Functions of the Skeletal System●Bones are made of OSSEOUS TISSUE
●Support and Protection●Body movement●Blood cell formation (bone marrow) - hemopoiesis●Storage of inorganic materials
(salt, calcium, potassium….)
Axial Skeleton
●Head, neck, trunk●Skull●Hyoid Bone●Vertebral Column●Thoracic Cage (ribs, 12 pairs)●Sternum
Appendicular Skeleton
●Limbs & Bones that connect to theoPectoral Girdle (shoulders)oPelvic Girdle (hips)
Inside the Long Bone
Medullary Cavity – hollow chamber filled with bone marrow
Red Marrow (blood)Yellow Marrow (fat)
Endosteum– lining of the medullary
Review the Structure of a Long Bone
Matching quiz at http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/holehaap/student/olc2/chap07matching01.html
Microscopic Structure
MATRIX - where the bone cells live OSTEOCYTES - mature bone cells, enclosed in tiny chambers called LACUNAE OSTEOCYTES form rings (LAMELLAE) around a HAVERSIAN CANAL which houses blood vessels Osteocytes are linked by CANALICULI Haversian Canals are linked by VOLKMAN's CANALS
BONE DEVELOPMENT & GROWTH
1.Intramembranous bones – flat, skull2. Endochondral bones – all other
ALL BONES START AS HYALINE CARTILAGE, areas gradually turn to bone PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (shaft) SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (ends)
Bone Development & GrowthEPIPHYSEAL DISK (growth plate) is a band of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis These areas increase bone length as the cells ossify Cartilage becomes OSTEOBLASTS become OSTEOCYTES
Types of Joints (articulations)
1.Synarthrotic (not moveable, aka sutures)
2.Amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable, vertebrae)
3.Diarthrotic (moveable joint, aka synovial joints)
Synovial fluid - fluid within the joints that helps to lubricate
Types of Joints
1. Ball and Socket2. Hinge3. Pivot4. Saddle
BONES OF THE SKULL
1. Frontal -2. Parietal - 3. Occipital -4. Temporal - 5. Sphenoid - 6. Maxilla - 7. Mandible - 8. Zygomatic -
Sutures - connection points
1. Coronal - between frontal and parietal bones2. Lambdoidal - between occipital and parietal bones3. Squamosal - between temporal and parietal bones4. Sagittal - between parietal bones
Suture - refers to any connection between large bones (in fetal skulls, these are called fontanels)
Fissure - any wide gap between bones
TOPOGRAPHY OF THE SKULLForamen - refers to any opening in the skull, nerves and blood vessels leave this opening to supply the face
Mental Foramen
Foramen Magnum
Upcoming Assignments
●The Skeleton Mystery - read about a “crime scene” and reconstruct skeletons to identify the remains
●Watch a Bones Episode●Identify Bones on a real skeleton • Lab
Practical Test●Medical Imaging – learn how doctors view
bones and diagnose problems
TEST INFORMATION
●Test will cover everything in your notes and on the slides presented in class
●Visit biologycorner.com for study aids●A second test will occur that covers the lab portion
Abnormal Bone Conditions
●BONE SPURS: abnormal growth. Can occur on any bone (e.g. heel).
●OSTEOPOROSIS: Increased activity of osteoclasts cause a break down bone, and the subsequent fewer minerals in the extracellular matrix make it fragile. The spongy bone especially becomes more porous.
●Men get it as well as women. What’s the best way to prevent osteoporosis? Exercise! What does exercise do? Makes bones bigger.
●The most common bone used for a bone graft is the iliac bone of the hip.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease which causes joint stiffness and bone deformity
Source: http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/public/article3233439.ece
ABNORMALITIES OF THE SPINE
ABNORMALITIES OF THE SPINE●SCOLIOSIS is a lateral curve in the spine●KYPHOSIS is a hunchback curve●LORDOSIS is a swayback in the lower region.●ANKYLOSIS is severe arthritis in the spine and
the vertebrae fuse.
FUN FACTS ABOUT BONESBone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone.●Babies are born with 300 bones, but by adulthood
we have only 206 in our bodies. ●The giraffe has the same number of bones in its
neck as a human: seven in total. ●The long horned ram can take a head butt at 25
mph. The human skull will fracture at 5mph.