2013 OECD Skills Outlook 2013 FIRST RESULTS FROM THE SURVEY OF ADULT SKILLS
Transcript
1. 2013 OECD Skills Outlook 2013 First Results from the Survey
of Adult Skills
2. OECD Skills Outlook 2013 First Results from the Survey of
Adult Skills
3. Revised version, November 2013 Details of revisions
available at:
http://www.oecd.org/about/publishing/Corrigendum-OECD-skills-outlook-2013.pdf
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4. Foreword OECD Skills Outlook 2013: First Results from the
Survey of Adult Skills OECD 2013 3 It is no exaggeration to use the
word revolution when talking about how our lives have changed over
the past few decades. Today we rely on information and
communication technologies and devices that hadnt even been
imagined in 1980. The way we live and work has changed profoundly
and so has the set of skills we need to participate fully in and
benefit from our hyper-connected societies and increasingly
knowledge-based economies. Governments need a clear picture not
only of how labour markets and economies are changing, but of the
extent to which their citizens are equipping themselves with the
skills demanded in the 21st century, since people with low skills
proficiency face a much greater risk of economic disadvantage, a
higher likelihood of unemployment, and poor health. Our new
publication series, the OECD Skills Outlook, aims to provide that
picture. It will offer an annual overview of how skills are being
developed, activated and used across OECD and partner countries,
and highlight the kinds of education, employment, tax and other
social policies that encourage and allow people to make the most of
their potential. This inaugural edition of the OECD Skills Outlook
is devoted to reporting the results of the first round of the
Survey of Adult Skills, a product of the Programme for the
International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). The survey
provides a rich source of data on adults proficiency in literacy,
numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environments the
key information-processing skills that are invaluable in
21st-century economies and in various generic skills, such as
co-operation, communication, and organising ones time. If there is
one central message emerging from this new survey, it is that what
people know and what they do with what they know has a major impact
on their life chances. The median hourly wage of workers who can
make complex inferences and evaluate subtle truth claims or
arguments in written texts is more than 60% higher than for workers
who can, at best, read relatively short texts to locate a single
piece of information. Those with low literacy skills are also more
than twice as likely to be unemployed. The survey also shows that
how literacy skills are distributed across a population has
significant implications on how economic and social outcomes are
distributed within the society. If large proportions of adults have
low reading and numeracy skills, introducing and disseminating
productivity-improving technologies and work-organisation practices
can therefore be hampered. But the impact of skills goes far beyond
earnings and employment. In all countries, individuals with lower
proficiency in literacy are more likely than those with better
literacy skills to report poor health, to believe that they have
little impact on political processes, and not to participate in
associative or volunteer activities. In most countries, they are
also less likely to trust others. These results, and results from
future rounds of the survey, will inform much of the analysis
contained in subsequent editions of the Outlook.The Outlook will
build on the extensive body of OECD work in education and training,
including findings from its Programme for International Student
Assessment (PISA) and its policy reviews of vocational education
and training, and its work on skills, particularly the Skills
Strategy the integrated, cross-government framework developed by
experts across the Organisation to help countries understand more
about how to invest in skills in ways that will transform lives and
drive economies. The OECD Skills Outlook will show us where we are,
where we need to be, and how to get there if we want to be fully
engaged citizens in a global economy. Angel Gurra OECD
Secretary-General
5. Acknowledgements OECD Skills Outlook 2013: First Results
from the Survey of Adult Skills OECD 2013 5 This Survey of Adult
Skills is the outcome of a collaboration among the participating
countries, the OECD Secretariat, the European Commission and an
international Consortium led by Educational Testing Service (ETS).
The report was prepared by Ji Eun Chung, Richard Desjardins,
Viktoria Kis, Michele Pellizzari, Glenda Quintini, Andreas
Schleicher and William Thorn, with the assistance of Veronica Borg,
Vanessa Denis, Anne Fichen and Paulina Granados Zambrano. Marilyn
Achiron, Clia Braga-Schich, Cassandra Davis, Elizabeth Del Bourgo,
Marta Encinas-Martin, Lynda Hawe and Elisabeth Villoutreix provided
valuable support in the editorial and production process.
Administrative assistance was provided by Sabrina Leonarduzzi. The
international Consortium was responsible for developing the
assessment instruments and preparing the underlying data under the
direction of Irwin Kirsch. Iddo Gal, Stan Jones, Ken Mayhew,
Jean-Franois Rouet and John P. Sabatini led the expert groups that
oversaw the development of the background questionnaire and
cognitive assessment instruments. Cees Glas chaired the projects
Technical Advisory Group. The development of the project was
steered by the PIAAC Board of Participating Countries, chaired by
Satya Brink (Canada) from 2008 to 2010, Dan McGrath (United States)
from 2010 to 2013 and Paolo Sestito (Italy) from 2008 to 2013. A
full list of the members of the Board together with the names of
the National Project Managers, experts, members of the
international Consortium and staff of the OECD Secretariat who have
contributed to the project can be found in Annex C of The Survey of
Adult Skills: Readers Companion.
