES

placement request letter) should be promptly paid to ease the financial pressure on students

during the SIWES programme

The SIWES supervisors should be made to visit every student at their company of

placement at least twice

47

REFERENCES

Macario R C V (1997) ldquoCellular Radio Principles and designrdquo Second editions Macmillan

Press London pg7-12

Nokia Networks (2002) ldquoGSM Air Interface amp Network Planning Training Documentrdquo Nokia

Networks Oy Finland

Nokia Networks (2002) ldquoGSM Architecture Training Documentrdquo Nokia Networks Oy

Finland

William C Y L (1989) ldquoMobile Cellular Telecommunications Systemrdquo McGraw-Hill New

York pg26-27

httpenwikipediaorgwikiAntenna_(radio ) (2008) ldquoAntenna (radio) - Wikipedia the free

encyclopediardquo

httpenwikipediaorgwikiBase_Transceiver_Station (2008) ldquoBase transceiver station -

Wikipedia the free encyclopediardquo

httpwwwiecorg (2006)ldquoFiber-Optic Technologyrdquo Coring

httpwwwimagesgooglecom_images_hl=enampq=telephone (2008) ldquoTelephone ndash Google

Image Searchrdquo

httpwwwimagesgooglecom_images_hl=enampq=WIRELESS (2008) ldquoWIRELESS - Google

Image Searchrdquo

httpwwwnokiasiemensnetworkscomabout_us (2008) ldquoIntroduction to Nokia Siemens

Networksrdquo

httpwwwtech-faqcomcoaxial-cableshtml (2008) ldquoWhat is a Coaxial Cablerdquo

48

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DEDICATION

In our lives three set of people matter most

First and greatest is God Almighty who daily re-creates us

Second is our family the people we love the most

The third is our friends the bright side of us

To them do I dedicate this report

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT












Siemens Networks









ii

ABSTRACT



























sites

iii

LIST OF FIGURES

























Figure 48 An ODU35




iv










v

LIST OF TABLES




vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATIONi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTii

ABSTRACTiii

LIST OF FIGURESiv

LIST OF TABLESvi


10 INTRODUCTION1






211 COPPER7

212 COAXIAL CABLES8

213 OPTIC FIBRES8














vii










REFERENCES48

viii

CHAPTER ONE

10 INTRODUCTION

























1


























2














namely









network



3

4

Figu

re 1

1 N

okia

Sie

men

s Net

wor

ks O

rgan

izat

iona

l cha

rt

CHAPTER TWO








to as transceiver












5

copper wire line




























1 Copper cable

2 Coaxial cable

6

3 Optical fibre and

4 Wireless

211 COPPER CABLE
















7

212 COAXIAL CABLE

















8

213 OPTICAL FIBRE






(Coring 2006)







214 WIRELESS








9







10

CHAPTER THREE













GSM 850

GSM 900

GSM 1800 and

GSM 1900


11




the mobile station





12








(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 8901 ndash 8903 9351 ndash 9353

2 8903 ndash 8905 9353 ndash 9355

3 8905 ndash 8907 9355 ndash 9357

4 8907 ndash 8909 9357 ndash 9359

5 8909 ndash 8911 9359 ndash 9361

6 8911 ndash 8913 9361 ndash 9363

7 8913 ndash 8915 9363 ndash 9365

8 8915 ndash 8917 9365 ndash 9367

9 8917 ndash 8919 9367 ndash 9369

10 8919 ndash 8921 9369 ndash 9371

11 8921 ndash 8923 9371 ndash 9373

12 8923 ndash 8925 9373 ndash 9375

13 8925 ndash 8927 9375 ndash 9377

14 8927 ndash 8929 9377 ndash 9379

13

24 9147 ndash 9149 9597 ndash 9599



(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 17101 ndash 17103 18051 ndash 18053

2 17103 ndash 17105 18053 ndash 18055

3 17105 ndash 17107 18055 ndash 18057

4 17107 ndash 17109 18057 ndash 18059

5 17109 ndash 17111 18059 ndash 18061

6 17111 ndash 17113 18061 ndash 18063

7 17113 ndash 17115 18063 ndash 18065

8 17115 ndash 17117 18065 ndash 18067

9 17117 ndash 17119 18067 ndash 18069

10 17119 ndash 17121 18071 ndash 18073

11 17121 ndash 17123 18073 ndash 18075

12 17123 ndash 17125 18075 ndash 18077

13 17125 ndash 17127 18077 ndash 18079

14 17127 ndash 17129 18079 ndash 18081

374 17847 ndash 17849 18797 ndash 18799

14











15






is fixed







services








whole GSM network





16














17























18








network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT












Siemens Networks









ii

ABSTRACT



























sites

iii

LIST OF FIGURES

























Figure 48 An ODU35




iv










v

LIST OF TABLES




vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATIONi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTii

ABSTRACTiii

LIST OF FIGURESiv

LIST OF TABLESvi


10 INTRODUCTION1






211 COPPER7

212 COAXIAL CABLES8

213 OPTIC FIBRES8














vii










REFERENCES48

viii

CHAPTER ONE

10 INTRODUCTION

























1


























2














namely









network



3

4

Figu

re 1

1 N

okia

Sie

men

s Net

wor

ks O

rgan

izat

iona

l cha

rt

CHAPTER TWO








to as transceiver












5

copper wire line




























1 Copper cable

2 Coaxial cable

6

3 Optical fibre and

4 Wireless

211 COPPER CABLE
















7

212 COAXIAL CABLE

















8

213 OPTICAL FIBRE






(Coring 2006)







214 WIRELESS








9







10

CHAPTER THREE













GSM 850

GSM 900

GSM 1800 and

GSM 1900


11




the mobile station





12








(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 8901 ndash 8903 9351 ndash 9353

2 8903 ndash 8905 9353 ndash 9355

3 8905 ndash 8907 9355 ndash 9357

4 8907 ndash 8909 9357 ndash 9359

5 8909 ndash 8911 9359 ndash 9361

6 8911 ndash 8913 9361 ndash 9363

7 8913 ndash 8915 9363 ndash 9365

8 8915 ndash 8917 9365 ndash 9367

9 8917 ndash 8919 9367 ndash 9369

10 8919 ndash 8921 9369 ndash 9371

11 8921 ndash 8923 9371 ndash 9373

12 8923 ndash 8925 9373 ndash 9375

13 8925 ndash 8927 9375 ndash 9377

14 8927 ndash 8929 9377 ndash 9379

13

24 9147 ndash 9149 9597 ndash 9599



(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 17101 ndash 17103 18051 ndash 18053

