Skeletal SystemSkeletal System

Body Regions of Bovine

Bovine Skeleton

Bovine Skeleton

Oblique View

Cranial lateral.

Cervical Skeleton,Left view

Vertebral Formula of Bovine: C7 T13 L6 S5 Cy18-20

Bones comprising the vertebral column : Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal

Cervical Vertebrae: (shorter than horse)•body - smaller•transverse process of cervical 3,4,5 - double with upper part short and stout, lower is plate-like•spinous process - well developed (C3 is bifid)•dental spine - prominent and fixed

Atlas (C1) •transverse foramen absent•wings - less curved

Axis (C2)•transverse process - single, higher, and thicker behind•lateral vertebral foramen - more circular, not so closed to the cranial border

C6•transverse process - prominent (ventrally)

C7 •spinous process - higher•transverse process - slight ventral

Cervical segment of vertebral column, dorsal (left) and

ventral (right)

Thoracic part of vertebra, left view

thoracic vertebrae•body - longer constricted in the middle within the ventral crest•spinous process- longer than horse•midpoint of wither - 2nd and 3rd

Skeleton part of lumbar vertebrae, Dorsolateral view

Lumbar vertebral• transverse process- longer than the

horse • body - constricted in the middle

Sacrum• shape - T-shape• spinous process - slightly diffuse

Skeleton trunk, Dorsal view

Skeleton trunk, Ventral view

Pairs of rib: 13 pairs (sternal and asternal ribs)

Ribs longer, wider, flatter, less curve, and less regular in

form

1st ribLonger, flattened along other domesticated animals

8th, 9th and 10th ribLongest ribs and widest of all

Thoracic Skeleton, Left view

SternumConsists of 7 sternebrae, most of which are developed

from 2 lateral centers

ThoraxIts body is shorter than in the horse. The inlet is

higher. The roof is short and the floor is wider and larger

Bovine Skull, Left view

Bones of the Craniumpaired bones: interparietal, parietal, frontal, temporalunpaired bone: occipital

Bones of the Facialpaired bones: maxilla, premaxilla, palatine, pterygoid, nasal,

lacrimal, mandibleunpaired bones: vomer, hyoid

Occipital boneForms the larger part of the posterior surface of the skull, and is

separated from the highest part by the parietal and interparietal bone

Median Section of Skull

SphenoidIs short

FrontalVery extensive, forming about ½ of the entire length of

the skull

MaxillaShorter but broader and relatively higher than in horse

Skull, view of caudal surface

PremaxillaIt is thin and flattened. Has no alveoli since the canine

and upper incisor teeth is absent

PalatineIt is very extensive. Horizontal part forms the greater

hard palate

Mandible2 halves don’t fuse completely. The mandibular

symphysis is absent

Thoracic Limb, medial view

Proximal portion of Thoracic Limb,

Lateral view

Proximal portion of Thoracic Limb,

Medial view

Bones of the Anterior LimbScapula• More regularly triangular than in horse; relatively under the vertebral

end.• spine - more prominent• Tubercle - distinct • Acromnion - present• supraspinous process - narrow and does not extend to the lower part

of the bone• subscapular fossa - shallow• glenoid cavity - circular, no distinct notch Humerus• Has a shallow musculo-spiral goove• deltoid tuberosity- less• greater tubercle - very large (point of shoulder)• preccipital groove - undivided• lat. epicondyle - flat wise area

Distal portion of shoulder articulation,

Dorsolateral view

Distal portion of Thoracic Limb,

Mediopalmar view

Radius• Short and relatively broad• shaft - distal part is curved• radial tuberosity - less develop

Ulna• completely fuse and strongly curved• presence of interosseous space in proximal and distal part• ulna (shaft) - complete• styloid process of ulna – present

Carpal• Consist of 6 bones, 4 bones in proximal row and 2 in distalradial capal - largest proximal carpal in oxIntermediate carpal - wider palmarly than dorsallyUlnar carpal - large and very irregularaccessory carpal - small articulate with ulnar carpal onlydistal carpal - carpal 2 and 3 are fuse, carpal 4 is small and quadrilateral

Metacarpals• Consist of a large metacarpal and a lateral small metacarpal bone• metacarpal 3 - large metacarpal• metacarpal 3 and 4 - fused presence of 2 metacarpal canal and

dorsal longitudinal groove• metacarpal 5 - present, small, and attach to the lateral side of large

metacarpal

Digits (phalanx)• There 4 bones present• proximal and middle phalanx- consist of digit 3 and 4• distal phalanx - pedal and coffin bone

Skeleton of pelvis and thigh, Medial view. Left half of

pelvis removed

Bones comprising the Pelvic LimbOs coxae, femur, tibia and fibula, tarsus, metatarsus, phalanges

Ischium• It is large and the long axis is directed obliquely (50-60 degrees)

dorsally and caudally

Pubis• Cranial branch of pubis is narrow and the angle is described laterally

and little cranially

Femur• Body – small and cylindrical in its middle• 3rd trochanter is absent• greater trochanter - massive and undivided

Skeleton of tibia and distal portion of

pelvic limb, medial view

Skeleton of tibia and distal portion of

pelvic limb, lateral view

Tibia• Resembles that of the horse dorsally but it somewhat shorter • Small in medial side is distinctly convex

Fibula• Consist of 2 extremities only. Head is fused with lateral condyle of the

tibia

Patella• Long, narrow, and very thick

Tarsus• Consist of fused pieces (3rd tarsus is fused)• proximal tarsus (hock)• talus - present• palpanius - present• central - present• distal tarsus - absent but present in 1, 2, and 3 (they are fuse)

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System