6. Table of Contents OECD Skills Outlook 2013: First Results
from the Survey of Adult Skills OECD 2013 7 Readers
guide...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................19
Executive
summary......................................................................................................................................................................................................................23
Overview
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................25
Chapter 1 The Skills Needed For The 21st
Century.................................................................................................................................45
Major trends influencing the development and use of
skills....................................................................................................................................46
Access to computers and ICTs is widespread and
growing.............................................................................................................................46
ICTs are changing how services are provided and
consumed.............................................................................................................................46
Employment in services and high-skilled occupations is
growing....................................................................................................................48
Imbalances between the supply of, and demand for, skills in labour
markets are
widespread........................................................52
What the Survey of Adult Skills can tell
us...........................................................................................................................................................................52
The level of skills proficiency among
adults..............................................................................................................................................................52
Which groups in the population have low, medium and high levels of
key information-processing skills...............................52
The supply of, and demand for, key information-processing and
generic skills in labour
markets................................................52 How key
information-processing skills are developed and maintained over a
lifetime.......................................................................53
How key information-processing skills translate into better
economic and social
outcomes...........................................................53
Chapter 2 Proficiency In Key Information-Processing Skills Among
Working-Age Adults................55 Defining literacy, numeracy
and problem solving in technology-rich
environments.............................................................................59
Reporting the
results..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................60
Proficiency in
literacy..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................61
What adults can do at different levels of literacy
proficiency.................................................................................................................................63
Proficiency at Level 5 (scores equal to or higher than 376
points).............................................................................................................66
Proficiency at Level 4 (scores from 326 points to less than 376
points).........................................................................................................66
Proficiency at Level 3 (scores from 276 points to less than 326
points).........................................................................................................66
Proficiency at Level 2 (scores from 226 points to less than 276
points).........................................................................................................66
Proficiency at Level 1 (scores from 176 points to less than 226
points).........................................................................................................67
Proficiency below Level 1 (scores below 176
points)...............................................................................................................................................67
Literacy-related
non-response.................................................................................................................................................................................................69
How distributions of proficiency scores compare across
countries...................................................................................................................69
Comparison of average proficiency scores in
literacy.........................................................................................................................................69
Comparison of average proficiency scores for 16-24 year-olds in
literacy...................................................................................................71
Comparison of scores at the 5th, 25th, 75th and 95th
percentiles....................................................................................................................73
Proficiency in
numeracy.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................75
What adults can do at different levels of numeracy
proficiency..................................................................................................................75
Proficiency at Level 5 (scores equal to or higher than 376
points)....................................................................................................................78
Proficiency at Level 4 (scores from 326 points to less than 376
points).........................................................................................................78
Proficiency at Level 3 (scores from 276 points to less than 326
points).........................................................................................................78
7. Table of contents 8 OECD 2013 OECD Skills Outlook 2013:
First Results from the Survey of Adult Skills Proficiency at Level
2 (scores from 226 points to less than 276
points).........................................................................................................79
Proficiency at Level 1 (scores from 176 points to less than 226
points).........................................................................................................79
Proficiency below Level 1 (scores below 176
points)...............................................................................................................................................79
Literacy-related
non-response.................................................................................................................................................................................................79
How distributions of proficiency scores compare across
countries...................................................................................................................79
Comparison of average proficiency scores in
numeracy...................................................................................................................................79
Comparison of average proficiency scores for 16-24 year-olds in
numeracy.............................................................................................81
Comparison of scores at the 5th, 25th, 75th and 95th
percentiles....................................................................................................................83
Correlations between proficiency in literacy and
numeracy................................................................................................................................85
Proficiency in problem solving in technology-rich
environments........................................................................................................................86
What adults can do at different levels of proficiency in problem
solving in technology-rich environments........................87
Proficiency at Level 3 (scores equal to or higher than 341
points).............................................................................................................89
Proficiency at Level 2 (scores from 291 points to less than 341
points).........................................................................................................90
Proficiency at Level 1 (scores from 241 points to less than 291
points).........................................................................................................90
Proficiency below Level 1 (scores below 241
points)...............................................................................................................................................90
The proportion of adults with basic ICT
skills...........................................................................................................................................................90
What young adults can do at different levels of proficiency in
problem solving in technology-rich environments.........92
Proficiency at Level 3 (scores equal to or higher than 341
points).............................................................................................................92
Proficiency at Level 2 (scores from 291 points to less than 341
points).........................................................................................................92
Proficiency at Level 1 (scores from 241 points to less than 291
points).........................................................................................................93
Proficiency below Level 1 (scores below 241
points)...............................................................................................................................................93
The relationship between proficiency in literacy/numeracy and
problem solving in technology-rich environments...........94
Comparison of the results from the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC)
with those of previous skills
surveys...............................96 Summarising performance
across
countries...........................................................................................................................................................................96
Summary.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................98
Chapter 3 The socio-demographic distribution of key
information-processing skills................101 An overview of
socio-demographic differences in
proficiency...........................................................................................................................102
Differences in skills proficiency related to
age...............................................................................................................................................................104
Proficiency in literacy and numeracy among older and younger age
groups..................................................................................106
Proficiency in problem solving in technology-rich environments
among older and younger age groups...................108
Differences in skills proficiency related to
gender.......................................................................................................................................................108
Proficiency in literacy and numeracy among men and
women................................................................................................................110
Proficiency in problem solving in technology-rich environments
among men and
women.................................................111
Differences in skills proficiency related to socio-economic
background.....................................................................................................111
Proficiency scores in literacy and numeracy among adults from
socio-economically disadvantaged and advantaged
backgrounds.....................................................................................................................................................................................................112
Proficiency levels in problem solving in technology-rich
environments among adults from socio-economically disadvantaged and
advantaged
backgrounds.............................................................................................................................................................114
The relationship between socio-economic background and skills
proficiency, by
age......................................................................117
Social mobility and literacy