2 17103 ndash 17105 18053 ndash 18055

3 17105 ndash 17107 18055 ndash 18057

4 17107 ndash 17109 18057 ndash 18059

5 17109 ndash 17111 18059 ndash 18061

6 17111 ndash 17113 18061 ndash 18063

7 17113 ndash 17115 18063 ndash 18065

8 17115 ndash 17117 18065 ndash 18067

9 17117 ndash 17119 18067 ndash 18069

10 17119 ndash 17121 18071 ndash 18073

11 17121 ndash 17123 18073 ndash 18075

12 17123 ndash 17125 18075 ndash 18077

13 17125 ndash 17127 18077 ndash 18079

14 17127 ndash 17129 18079 ndash 18081

374 17847 ndash 17849 18797 ndash 18799

14











15






is fixed







services








whole GSM network





16














17























18








network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48


ABSTRACT



























sites

iii

LIST OF FIGURES

























Figure 48 An ODU35




iv










v

LIST OF TABLES




vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATIONi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTii

ABSTRACTiii

LIST OF FIGURESiv

LIST OF TABLESvi


10 INTRODUCTION1






211 COPPER7

212 COAXIAL CABLES8

213 OPTIC FIBRES8














vii










REFERENCES48

viii

CHAPTER ONE

10 INTRODUCTION

























1


























2














namely









network



3

4

Figu

re 1

1 N

okia

Sie

men

s Net

wor

ks O

rgan

izat

iona

l cha

rt

CHAPTER TWO








to as transceiver












5

copper wire line




























1 Copper cable

2 Coaxial cable

6

3 Optical fibre and

4 Wireless

211 COPPER CABLE
















7

212 COAXIAL CABLE

















8

213 OPTICAL FIBRE






(Coring 2006)







214 WIRELESS








9







10

CHAPTER THREE













GSM 850

GSM 900

GSM 1800 and

GSM 1900


11




the mobile station





12








(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 8901 ndash 8903 9351 ndash 9353

2 8903 ndash 8905 9353 ndash 9355

3 8905 ndash 8907 9355 ndash 9357

4 8907 ndash 8909 9357 ndash 9359

5 8909 ndash 8911 9359 ndash 9361

6 8911 ndash 8913 9361 ndash 9363

7 8913 ndash 8915 9363 ndash 9365

8 8915 ndash 8917 9365 ndash 9367

9 8917 ndash 8919 9367 ndash 9369

10 8919 ndash 8921 9369 ndash 9371

11 8921 ndash 8923 9371 ndash 9373

12 8923 ndash 8925 9373 ndash 9375

13 8925 ndash 8927 9375 ndash 9377

14 8927 ndash 8929 9377 ndash 9379

13

24 9147 ndash 9149 9597 ndash 9599



(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 17101 ndash 17103 18051 ndash 18053

2 17103 ndash 17105 18053 ndash 18055

3 17105 ndash 17107 18055 ndash 18057

4 17107 ndash 17109 18057 ndash 18059

5 17109 ndash 17111 18059 ndash 18061

6 17111 ndash 17113 18061 ndash 18063

7 17113 ndash 17115 18063 ndash 18065

8 17115 ndash 17117 18065 ndash 18067

9 17117 ndash 17119 18067 ndash 18069

10 17119 ndash 17121 18071 ndash 18073

11 17121 ndash 17123 18073 ndash 18075

12 17123 ndash 17125 18075 ndash 18077

13 17125 ndash 17127 18077 ndash 18079

14 17127 ndash 17129 18079 ndash 18081

374 17847 ndash 17849 18797 ndash 18799

14











15






is fixed







services








whole GSM network





16














17























18








network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48


LIST OF FIGURES

























Figure 48 An ODU35




iv










v

LIST OF TABLES




vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATIONi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTii

ABSTRACTiii

LIST OF FIGURESiv

LIST OF TABLESvi


10 INTRODUCTION1






211 COPPER7

212 COAXIAL CABLES8

213 OPTIC FIBRES8














vii










REFERENCES48

viii

CHAPTER ONE

10 INTRODUCTION

























1


























2














namely









network



3

4

Figu

re 1

1 N

okia

Sie

men

s Net

wor

ks O

rgan

izat

iona

l cha

rt

CHAPTER TWO








to as transceiver












5

copper wire line




























1 Copper cable

2 Coaxial cable

6

3 Optical fibre and

4 Wireless

211 COPPER CABLE
















7

212 COAXIAL CABLE

















8

213 OPTICAL FIBRE






(Coring 2006)







214 WIRELESS








9







10

CHAPTER THREE













GSM 850

GSM 900

GSM 1800 and

GSM 1900


11




the mobile station





12








(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 8901 ndash 8903 9351 ndash 9353

2 8903 ndash 8905 9353 ndash 9355

3 8905 ndash 8907 9355 ndash 9357

4 8907 ndash 8909 9357 ndash 9359

5 8909 ndash 8911 9359 ndash 9361

6 8911 ndash 8913 9361 ndash 9363

7 8913 ndash 8915 9363 ndash 9365

8 8915 ndash 8917 9365 ndash 9367

9 8917 ndash 8919 9367 ndash 9369

10 8919 ndash 8921 9369 ndash 9371

11 8921 ndash 8923 9371 ndash 9373

12 8923 ndash 8925 9373 ndash 9375

13 8925 ndash 8927 9375 ndash 9377

14 8927 ndash 8929 9377 ndash 9379

13

24 9147 ndash 9149 9597 ndash 9599



(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 17101 ndash 17103 18051 ndash 18053

2 17103 ndash 17105 18053 ndash 18055

3 17105 ndash 17107 18055 ndash 18057

4 17107 ndash 17109 18057 ndash 18059

5 17109 ndash 17111 18059 ndash 18061

6 17111 ndash 17113 18061 ndash 18063

7 17113 ndash 17115 18063 ndash 18065

8 17115 ndash 17117 18065 ndash 18067

9 17117 ndash 17119 18067 ndash 18069

10 17119 ndash 17121 18071 ndash 18073

11 17121 ndash 17123 18073 ndash 18075

12 17123 ndash 17125 18075 ndash 18077

13 17125 ndash 17127 18077 ndash 18079

14 17127 ndash 17129 18079 ndash 18081

374 17847 ndash 17849 18797 ndash 18799

14











15






is fixed







services








whole GSM network





16














17























18








network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48











v

LIST OF TABLES




vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATIONi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTii

ABSTRACTiii

LIST OF FIGURESiv

LIST OF TABLESvi


10 INTRODUCTION1






211 COPPER7

212 COAXIAL CABLES8

213 OPTIC FIBRES8














vii










REFERENCES48

viii

CHAPTER ONE

10 INTRODUCTION

























1


























2














namely









network



3

4

Figu

re 1

1 N

okia

Sie

men

s Net

wor

ks O

rgan

izat

iona

l cha

rt

CHAPTER TWO








to as transceiver












5

copper wire line




























1 Copper cable

2 Coaxial cable

6

3 Optical fibre and

4 Wireless

211 COPPER CABLE
















7

212 COAXIAL CABLE

















8

213 OPTICAL FIBRE






(Coring 2006)







214 WIRELESS








9







10

CHAPTER THREE













GSM 850

GSM 900

GSM 1800 and

GSM 1900


11




the mobile station





12








(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 8901 ndash 8903 9351 ndash 9353

2 8903 ndash 8905 9353 ndash 9355

3 8905 ndash 8907 9355 ndash 9357

4 8907 ndash 8909 9357 ndash 9359

5 8909 ndash 8911 9359 ndash 9361

6 8911 ndash 8913 9361 ndash 9363

7 8913 ndash 8915 9363 ndash 9365

8 8915 ndash 8917 9365 ndash 9367

9 8917 ndash 8919 9367 ndash 9369

10 8919 ndash 8921 9369 ndash 9371

11 8921 ndash 8923 9371 ndash 9373

12 8923 ndash 8925 9373 ndash 9375

13 8925 ndash 8927 9375 ndash 9377

14 8927 ndash 8929 9377 ndash 9379

13

24 9147 ndash 9149 9597 ndash 9599



(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 17101 ndash 17103 18051 ndash 18053

2 17103 ndash 17105 18053 ndash 18055

3 17105 ndash 17107 18055 ndash 18057

4 17107 ndash 17109 18057 ndash 18059

5 17109 ndash 17111 18059 ndash 18061

6 17111 ndash 17113 18061 ndash 18063

7 17113 ndash 17115 18063 ndash 18065

8 17115 ndash 17117 18065 ndash 18067

9 17117 ndash 17119 18067 ndash 18069

10 17119 ndash 17121 18071 ndash 18073

11 17121 ndash 17123 18073 ndash 18075

12 17123 ndash 17125 18075 ndash 18077

13 17125 ndash 17127 18077 ndash 18079

14 17127 ndash 17129 18079 ndash 18081

374 17847 ndash 17849 18797 ndash 18799

14











15






is fixed







services








whole GSM network





16














17























18








network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48


LIST OF TABLES




vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATIONi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTii

ABSTRACTiii

LIST OF FIGURESiv

LIST OF TABLESvi


10 INTRODUCTION1






211 COPPER7

212 COAXIAL CABLES8

213 OPTIC FIBRES8














vii










REFERENCES48

viii

CHAPTER ONE

10 INTRODUCTION

























1


























2














namely









network



3

4

Figu

re 1

1 N

okia

Sie

men

s Net

wor

ks O

rgan

izat

iona

l cha

rt

CHAPTER TWO








to as transceiver












5

copper wire line




























1 Copper cable

2 Coaxial cable

6

3 Optical fibre and

4 Wireless

211 COPPER CABLE
















7

212 COAXIAL CABLE

















8

213 OPTICAL FIBRE






(Coring 2006)







214 WIRELESS








9







10

CHAPTER THREE













GSM 850

GSM 900

GSM 1800 and

GSM 1900


11




the mobile station





12








(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 8901 ndash 8903 9351 ndash 9353

2 8903 ndash 8905 9353 ndash 9355

3 8905 ndash 8907 9355 ndash 9357

4 8907 ndash 8909 9357 ndash 9359

5 8909 ndash 8911 9359 ndash 9361

6 8911 ndash 8913 9361 ndash 9363

7 8913 ndash 8915 9363 ndash 9365

8 8915 ndash 8917 9365 ndash 9367

9 8917 ndash 8919 9367 ndash 9369

10 8919 ndash 8921 9369 ndash 9371

11 8921 ndash 8923 9371 ndash 9373

12 8923 ndash 8925 9373 ndash 9375

13 8925 ndash 8927 9375 ndash 9377

14 8927 ndash 8929 9377 ndash 9379

13

24 9147 ndash 9149 9597 ndash 9599



(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 17101 ndash 17103 18051 ndash 18053

2 17103 ndash 17105 18053 ndash 18055

3 17105 ndash 17107 18055 ndash 18057

4 17107 ndash 17109 18057 ndash 18059

5 17109 ndash 17111 18059 ndash 18061

6 17111 ndash 17113 18061 ndash 18063

7 17113 ndash 17115 18063 ndash 18065

8 17115 ndash 17117 18065 ndash 18067

9 17117 ndash 17119 18067 ndash 18069

10 17119 ndash 17121 18071 ndash 18073

11 17121 ndash 17123 18073 ndash 18075

12 17123 ndash 17125 18075 ndash 18077

13 17125 ndash 17127 18077 ndash 18079

14 17127 ndash 17129 18079 ndash 18081

374 17847 ndash 17849 18797 ndash 18799

14











15






is fixed







services








whole GSM network





16














17























18








network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48


TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATIONi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTii

ABSTRACTiii

LIST OF FIGURESiv

LIST OF TABLESvi


10 INTRODUCTION1






211 COPPER7

212 COAXIAL CABLES8

213 OPTIC FIBRES8














vii










REFERENCES48

viii

CHAPTER ONE

10 INTRODUCTION

























1


























2














namely









network



3

4

Figu

re 1

1 N

okia

Sie

men

s Net

wor

ks O

rgan

izat

iona

l cha

rt

CHAPTER TWO








to as transceiver












5

copper wire line




























1 Copper cable

2 Coaxial cable

6

3 Optical fibre and

4 Wireless

211 COPPER CABLE
















7

212 COAXIAL CABLE

















8

213 OPTICAL FIBRE






(Coring 2006)







214 WIRELESS








9







10

CHAPTER THREE













GSM 850

GSM 900

GSM 1800 and

GSM 1900


11




the mobile station





12








(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 8901 ndash 8903 9351 ndash 9353

2 8903 ndash 8905 9353 ndash 9355

3 8905 ndash 8907 9355 ndash 9357

4 8907 ndash 8909 9357 ndash 9359

5 8909 ndash 8911 9359 ndash 9361

6 8911 ndash 8913 9361 ndash 9363

7 8913 ndash 8915 9363 ndash 9365

8 8915 ndash 8917 9365 ndash 9367

9 8917 ndash 8919 9367 ndash 9369

10 8919 ndash 8921 9369 ndash 9371

11 8921 ndash 8923 9371 ndash 9373

12 8923 ndash 8925 9373 ndash 9375

13 8925 ndash 8927 9375 ndash 9377

14 8927 ndash 8929 9377 ndash 9379

13

24 9147 ndash 9149 9597 ndash 9599



(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 17101 ndash 17103 18051 ndash 18053

2 17103 ndash 17105 18053 ndash 18055

3 17105 ndash 17107 18055 ndash 18057

4 17107 ndash 17109 18057 ndash 18059

5 17109 ndash 17111 18059 ndash 18061

6 17111 ndash 17113 18061 ndash 18063

7 17113 ndash 17115 18063 ndash 18065

8 17115 ndash 17117 18065 ndash 18067

9 17117 ndash 17119 18067 ndash 18069

10 17119 ndash 17121 18071 ndash 18073

11 17121 ndash 17123 18073 ndash 18075

12 17123 ndash 17125 18075 ndash 18077

13 17125 ndash 17127 18077 ndash 18079

14 17127 ndash 17129 18079 ndash 18081

374 17847 ndash 17849 18797 ndash 18799

14











15






is fixed







services








whole GSM network





16














17























18








network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48











REFERENCES48

viii

CHAPTER ONE

10 INTRODUCTION

























1


























2














namely









network



3

4

Figu

re 1

1 N

okia

Sie

men

s Net

wor

ks O

rgan

izat

iona

l cha

rt

CHAPTER TWO








to as transceiver












5

copper wire line




























1 Copper cable

2 Coaxial cable

6

3 Optical fibre and

4 Wireless

211 COPPER CABLE
















7

212 COAXIAL CABLE

















8

213 OPTICAL FIBRE






(Coring 2006)







214 WIRELESS








9







10

CHAPTER THREE













GSM 850

GSM 900

GSM 1800 and

GSM 1900


11




the mobile station





12








(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 8901 ndash 8903 9351 ndash 9353

2 8903 ndash 8905 9353 ndash 9355

3 8905 ndash 8907 9355 ndash 9357

4 8907 ndash 8909 9357 ndash 9359

5 8909 ndash 8911 9359 ndash 9361

6 8911 ndash 8913 9361 ndash 9363

7 8913 ndash 8915 9363 ndash 9365

8 8915 ndash 8917 9365 ndash 9367

9 8917 ndash 8919 9367 ndash 9369

10 8919 ndash 8921 9369 ndash 9371

11 8921 ndash 8923 9371 ndash 9373

12 8923 ndash 8925 9373 ndash 9375

13 8925 ndash 8927 9375 ndash 9377

14 8927 ndash 8929 9377 ndash 9379

13

24 9147 ndash 9149 9597 ndash 9599



(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 17101 ndash 17103 18051 ndash 18053

2 17103 ndash 17105 18053 ndash 18055

3 17105 ndash 17107 18055 ndash 18057

4 17107 ndash 17109 18057 ndash 18059

5 17109 ndash 17111 18059 ndash 18061

6 17111 ndash 17113 18061 ndash 18063

7 17113 ndash 17115 18063 ndash 18065

8 17115 ndash 17117 18065 ndash 18067

9 17117 ndash 17119 18067 ndash 18069

10 17119 ndash 17121 18071 ndash 18073

11 17121 ndash 17123 18073 ndash 18075

12 17123 ndash 17125 18075 ndash 18077

13 17125 ndash 17127 18077 ndash 18079

14 17127 ndash 17129 18079 ndash 18081

374 17847 ndash 17849 18797 ndash 18799

14











15






is fixed







services








whole GSM network





16














17























18








network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48


CHAPTER ONE

10 INTRODUCTION

























1


























2














namely









network



3

4

Figu

re 1

1 N

okia

Sie

men

s Net

wor

ks O

rgan

izat

iona

l cha

rt

CHAPTER TWO








to as transceiver












5

copper wire line




























1 Copper cable

2 Coaxial cable

6

3 Optical fibre and

4 Wireless

211 COPPER CABLE
















7

212 COAXIAL CABLE

















8

213 OPTICAL FIBRE






(Coring 2006)







214 WIRELESS








9







10

CHAPTER THREE













GSM 850

GSM 900

GSM 1800 and

GSM 1900


11




the mobile station





12








(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 8901 ndash 8903 9351 ndash 9353

2 8903 ndash 8905 9353 ndash 9355

3 8905 ndash 8907 9355 ndash 9357

4 8907 ndash 8909 9357 ndash 9359

5 8909 ndash 8911 9359 ndash 9361

6 8911 ndash 8913 9361 ndash 9363

7 8913 ndash 8915 9363 ndash 9365

8 8915 ndash 8917 9365 ndash 9367

9 8917 ndash 8919 9367 ndash 9369

10 8919 ndash 8921 9369 ndash 9371

11 8921 ndash 8923 9371 ndash 9373

12 8923 ndash 8925 9373 ndash 9375

13 8925 ndash 8927 9375 ndash 9377

14 8927 ndash 8929 9377 ndash 9379

13

24 9147 ndash 9149 9597 ndash 9599



(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 17101 ndash 17103 18051 ndash 18053

2 17103 ndash 17105 18053 ndash 18055

3 17105 ndash 17107 18055 ndash 18057

4 17107 ndash 17109 18057 ndash 18059

5 17109 ndash 17111 18059 ndash 18061

6 17111 ndash 17113 18061 ndash 18063

7 17113 ndash 17115 18063 ndash 18065

8 17115 ndash 17117 18065 ndash 18067

9 17117 ndash 17119 18067 ndash 18069

10 17119 ndash 17121 18071 ndash 18073

11 17121 ndash 17123 18073 ndash 18075

12 17123 ndash 17125 18075 ndash 18077

13 17125 ndash 17127 18077 ndash 18079

14 17127 ndash 17129 18079 ndash 18081

374 17847 ndash 17849 18797 ndash 18799

14











15






is fixed







services








whole GSM network





16














17























18








network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48



























2














namely









network



3

4

Figu

re 1

1 N

okia

Sie

men

s Net

wor

ks O

rgan

izat

iona

l cha

rt

CHAPTER TWO








to as transceiver












5

copper wire line




























1 Copper cable

2 Coaxial cable

6

3 Optical fibre and

4 Wireless

211 COPPER CABLE
















7

212 COAXIAL CABLE

















8

213 OPTICAL FIBRE






(Coring 2006)