proficiency........................................................................................................................................................................117
Differences in skills proficiency related to educational
qualifications..........................................................................................................118
Proficiency in literacy and numeracy among low- and high-educated
adults................................................................................120
Proficiency in problem solving in technology-rich environments
among low- and high-educated adults.........................120
Cumulative disadvantage in key information-processing skills for
low-educated
adults..................................................................120
8. Table of contents OECD Skills Outlook 2013: First Results
from the Survey of Adult Skills OECD 2013 9 Differences in skills
proficiency related to country of origin and
language...............................................................................................125
Proficiency in literacy among native- and foreign-born
adults..................................................................................................................126
Proficiency in literacy among foreign-language
immigrants..............................................................................................................................127
Proficiency in problem solving in technology-rich environments
among foreign-language
immigrants................................127 Cumulative
disadvantage in key information-processing skills for
foreign-language
immigrants................................................128
Differences in skills proficiency related to
occupation.............................................................................................................................................132
Proficiency scores in literacy and numeracy among adults in low-
and high-skilled occupations...................................133
Proficiency in problem solving in technology-rich environments
among adults in low- and high-skilled
occupations....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................134
Cumulative disadvantage in key information-processing skills for
adults in low- and semi-skilled occupations...............134
Summary....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................137
Chapter 4 How Skills Are Used In The
Workplace..................................................................................................................................141
Using skills in the
workplace.........................................................................................................................................................................................................142
Levels of skills use in the
workplace............................................................................................................................................................................144
The distribution of skills use according to workers and jobs
characteristics..................................................................................149
The level of education required for the
job.......................................................................................................................................................................168
Exploring mismatch between workers skills and job
requirements................................................................................................................169
Constructing better indicators of mismatch using the Survey of
Adult Skills
(PIAAC)................................................................169
How mismatch interacts with proficiency and other individual and
job
characteristics..........................................................174
The effect of mismatch on the use of skills and
wages.....................................................................................................................................177
Summary....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................181
Chapter 5 Developing And Maintaining Key Information-Processing
Skills.................................................187 Overview
of education and training and practice-oriented factors linked to
developing and maintaining
proficiency.........................................................................................................................................................................................................190
Age, ageing and
proficiency.........................................................................................................................................................................................................190
Observed age
differences....................................................................................................................................................................................................191
Explaining age differences: Cohort and ageing
effects....................................................................................................................................195
Delaying or avoiding age-related declines in information-processing
skills.....................................................................................198
Educational attainment and its relationship to
proficiency...................................................................................................................................199
Upper secondary education and skills
proficiency............................................................................................................................................199
Tertiary education and skills
proficiency.......................................................................................................................................................................202
A comparison of educational attainment levels within and across
countries..........................................................................................204
Comparing the development of key skills among different age cohorts
that participated in
PISA...............................................205 Adult
education and training and
proficiency....................................................................................................................................................................208
Readiness to learn and key information-processing
skills.............................................................................................................................209
Participation rates in organised adult learning at the country
level and average
proficiency...............................................212
Work-related practices that optimise the use and development of
skills...........................................................................................................212
Skills proficiency and the use of skills at
work......................................................................................................................................................212
Occupational structure at the country level and average
proficiency...................................................................................................212
Social, cultural and other daily practices that help to develop and
maintain
skills..............................................................................216
Summary....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................220
Chapter 6 Key Skills And Economic And Social
Well-Being...................................................................................................223
Skills proficiency, labour market status and
wages......................................................................................................................................................224
Proficiency and labour market
status...........................................................................................................................................................................224
Proficiency, employment and
wages...............................................................................................................................................................................227
9. Table of contents 10 OECD 2013 OECD Skills Outlook 2013:
First Results from the Survey of Adult Skills How these
relationships are affected by other individual and job
characteristics.................................................................................227
Literacy proficiency, education and labour force
participation........................................................................................................................227
Literacy proficiency, education and
employment....................................................................................................................................................231
Wage returns to proficiency and
schooling.................................................................................................................................................................232
Social outcomes of literacy, numeracy and problem solving in
technology-rich
environments..................................................234
Trust....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................237
Volunteering..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................239
Political
efficacy.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................240
Health...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................241
The role of education in developing skills and fostering positive
outcomes.....................................................................................242
Country-level socio-economic outcomes and key
information-processing
skills.........................................................................244
Summary....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................246
Annex A OECD Skills Outlook Tables of
results.................................................................................................................................249
Annex B OECD Skills Outlook additional
tables.............................................................................................................................407
10. Table of contents OECD Skills Outlook 2013: First Results
from the Survey of Adult Skills OECD 2013 11 Boxes Box 2.1 A
context for cross-national comparisons of
proficiency..............................................................................................................................56
Box 2.2 Relationship between difficulty of assessment items and
proficiency of adults on the literacy, numeracy and problem solving
in technology-rich environments
scales...............................................................................................................................................60
Box 2.3 Reading on a screen or on paper: Does it affect proficiency
in
literacy?.................................................................................................61
Box 2.4 Examples of literacy
items.......................................................................................................................................................................................65
Box 2.5 Reading
components................................................................................................................................................................................................67
Box 2.6 Comparing results among countries and population
subgroups.................................................................................................................69
Box 2.7 Examples of numeracy
items..................................................................................................................................................................................77
Box 2.8 Problem solving in technology-rich environments: Beyond
using ICT tools to manage
information.............................................86 Box 2.9
Examples of problem solving in technology-rich
environments.................................................................................................................89
Box 2.10 Adults who opted out of taking the computer-based
assessment...........................................................................................................91
Box 3.1 Korea: Age-related differences in skills
proficiency......................................................................................................................................