214 WIRELESS








9







10

CHAPTER THREE













GSM 850

GSM 900

GSM 1800 and

GSM 1900


11




the mobile station





12








(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 8901 ndash 8903 9351 ndash 9353

2 8903 ndash 8905 9353 ndash 9355

3 8905 ndash 8907 9355 ndash 9357

4 8907 ndash 8909 9357 ndash 9359

5 8909 ndash 8911 9359 ndash 9361

6 8911 ndash 8913 9361 ndash 9363

7 8913 ndash 8915 9363 ndash 9365

8 8915 ndash 8917 9365 ndash 9367

9 8917 ndash 8919 9367 ndash 9369

10 8919 ndash 8921 9369 ndash 9371

11 8921 ndash 8923 9371 ndash 9373

12 8923 ndash 8925 9373 ndash 9375

13 8925 ndash 8927 9375 ndash 9377

14 8927 ndash 8929 9377 ndash 9379

13

24 9147 ndash 9149 9597 ndash 9599



(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 17101 ndash 17103 18051 ndash 18053

2 17103 ndash 17105 18053 ndash 18055

3 17105 ndash 17107 18055 ndash 18057

4 17107 ndash 17109 18057 ndash 18059

5 17109 ndash 17111 18059 ndash 18061

6 17111 ndash 17113 18061 ndash 18063

7 17113 ndash 17115 18063 ndash 18065

8 17115 ndash 17117 18065 ndash 18067

9 17117 ndash 17119 18067 ndash 18069

10 17119 ndash 17121 18071 ndash 18073

11 17121 ndash 17123 18073 ndash 18075

12 17123 ndash 17125 18075 ndash 18077

13 17125 ndash 17127 18077 ndash 18079

14 17127 ndash 17129 18079 ndash 18081

374 17847 ndash 17849 18797 ndash 18799

14











15






is fixed







services








whole GSM network





16














17























18








network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48















namely









network



3

4

Figu

re 1

1 N

okia

Sie

men

s Net

wor

ks O

rgan

izat

iona

l cha

rt

CHAPTER TWO








to as transceiver












5

copper wire line




























1 Copper cable

2 Coaxial cable

6

3 Optical fibre and

4 Wireless

211 COPPER CABLE
















7

212 COAXIAL CABLE

















8

213 OPTICAL FIBRE






(Coring 2006)







214 WIRELESS








9







10

CHAPTER THREE













GSM 850

GSM 900

GSM 1800 and

GSM 1900


11




the mobile station





12








(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 8901 ndash 8903 9351 ndash 9353

2 8903 ndash 8905 9353 ndash 9355

3 8905 ndash 8907 9355 ndash 9357

4 8907 ndash 8909 9357 ndash 9359

5 8909 ndash 8911 9359 ndash 9361

6 8911 ndash 8913 9361 ndash 9363

7 8913 ndash 8915 9363 ndash 9365

8 8915 ndash 8917 9365 ndash 9367

9 8917 ndash 8919 9367 ndash 9369

10 8919 ndash 8921 9369 ndash 9371

11 8921 ndash 8923 9371 ndash 9373

12 8923 ndash 8925 9373 ndash 9375

13 8925 ndash 8927 9375 ndash 9377

14 8927 ndash 8929 9377 ndash 9379

13

24 9147 ndash 9149 9597 ndash 9599



(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 17101 ndash 17103 18051 ndash 18053

2 17103 ndash 17105 18053 ndash 18055

3 17105 ndash 17107 18055 ndash 18057

4 17107 ndash 17109 18057 ndash 18059

5 17109 ndash 17111 18059 ndash 18061

6 17111 ndash 17113 18061 ndash 18063

7 17113 ndash 17115 18063 ndash 18065

8 17115 ndash 17117 18065 ndash 18067

9 17117 ndash 17119 18067 ndash 18069

10 17119 ndash 17121 18071 ndash 18073

11 17121 ndash 17123 18073 ndash 18075

12 17123 ndash 17125 18075 ndash 18077

13 17125 ndash 17127 18077 ndash 18079

14 17127 ndash 17129 18079 ndash 18081

374 17847 ndash 17849 18797 ndash 18799

14











15






is fixed







services








whole GSM network





16














17























18








network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48


4

Figu

re 1

1 N

okia

Sie

men

s Net

wor

ks O

rgan

izat

iona

l cha

rt

CHAPTER TWO








to as transceiver












5

copper wire line




























1 Copper cable

2 Coaxial cable

6

3 Optical fibre and

4 Wireless

211 COPPER CABLE
















7

212 COAXIAL CABLE

















8

213 OPTICAL FIBRE






(Coring 2006)







214 WIRELESS








9







10

CHAPTER THREE













GSM 850

GSM 900

GSM 1800 and

GSM 1900


11




the mobile station





12








(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 8901 ndash 8903 9351 ndash 9353

2 8903 ndash 8905 9353 ndash 9355

3 8905 ndash 8907 9355 ndash 9357

4 8907 ndash 8909 9357 ndash 9359

5 8909 ndash 8911 9359 ndash 9361

6 8911 ndash 8913 9361 ndash 9363

7 8913 ndash 8915 9363 ndash 9365

8 8915 ndash 8917 9365 ndash 9367

9 8917 ndash 8919 9367 ndash 9369

10 8919 ndash 8921 9369 ndash 9371

11 8921 ndash 8923 9371 ndash 9373

12 8923 ndash 8925 9373 ndash 9375

13 8925 ndash 8927 9375 ndash 9377

14 8927 ndash 8929 9377 ndash 9379

13

24 9147 ndash 9149 9597 ndash 9599



(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 17101 ndash 17103 18051 ndash 18053

2 17103 ndash 17105 18053 ndash 18055

3 17105 ndash 17107 18055 ndash 18057

4 17107 ndash 17109 18057 ndash 18059

5 17109 ndash 17111 18059 ndash 18061

6 17111 ndash 17113 18061 ndash 18063

7 17113 ndash 17115 18063 ndash 18065

8 17115 ndash 17117 18065 ndash 18067

9 17117 ndash 17119 18067 ndash 18069

10 17119 ndash 17121 18071 ndash 18073

11 17121 ndash 17123 18073 ndash 18075

12 17123 ndash 17125 18075 ndash 18077

13 17125 ndash 17127 18077 ndash 18079

14 17127 ndash 17129 18079 ndash 18081

374 17847 ndash 17849 18797 ndash 18799

14











15






is fixed







services








whole GSM network





16














17























18








network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48


CHAPTER TWO








to as transceiver












5

copper wire line




























1 Copper cable

2 Coaxial cable

6

3 Optical fibre and

4 Wireless

211 COPPER CABLE
















7

212 COAXIAL CABLE

















8

213 OPTICAL FIBRE






(Coring 2006)