105 Box 3.2 Gender differences in skills proficiency between
younger and older
adults........................................................................................
109 Box 3.3 Gender differences in computer
use.................................................................................................................................................................
109 Box 3.4 Using odds
ratios.....................................................................................................................................................................................................
121 Box 4.1 How to interpret skills-use
variables.................................................................................................................................................................
143 Box 5.1 Vocational education and training (VET) for adults in
Finland.................................................................................................................
201 Box 5.2 Adult education for adults with low
skills.......................................................................................................................................................
210 Box 6.1 The STEP Skills Measurement Study: A skills survey in
low- and middle-income
countries...........................................................
235 Box 6.2 Alternative mechanisms linking skills and
well-being.................................................................................................................................
242 Figures Figure 0.1 Likelihood of positive social and economic
outcomes among highly literate
adults...........................................................................27
Figure 0.2 Literacy proficiency among 16-65
year-olds.....................................................................................................................................................29
Figure 0.3 Literacy skills gap between older and younger
generations.........................................................................................................................31
Figure 0.4 Distribution of literacy proficiency scores and
education in Italy and
Japan..........................................................................................33
Figure 0.5 Correlation between labour productivity and the use of
reading skills at
work.....................................................................................36
Figure 0.6 Correlation between gender gap in wages and in the use
of problem-solving skills at
work............................................................41
Figure 1.1 Access to computers and the Internet at
home.................................................................................................................................................47
Figure 1.2 The growth of
e-government...................................................................................................................................................................................47
Figure 1.3 Change in the share of employment, by industrial
sectors...........................................................................................................................48
Figure 1.4 Evolution of employment in occupational groups defined
by level of
education.................................................................................49
Figure 1.5 Change in the demand for
skills............................................................................................................................................................................50
Figure 1.6 Evolution of employment in occupational groups defined
by level of skills
proficiency....................................................................50
Figure 1.7 Organisational change and new
technologies..................................................................................................................................................51
Figure a (Box 2.1) GDP per capita,
USD...............................................................................................................................................................................................57
Figure b (Box 2.1) Population with tertiary
education.......................................................................................................................................................................57
Figure c (Box 2.1) Population without upper secondary
education..............................................................................................................................................58
Figure d (Box 2.1) Foreign-born population as a percentage of total
population......................................................................................................................58
Figure a (Box 2.3) Percentage of respondents taking different
pathways in the Survey of Adult Skills
(PIAAC)...............................................................62
Figure 2.1 Literacy proficiency among
adults........................................................................................................................................................................63
Figure a (Box 2.5) Relationship between literacy proficiency and
performance in reading
components.........................................................................68
Figure 2.2a Comparison of average literacy proficiency among
adults...........................................................................................................................70
Figure 2.2b Comparison of average literacy proficiency among adults
(adjusted).......................................................................................................71
11. Table of contents 12 OECD 2013 OECD Skills Outlook 2013:
First Results from the Survey of Adult Skills Figure 2.3a
Comparison of average literacy proficiency among young
adults..............................................................................................................72
Figure 2.3b Comparison of average literacy proficiency of young
adults
(adjusted)....................................................................................................73
Figure 2.4 Distribution of literacy proficiency
scores..........................................................................................................................................................74
Figure 2.5 Numeracy proficiency among
adults...................................................................................................................................................................75
Figure 2.6a Comparison of average numeracy proficiency among
adults......................................................................................................................80
Figure 2.6b Comparison of average numeracy proficiency among adults
(adjusted)..................................................................................................81
Figure 2.7a Comparison of average numeracy proficiency among young
adults.........................................................................................................82
Figure 2.7b Comparison of average numeracy proficiency among young
adults
(adjusted).....................................................................................83
Figure 2.8 Distribution of numeracy proficiency
scores.....................................................................................................................................................84
Figure 2.9 Correlation among key information-processing
skills....................................................................................................................................85
Figure 2.10a Proficiency in problem solving in technology-rich
environments among
adults...................................................................................87
Figure a (Box 2.10) Adults range of experience with computers and
the computer-based assessment, by socio-demographic
profile...................91 Figure 2.10b Proficiency in problem
solving in technology-rich environments among young
adults......................................................................93
Figure 2.11 Relationship between literacy and problem solving in
technology-rich
environments.......................................................................94
Figure 2.12 Relationship between numeracy and problem solving in
technology-rich
environments..................................................................95
Figure 2.13 Summary of proficiency in key information-processing
skills......................................................................................................................97
Figure 3.1 (L) Synthesis of socio-demographic differences in
literacy
proficiency.......................................................................................................
103 Figure 3.2 (L) Age differences in literacy
proficiency.............................................................................................................................................................
107 Figure 3.3 (P) Problem-solving proficiency among younger and
older
adults................................................................................................................
108 Figure 3.4 (N) Gender differences in numeracy
proficiency.................................................................................................................................................
110 Figure 3.5 (P) Problem-solving proficiency among women and
men...............................................................................................................................
111 Figure 3.6 (L) Differences in literacy proficiency, by
socio-economic
background......................................................................................................
113 Figure 3.7 (P) Problem-solving proficiency among adults with
low- and high-educated
parents............................................................................
114 Figure 3.8a (L) Relationship between literacy proficiency and
socio-economic background among young
adults............................................. 115 Figure 3.8b
(L) Relationship between literacy proficiency and socio-economic
background among
adults..........................................................
116 Figure 3.8c (L) Relationship between literacy proficiency and
impact of socio-economic background on
proficiency..................................... 117 Figure 3.9 (L)
Differences in literacy proficiency, by educational
attainment................................................................................................................
119 Figure 3.10 (P) Problem-solving proficiency, by educational
attainment...........................................................................................................................
121 Figure 3.11 (L) Likelihood of lower literacy proficiency among
young
adults..................................................................................................................
122 Figure 3.12 (L) Likelihood of lower literacy proficiency among
low-educated
adults...................................................................................................
123 Figure 3.13 (L) Likelihood of lower literacy proficiency among
older women and
men...............................................................................................
124 Figure 3.14 (L) Differences in literacy proficiency scores
between native- and foreign-born
adults.........................................................................
126 Figure 3.15 (L) Differences in literacy proficiency scores, by
immigrant and language
background........................................................................
128 Figure 3.16 (P) Problem-solving proficiency among
foreign-language immigrants and
non-immigrants.................................................................
129 Figure 3.17a (L) Likelihood of lower literacy proficiency among
foreign-born and foreign-language
adults............................................................
130 Figure 3.18a (P) Likelihood of lower problem-solving
proficiency among foreign-born and foreign-language
women....................................... 131 Figure 3.19 (L)
Occupation differences in literacy
proficiency..............................................................................................................................................
133 Figure 3.20 (P) Problem-solving proficiency among workers in
skilled and elementary
occupations......................................................................
135 Figure 3.21 (L) Likelihood of lower literacy proficiency among
adults in low-/semi-skilled
occupations...............................................................
136 Figure 3.22 (P) Likelihood of lower problem-solving proficiency
among older adults in low-/semi-skilled
occupations.................................. 137 Figure 4.1
Average use of information-processing skills at
work..................................................................................................................................
144 Figure 4.2 Average use of generic skills at
work................................................................................................................................................................
145 Figure 4.3 High use of skills at
work.....................................................................................................................................................................................
146 Figure 4.4 Labour productivity and the use of reading skills at
work..........................................................................................................................
149 Figure 4.5 Use of information-processing skills at work, by
gender............................................................................................................................
150 Figure 4.6 Use of generic skills at work, by
gender..........................................................................................................................................................
151 Figure 4.7 Gender gap in wages and in the use of
problem-solving skills at
work.................................................................................................
152 Figure 4.8 Use of information-processing skills at work, by age
group......................................................................................................................
153 Figure 4.9 Use of generic skills at work, by age
group....................................................................................................................................................
154 Figure 4.10 Mean ICT use at work and at home, by age
group.......................................................................................................................................
155
12. Table of contents OECD Skills Outlook 2013: First Results
from the Survey of Adult Skills OECD 2013 13 Figure 4.11 Use of
information-processing skills at work, by educational
attainment.............................................................................................
156 Figure 4.12 Use of generic skills at work, by educational
attainment...........................................................................................................................
157 Figure 4.13 The tertiary premium and the use of reading skills
and task discretion at
work.................................................................................
158 Figure 4.14 Use of information-processing skills at work, by
type of
contract...........................................................................................................
159 Figure 4.15 Use of generic skills at work, by type of
contract.........................................................................................................................................
160 Figure 4.16 The wage penalty for temporary contracts and the
use of problem-solving skills and task discretion at
work......................... 161 Figure 4.17 Use of
information-processing skills at work, by
occupation...................................................................................................................