214 WIRELESS








9







10

CHAPTER THREE













GSM 850

GSM 900

GSM 1800 and

GSM 1900


11




the mobile station





12








(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 8901 ndash 8903 9351 ndash 9353

2 8903 ndash 8905 9353 ndash 9355

3 8905 ndash 8907 9355 ndash 9357

4 8907 ndash 8909 9357 ndash 9359

5 8909 ndash 8911 9359 ndash 9361

6 8911 ndash 8913 9361 ndash 9363

7 8913 ndash 8915 9363 ndash 9365

8 8915 ndash 8917 9365 ndash 9367

9 8917 ndash 8919 9367 ndash 9369

10 8919 ndash 8921 9369 ndash 9371

11 8921 ndash 8923 9371 ndash 9373

12 8923 ndash 8925 9373 ndash 9375

13 8925 ndash 8927 9375 ndash 9377

14 8927 ndash 8929 9377 ndash 9379

13

24 9147 ndash 9149 9597 ndash 9599



(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 17101 ndash 17103 18051 ndash 18053

2 17103 ndash 17105 18053 ndash 18055

3 17105 ndash 17107 18055 ndash 18057

4 17107 ndash 17109 18057 ndash 18059

5 17109 ndash 17111 18059 ndash 18061

6 17111 ndash 17113 18061 ndash 18063

7 17113 ndash 17115 18063 ndash 18065

8 17115 ndash 17117 18065 ndash 18067

9 17117 ndash 17119 18067 ndash 18069

10 17119 ndash 17121 18071 ndash 18073

11 17121 ndash 17123 18073 ndash 18075

12 17123 ndash 17125 18075 ndash 18077

13 17125 ndash 17127 18077 ndash 18079

14 17127 ndash 17129 18079 ndash 18081

374 17847 ndash 17849 18797 ndash 18799

14











15






is fixed







services








whole GSM network





16














17























18








network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48




























1 Copper cable

2 Coaxial cable

6

3 Optical fibre and

4 Wireless

211 COPPER CABLE
















7

212 COAXIAL CABLE

















8

213 OPTICAL FIBRE






(Coring 2006)







214 WIRELESS








9







10

CHAPTER THREE













GSM 850

GSM 900

GSM 1800 and

GSM 1900


11




the mobile station





12








(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 8901 ndash 8903 9351 ndash 9353

2 8903 ndash 8905 9353 ndash 9355

3 8905 ndash 8907 9355 ndash 9357

4 8907 ndash 8909 9357 ndash 9359

5 8909 ndash 8911 9359 ndash 9361

6 8911 ndash 8913 9361 ndash 9363

7 8913 ndash 8915 9363 ndash 9365

8 8915 ndash 8917 9365 ndash 9367

9 8917 ndash 8919 9367 ndash 9369

10 8919 ndash 8921 9369 ndash 9371

11 8921 ndash 8923 9371 ndash 9373

12 8923 ndash 8925 9373 ndash 9375

13 8925 ndash 8927 9375 ndash 9377

14 8927 ndash 8929 9377 ndash 9379

13

24 9147 ndash 9149 9597 ndash 9599



(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 17101 ndash 17103 18051 ndash 18053

2 17103 ndash 17105 18053 ndash 18055

3 17105 ndash 17107 18055 ndash 18057

4 17107 ndash 17109 18057 ndash 18059

5 17109 ndash 17111 18059 ndash 18061

6 17111 ndash 17113 18061 ndash 18063

7 17113 ndash 17115 18063 ndash 18065

8 17115 ndash 17117 18065 ndash 18067

9 17117 ndash 17119 18067 ndash 18069

10 17119 ndash 17121 18071 ndash 18073

11 17121 ndash 17123 18073 ndash 18075

12 17123 ndash 17125 18075 ndash 18077

13 17125 ndash 17127 18077 ndash 18079

14 17127 ndash 17129 18079 ndash 18081

374 17847 ndash 17849 18797 ndash 18799

14











15






is fixed







services








whole GSM network





16














17























18








network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48


3 Optical fibre and

4 Wireless

211 COPPER CABLE
















7

212 COAXIAL CABLE

















8

213 OPTICAL FIBRE






(Coring 2006)







214 WIRELESS








9







10

CHAPTER THREE













GSM 850

GSM 900

GSM 1800 and

GSM 1900


11




the mobile station





12








(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 8901 ndash 8903 9351 ndash 9353

2 8903 ndash 8905 9353 ndash 9355

3 8905 ndash 8907 9355 ndash 9357

4 8907 ndash 8909 9357 ndash 9359

5 8909 ndash 8911 9359 ndash 9361

6 8911 ndash 8913 9361 ndash 9363

7 8913 ndash 8915 9363 ndash 9365

8 8915 ndash 8917 9365 ndash 9367

9 8917 ndash 8919 9367 ndash 9369

10 8919 ndash 8921 9369 ndash 9371

11 8921 ndash 8923 9371 ndash 9373

12 8923 ndash 8925 9373 ndash 9375

13 8925 ndash 8927 9375 ndash 9377

14 8927 ndash 8929 9377 ndash 9379

13

24 9147 ndash 9149 9597 ndash 9599



(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 17101 ndash 17103 18051 ndash 18053

2 17103 ndash 17105 18053 ndash 18055

3 17105 ndash 17107 18055 ndash 18057

4 17107 ndash 17109 18057 ndash 18059

5 17109 ndash 17111 18059 ndash 18061

6 17111 ndash 17113 18061 ndash 18063

7 17113 ndash 17115 18063 ndash 18065

8 17115 ndash 17117 18065 ndash 18067

9 17117 ndash 17119 18067 ndash 18069

10 17119 ndash 17121 18071 ndash 18073

11 17121 ndash 17123 18073 ndash 18075

12 17123 ndash 17125 18075 ndash 18077

13 17125 ndash 17127 18077 ndash 18079

14 17127 ndash 17129 18079 ndash 18081

374 17847 ndash 17849 18797 ndash 18799

14











15






is fixed







services








whole GSM network





16














17























18








network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48


212 COAXIAL CABLE

















8

213 OPTICAL FIBRE






(Coring 2006)







214 WIRELESS








9







10

CHAPTER THREE













GSM 850

GSM 900

GSM 1800 and

GSM 1900


11




the mobile station





12








(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 8901 ndash 8903 9351 ndash 9353