162 Figure 4.18 Use of generic skills at work, by
occupation..................................................................................................................................................
163 Figure 4.19 Use of information-processing skills at work, by
industry..........................................................................................................................
164 Figure 4.20 Use of generic skills at work, by
industry........................................................................................................................................................
165 Figure 4.21 Use of information-processing skills at work, by
establishment
size......................................................................................................
166 Figure 4.22 Use of generic skills at work, by establishment
size....................................................................................................................................
167 Figure 4.23 Skills use at work, by proficiency
level............................................................................................................................................................
167 Figure 4.24 Workers in high-skilled and unskilled
jobs.....................................................................................................................................................
168 Figure 4.25a Incidence of
over-qualification...........................................................................................................................................................................
171 Figure 4.25b Incidence of
under-qualification........................................................................................................................................................................
171 Figure 4.25c OECD measure of skills mismatch in
literacy................................................................................................................................................
172 Figure 4.26 Overlap between qualification- and skills-mismatch
measures...............................................................................................................
173 Figure 4.27 (L) Literacy proficiency scores among over- and
under-qualified
workers..................................................................................................
174 Figure 4.28a Over-qualification, by socio-demographic
characteristics.........................................................................................................................
175 Figure 4.28b Over-qualification, by job
characteristics........................................................................................................................................................
176 Figure 4.29 Under-qualification and over-skilling, by
age................................................................................................................................................
177 Figure 4.30 Skills use and qualification
mismatch..............................................................................................................................................................
178 Figure 4.31 Skills use and skills
mismatch.............................................................................................................................................................................
179 Figure 4.32a Effect of over-qualification and over-skilling on
wages...............................................................................................................................
180 Figure 4.32b Effect of under-qualification and under-skilling
on
wages.........................................................................................................................
181 Figure 5.1 (L) Synthesis of practice-oriented differences in
literacy
proficiency............................................................................................................
189 Figure 5.2a Relationship between skills proficiency and
age..........................................................................................................................................
191 Figure 5.2b (L) Relationship between literacy proficiency and
age......................................................................................................................................
192 Figure 5.2c (L) Relationship between literacy proficiency and
age
(adjusted)..................................................................................................................
193 Figure 5.3 (L) Educational attainment, by average literacy
proficiency............................................................................................................................
194 Figure 5.4a (L) Effect of belonging to a certain age group on
literacy
proficiency..........................................................................................................
196 Figure 5.4b (L) Effect of ageing on literacy
proficiency............................................................................................................................................................
197 Figure 5.5a (L) Literacy proficiency among young adults with
and without upper secondary
education................................................................
200 Figure 5.5b (L) Literacy proficiency among adults with and
without upper secondary
education.............................................................................
201 Figure 5.5c (L) Literacy proficiency among young adults, by
orientation of
education.................................................................................................
202 Figure 5.5d (L) Literacy proficiency among young adults with
tertiary
education...........................................................................................................
203 Figure 5.5e (L) Literacy proficiency among young adults in
selected countries, by educational
attainment..........................................................
204 Figure 5.6a (L) Mean literacy proficiency in PISA (2000 and
2003) and in the Survey of Adult
Skills.....................................................................
206 Figure 5.6b (L) Mean literacy proficiency in PISA (2006 and
2009) and in the Survey of Adult
Skills.....................................................................
207 Figure 5.7 (L) Participation rate in adult education, by
literacy proficiency
levels........................................................................................................
208 Figure 5.8 (L) Likelihood of participating in adult education
and training, by level of literacy proficiency
........................................................ 209 Figure
5.9 (L) Participation in adult education and training, by average
literacy
proficiency....................................................................................
211 Figure 5.10 Reading at work and literacy
proficiency........................................................................................................................................................
213 Figure 5.11 Numeracy practice at work and numeracy
proficiency..............................................................................................................................
214 Figure 5.12 ICT use at work and literacy
proficiency.........................................................................................................................................................
215 Figure 5.13 (L) Occupational structure at the country level, by
average literacy
proficiency......................................................................................
216 Figure 5.14 Reading outside work and literacy
proficiency.............................................................................................................................................
217 Figure 5.15 Numeracy practice outside work and numeracy
proficiency...................................................................................................................
218 Figure 5.16 ICT use outside work and literacy
proficiency...............................................................................................................................................
219
13. Table of contents 14 OECD 2013 OECD Skills Outlook 2013:
First Results from the Survey of Adult Skills Figure 6.1 Workers
proficiency
levels...............................................................................................................................................225
Figure 6.2 (L) Mean literacy score, by labour force
status....................................................................................................................................................
226 Figure 6.3 (L) Employment status, by literacy proficiency
level..........................................................................................................................................
228 Figure 6.4 (L) Distribution of wages, by literacy proficiency
level.....................................................................................................................................
229 Figure 6.5 (L) Effect of education and literacy proficiency on
labour market
participation.......................................................................................
230 Figure 6.6 (L) Effect of education and literacy proficiency on
the likelihood of being
employed............................................................................
231 Figure 6.7 (L) Effect of education and literacy proficiency on
wages................................................................................................................................