2 8903 ndash 8905 9353 ndash 9355

3 8905 ndash 8907 9355 ndash 9357

4 8907 ndash 8909 9357 ndash 9359

5 8909 ndash 8911 9359 ndash 9361

6 8911 ndash 8913 9361 ndash 9363

7 8913 ndash 8915 9363 ndash 9365

8 8915 ndash 8917 9365 ndash 9367

9 8917 ndash 8919 9367 ndash 9369

10 8919 ndash 8921 9369 ndash 9371

11 8921 ndash 8923 9371 ndash 9373

12 8923 ndash 8925 9373 ndash 9375

13 8925 ndash 8927 9375 ndash 9377

14 8927 ndash 8929 9377 ndash 9379

13

24 9147 ndash 9149 9597 ndash 9599



(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 17101 ndash 17103 18051 ndash 18053

2 17103 ndash 17105 18053 ndash 18055

3 17105 ndash 17107 18055 ndash 18057

4 17107 ndash 17109 18057 ndash 18059

5 17109 ndash 17111 18059 ndash 18061

6 17111 ndash 17113 18061 ndash 18063

7 17113 ndash 17115 18063 ndash 18065

8 17115 ndash 17117 18065 ndash 18067

9 17117 ndash 17119 18067 ndash 18069

10 17119 ndash 17121 18071 ndash 18073

11 17121 ndash 17123 18073 ndash 18075

12 17123 ndash 17125 18075 ndash 18077

13 17125 ndash 17127 18077 ndash 18079

14 17127 ndash 17129 18079 ndash 18081

374 17847 ndash 17849 18797 ndash 18799

14











15






is fixed







services








whole GSM network





16














17























18








network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48


213 OPTICAL FIBRE






(Coring 2006)







214 WIRELESS








9







10

CHAPTER THREE













GSM 850

GSM 900

GSM 1800 and

GSM 1900


11




the mobile station





12








(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 8901 ndash 8903 9351 ndash 9353

2 8903 ndash 8905 9353 ndash 9355

3 8905 ndash 8907 9355 ndash 9357

4 8907 ndash 8909 9357 ndash 9359

5 8909 ndash 8911 9359 ndash 9361

6 8911 ndash 8913 9361 ndash 9363

7 8913 ndash 8915 9363 ndash 9365

8 8915 ndash 8917 9365 ndash 9367

9 8917 ndash 8919 9367 ndash 9369

10 8919 ndash 8921 9369 ndash 9371

11 8921 ndash 8923 9371 ndash 9373

12 8923 ndash 8925 9373 ndash 9375

13 8925 ndash 8927 9375 ndash 9377

14 8927 ndash 8929 9377 ndash 9379

13

24 9147 ndash 9149 9597 ndash 9599



(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 17101 ndash 17103 18051 ndash 18053

2 17103 ndash 17105 18053 ndash 18055

3 17105 ndash 17107 18055 ndash 18057

4 17107 ndash 17109 18057 ndash 18059

5 17109 ndash 17111 18059 ndash 18061

6 17111 ndash 17113 18061 ndash 18063

7 17113 ndash 17115 18063 ndash 18065

8 17115 ndash 17117 18065 ndash 18067

9 17117 ndash 17119 18067 ndash 18069

10 17119 ndash 17121 18071 ndash 18073

11 17121 ndash 17123 18073 ndash 18075

12 17123 ndash 17125 18075 ndash 18077

13 17125 ndash 17127 18077 ndash 18079

14 17127 ndash 17129 18079 ndash 18081

374 17847 ndash 17849 18797 ndash 18799

14











15






is fixed







services








whole GSM network





16














17























18








network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48








10

CHAPTER THREE













GSM 850

GSM 900

GSM 1800 and

GSM 1900


11




the mobile station





12








(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 8901 ndash 8903 9351 ndash 9353

2 8903 ndash 8905 9353 ndash 9355

3 8905 ndash 8907 9355 ndash 9357

4 8907 ndash 8909 9357 ndash 9359

5 8909 ndash 8911 9359 ndash 9361

6 8911 ndash 8913 9361 ndash 9363

7 8913 ndash 8915 9363 ndash 9365

8 8915 ndash 8917 9365 ndash 9367

9 8917 ndash 8919 9367 ndash 9369

10 8919 ndash 8921 9369 ndash 9371

11 8921 ndash 8923 9371 ndash 9373

12 8923 ndash 8925 9373 ndash 9375

13 8925 ndash 8927 9375 ndash 9377

14 8927 ndash 8929 9377 ndash 9379

13

24 9147 ndash 9149 9597 ndash 9599



(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 17101 ndash 17103 18051 ndash 18053

2 17103 ndash 17105 18053 ndash 18055

3 17105 ndash 17107 18055 ndash 18057

4 17107 ndash 17109 18057 ndash 18059

5 17109 ndash 17111 18059 ndash 18061

6 17111 ndash 17113 18061 ndash 18063

7 17113 ndash 17115 18063 ndash 18065

8 17115 ndash 17117 18065 ndash 18067

9 17117 ndash 17119 18067 ndash 18069

10 17119 ndash 17121 18071 ndash 18073

11 17121 ndash 17123 18073 ndash 18075

12 17123 ndash 17125 18075 ndash 18077

13 17125 ndash 17127 18077 ndash 18079

14 17127 ndash 17129 18079 ndash 18081

374 17847 ndash 17849 18797 ndash 18799

14











15






is fixed







services








whole GSM network





16














17























18








network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48


CHAPTER THREE













GSM 850

GSM 900

GSM 1800 and

GSM 1900


11




the mobile station





12








(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 8901 ndash 8903 9351 ndash 9353

2 8903 ndash 8905 9353 ndash 9355

3 8905 ndash 8907 9355 ndash 9357

4 8907 ndash 8909 9357 ndash 9359

5 8909 ndash 8911 9359 ndash 9361

6 8911 ndash 8913 9361 ndash 9363

7 8913 ndash 8915 9363 ndash 9365

8 8915 ndash 8917 9365 ndash 9367

9 8917 ndash 8919 9367 ndash 9369

10 8919 ndash 8921 9369 ndash 9371

11 8921 ndash 8923 9371 ndash 9373

12 8923 ndash 8925 9373 ndash 9375

13 8925 ndash 8927 9375 ndash 9377

14 8927 ndash 8929 9377 ndash 9379

13

24 9147 ndash 9149 9597 ndash 9599



(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 17101 ndash 17103 18051 ndash 18053