232 Figure 6.8 (L) Effect of literacy proficiency on wages, by
educational
attainment........................................................................................................
234 Figure 6.9 (L) Low literacy proficiency and negative social
outcomes.............................................................................................................................
237 Figure 6.10 (L) Trust and literacy
proficiency..............................................................................................................................................................................
238 Figure 6.11 (L) Volunteering and literacy
proficiency...............................................................................................................................................................
239 Figure 6.12 (L) Political efficacy and literacy
proficiency........................................................................................................................................................
240 Figure 6.13 (L) Reported health and literacy
proficiency.........................................................................................................................................................
241 Figure 6.14a (L) Educational attainment, literacy proficiency
and positive social
outcomes.........................................................................................
243 Figure 6.15 (N) GDP per capita and
numeracy...........................................................................................................................................................................
244 Figure 6.16 (L) Inequality in the distribution of income and
literacy
skills........................................................................................................................
245 Tables Table 2.1 Summary of assessment domains in the Survey of
Adult Skills
(PIAAC)...................................................................................................59
Table 2.2 Description of proficiency levels in
literacy......................................................................................................................................................64
Table 2.3 Description of proficiency levels in
numeracy.................................................................................................................................................76
Table 2.4 Description of proficiency levels in problem solving in
technology-rich
environments.....................................................................88
Table 4.1 Indicators of skills use at
work............................................................................................................................................................................
143 Table 4.2 Skills used jointly at
work.....................................................................................................................................................................................
148 Table 4.3 Glossary of key
terms.............................................................................................................................................................................................
170 Table A1.1 Percentage of households with access to computers
and the Internet at home, 2010 or latest available
year......................... 251 Table A1.2 Percentage of
individuals and businesses using the Internet to interact with
public authorities, 2005 and 2010................... 252 Table A1.3
Trends in employment in selected industrial sectors relative to
total employment,
1980-2007.................................................... 253
Table A1.4 Share of employment in occupational groups, 1998-2009,
and change in share since
1998....................................................... 253
Table A1.5 Trends in routine and non-routine tasks in occupations,
United States, 1960 to
2009....................................................................
254 Table A1.6 Share of employment in occupational groups,
1998-2009, and change in share since
1998....................................................... 254
Table A1.7a Percentage of workers who reported structural changes
in their
workplace........................................................................................
255 Table A1.7b Percentage of workers who reported new ways of
working in their
workplace..................................................................................
256 Table A2.1 Percentage of adults scoring at each proficiency
level in
literacy...........................................................................................................
257 Table A2.2a Mean literacy
proficiency.....................................................................................................................................................................................
258 Table A2.2b Mean proficiency in literacy among 16-65 year-olds
(adjusted)..............................................................................................................
259 Table A2.3 Mean proficiency in literacy among 16-24 year-olds
(adjusted)..............................................................................................................
260 Table A2.4 Mean literacy proficiency and distribution of
literacy scores, by
percentile........................................................................................
261 Table A2.5 Percentage of adults scoring at each proficiency
level in
numeracy......................................................................................................
262 Table A2.6a Mean numeracy
proficiency................................................................................................................................................................................
263 Table A2.6b Mean proficiency in numeracy among 16-65 year-olds
(adjusted).........................................................................................................
264 Table A2.7 Mean proficiency in numeracy among 16-24 year-olds
(adjusted).........................................................................................................
265 Table A2.8 Mean numeracy proficiency and distribution of
numeracy scores, by
percentile..............................................................................
266 Table A2.9 Correlation between literacy and numeracy
proficiency............................................................................................................................
266 Table A2.10a Percentage of adults scoring at each proficiency
level in problem solving in technology-rich
environments.......................... 267 Table A2.10b Percentage
of 16-24 year-olds scoring at each proficiency level in problem
solving in technology-rich environments........ 268 Table A2.11
Mean literacy proficiency, by level of proficiency in problem
solving in technology-rich
environments.................................. 269 Table A2.12 Mean
numeracy proficiency, by level of proficiency in problem solving in
technology-rich environments............................. 270
14. Table of contents OECD Skills Outlook 2013: First Results
from the Survey of Adult Skills OECD 2013 15 Table A3.1 (L)
Difference in literacy scores between contrast categories, by
socio-demographic characteristics
(adjusted)........................... 271 Table A3.2 (L) Mean
literacy proficiency, by 10-year age groups, and score difference
between youngest and oldest adults........................ 272
Table A3.2 (N) Mean numeracy proficiency, by 10-year age groups,
and score difference between youngest and oldest
adults................... 272 Table A3.3 (P) Percentage of adults
at each proficiency level in problem solving in technology-rich
environments, by 10-year age
groups...........................................................................................................................................................................................
273 Table A3.4 (N) Mean numeracy proficiency, by gender, and score
difference between men and
women..............................................................
276 Table A3.5 (P) Percentage of adults at each proficiency level
in problem solving in technology-rich environments, by gender and
labour force
status......................................................................................................................................................................
277 Table A3.6 (L) Mean literacy proficiency and score difference,
by parents educational
attainment.......................................................................