2 17103 ndash 17105 18053 ndash 18055

3 17105 ndash 17107 18055 ndash 18057

4 17107 ndash 17109 18057 ndash 18059

5 17109 ndash 17111 18059 ndash 18061

6 17111 ndash 17113 18061 ndash 18063

7 17113 ndash 17115 18063 ndash 18065

8 17115 ndash 17117 18065 ndash 18067

9 17117 ndash 17119 18067 ndash 18069

10 17119 ndash 17121 18071 ndash 18073

11 17121 ndash 17123 18073 ndash 18075

12 17123 ndash 17125 18075 ndash 18077

13 17125 ndash 17127 18077 ndash 18079

14 17127 ndash 17129 18079 ndash 18081

374 17847 ndash 17849 18797 ndash 18799

14











15






is fixed







services








whole GSM network





16














17























18








network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48





the mobile station





12








(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 8901 ndash 8903 9351 ndash 9353

2 8903 ndash 8905 9353 ndash 9355

3 8905 ndash 8907 9355 ndash 9357

4 8907 ndash 8909 9357 ndash 9359

5 8909 ndash 8911 9359 ndash 9361

6 8911 ndash 8913 9361 ndash 9363

7 8913 ndash 8915 9363 ndash 9365

8 8915 ndash 8917 9365 ndash 9367

9 8917 ndash 8919 9367 ndash 9369

10 8919 ndash 8921 9369 ndash 9371

11 8921 ndash 8923 9371 ndash 9373

12 8923 ndash 8925 9373 ndash 9375

13 8925 ndash 8927 9375 ndash 9377

14 8927 ndash 8929 9377 ndash 9379

13

24 9147 ndash 9149 9597 ndash 9599



(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 17101 ndash 17103 18051 ndash 18053

2 17103 ndash 17105 18053 ndash 18055

3 17105 ndash 17107 18055 ndash 18057

4 17107 ndash 17109 18057 ndash 18059

5 17109 ndash 17111 18059 ndash 18061

6 17111 ndash 17113 18061 ndash 18063

7 17113 ndash 17115 18063 ndash 18065

8 17115 ndash 17117 18065 ndash 18067

9 17117 ndash 17119 18067 ndash 18069

10 17119 ndash 17121 18071 ndash 18073

11 17121 ndash 17123 18073 ndash 18075

12 17123 ndash 17125 18075 ndash 18077

13 17125 ndash 17127 18077 ndash 18079

14 17127 ndash 17129 18079 ndash 18081

374 17847 ndash 17849 18797 ndash 18799

14











15






is fixed







services








whole GSM network





16














17























18








network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48









(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 8901 ndash 8903 9351 ndash 9353

2 8903 ndash 8905 9353 ndash 9355

3 8905 ndash 8907 9355 ndash 9357

4 8907 ndash 8909 9357 ndash 9359

5 8909 ndash 8911 9359 ndash 9361

6 8911 ndash 8913 9361 ndash 9363

7 8913 ndash 8915 9363 ndash 9365

8 8915 ndash 8917 9365 ndash 9367

9 8917 ndash 8919 9367 ndash 9369

10 8919 ndash 8921 9369 ndash 9371

11 8921 ndash 8923 9371 ndash 9373

12 8923 ndash 8925 9373 ndash 9375

13 8925 ndash 8927 9375 ndash 9377

14 8927 ndash 8929 9377 ndash 9379

13

24 9147 ndash 9149 9597 ndash 9599



(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 17101 ndash 17103 18051 ndash 18053

2 17103 ndash 17105 18053 ndash 18055

3 17105 ndash 17107 18055 ndash 18057

4 17107 ndash 17109 18057 ndash 18059

5 17109 ndash 17111 18059 ndash 18061

6 17111 ndash 17113 18061 ndash 18063

7 17113 ndash 17115 18063 ndash 18065

8 17115 ndash 17117 18065 ndash 18067

9 17117 ndash 17119 18067 ndash 18069

10 17119 ndash 17121 18071 ndash 18073

11 17121 ndash 17123 18073 ndash 18075

12 17123 ndash 17125 18075 ndash 18077

13 17125 ndash 17127 18077 ndash 18079

14 17127 ndash 17129 18079 ndash 18081

374 17847 ndash 17849 18797 ndash 18799

14











15






is fixed







services








whole GSM network





16














17























18








network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48


24 9147 ndash 9149 9597 ndash 9599



(MHz)

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

(MHz)

1 17101 ndash 17103 18051 ndash 18053

2 17103 ndash 17105 18053 ndash 18055

3 17105 ndash 17107 18055 ndash 18057

4 17107 ndash 17109 18057 ndash 18059

5 17109 ndash 17111 18059 ndash 18061

6 17111 ndash 17113 18061 ndash 18063

7 17113 ndash 17115 18063 ndash 18065

8 17115 ndash 17117 18065 ndash 18067

9 17117 ndash 17119 18067 ndash 18069

10 17119 ndash 17121 18071 ndash 18073

11 17121 ndash 17123 18073 ndash 18075

12 17123 ndash 17125 18075 ndash 18077

13 17125 ndash 17127 18077 ndash 18079

14 17127 ndash 17129 18079 ndash 18081

374 17847 ndash 17849 18797 ndash 18799

14











15






is fixed







services








whole GSM network





16














17























18








network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48












15






is fixed







services








whole GSM network





16














17























18








network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48







is fixed







services








whole GSM network





16














17























18








network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48















17























18








network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48
























18








network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48









network


reasons and










3 Transcoder (TC)

19


















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48



















20


and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48



and make calls




332 TRANSCODER (TC)








namely












21























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48
























22






23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48







23






to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48







to it











24














25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48















25





2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48






2 Common channels




the same time







26
















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48

















27






28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48







28

CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48


CHAPTER FOUR












microwave



FREQUENCY RANGE

WAVELENGTH (metres)

CCIR CODE

Very Low Frequency

(VLF)








300MHz - 3GHz 01 - 1 9



29


30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48



30GHz - 300GHz 0001 ndash 001 11











comprises


2 The coaxial cable






optical fibre

30







31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48








31



32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48




32














33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48















33



34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48




34


(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48



(ODU)





Figure 48 An ODU


35




Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48





Nigeria




36








equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48









equally







37


38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48



38








39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48









39

where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48


where







dBi = dBd + 21


When using dB





16π2d2





40







41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48








41


42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48



42




43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48





43


44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48



44


45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48



45


46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48



46

CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48


CHAPTER FIVE

















effective










47

REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48


REFERENCES


Press London pg7-12


Networks Oy Finland


Finland


York pg26-27


encyclopediardquo





Image Searchrdquo


Image Searchrdquo


Networksrdquo


48


Date post:	07-Dec-2014
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