280 Table A3.7 (P) Percentage of adults at each proficiency level
in problem solving in technology-rich environments, by parents
educational
attainment...................................................................................................................................................................
281 Table A3.8 (L) Mean literacy proficiency, by parents
educational attainment, and impact of parents education
onproficiency, adults aged 16-24, 25-44 and
45-65................................................................................................................................................................
283 Table A3.9 (L) Mean literacy proficiency, by level of
educational attainment, and score difference between high- and
low-educated
adults...............................................................................................................................................................................................
285 Table A3.10 (P) Percentage of adults at each proficiency level
in problem solving in technology-rich environments, bylevel of
educational
attainment....................................................................................................................................................................
286 Table A3.11 (L) Likelihood of 16-24 year-olds scoring at or
below Level 2 in literacy, by education and work status
(adjusted)..................... 288 Table A3.12 (L) Likelihood of
scoring at or below Level 2 in literacy, by respondents and parents
level of education (adjusted).................. 289 Table A3.13 (L)
Likelihood of 45-65 year-olds scoring at or below Level 2 in
literacy, by gender and by respondents and parents educational
attainment
(adjusted).............................................................................................................................................
290 Table A3.14 (L) Mean literacy proficiency, by immigrant
background, and score difference between native- and foreign-born
adults......... 291 Table A3.15 (L) Mean literacy proficiency, by
immigrant and language background, and score difference between
native-born/native-language and foreign-born/foreign-language
...........................................................................................................
292 Table A3.16 (P) Percentage of adults at each proficiency level
in problem solving in technology-rich environments, by immigrant
and language
background.........................................................................................................................................................
293 Table A3.17 (L) Likelihood of scoring at or below Level 2 in
literacy, by immigrant, language and socio-economic background
(adjusted)...........................................................................................................................................................
295 Table A3.18 (P) Likelihood of scoring at or below Level 1, or
receiving no score, in problem solving in technology-rich
environments, by immigrant and language background, and gender
(adjusted).............................................................................................................
296 Table A3.19 (L) Mean literacy proficiency, by type of
occupation, and score difference between workers in skilled and
elementary
occupations...............................................................................................................................................................................
297 Table A3.20 (P) Percentage of adults who worked during previous
five years at each proficiency level in problem solving in
technology-rich environments, by type of
occupation...........................................................................................................................
298 Table A3.21 (L) Likelihood of scoring at or below Level 2 in
literacy, by educational attainment and type of occupation
(adjusted)............ 300 Table A3.22 (P) Likelihood of scoring at
or below Level 1, or receiving no score, in problem solving in
technology-rich environments, by age, gender and type of occupation
(adjusted)........................................................................................................................................
301 Table A4.1 Mean use of information-processing skills at
work......................................................................................................................................
302 Table A4.2 Mean use of generic skills at
work....................................................................................................................................................................
302 Table A4.3 Percentage of workers who use their skills
frequently.................................................................................................................................
303 Table A4.4 Labour productivity and average reading at
work........................................................................................................................................
304 Table A4.5a Mean use of information-processing skills at work,
by
gender.................................................................................................................
305 Table A4.5b Gender differences in the use of
information-processing skills at work
(adjusted)............................................................................
306 Table A4.6a Mean use of generic skills at work, by
gender...............................................................................................................................................
307 Table A4.6b Gender differences in the use of generic skills at
work
(adjusted)..........................................................................................................
308 Table A4.7 Gender gap in wages and in the use of
problem-solving skills at
work.................................................................................................
309 Table A4.8a Mean use of information-processing skills at work,
by age
group...........................................................................................................
310 Table A4.8b Differences in the use of information-processing
skills at work, by age group
(adjusted)...............................................................
312 Table A4.9a Mean use of generic skills at work, by age
group.........................................................................................................................................
313 Table A4.9b Differences in the use of generic skills at work,
by age group
(adjusted)..............................................................................................
315 Table A4.10 Mean ICT use at home and at work, by age
group.......................................................................................................................................
316 Table A4.11a Mean use of information-processing skills at work,
by educational
attainment.................................................................................
317 Table A4.11b Differences in the use of information-processing
skills at work, by educational attainment
(adjusted)...................................... 319
15. Table of contents 16 OECD 2013 OECD Skills Outlook 2013:
First Results from the Survey of Adult Skills Table A4.12a Mean use
of generic skills at work, by educational
attainment................................................................................................................
320 Table A4.12b Differences in the use of generic skills at work,
by educational attainment
(adjusted)...................................................................
322 Table A4.13 Tertiary gap in wages and in the use of skills at
work.................................................................................................................................
323 Table A4.14a Mean use of information-processing skills at work,
by contract
type.....................................................................................................
324 Table A4.14b Differences in the use of information-processing
skills at work, by contract type
(adjusted).........................................................
325 Table A4.15a Mean use of generic skills at work, by contract
type...................................................................................................................................
326 Table A4.15b Differences in the use of generic skills at work,
by contract type
(adjusted)........................................................................................
327 Table A4.16 Gap in wages and in the use of skills at work
between types of
contract.............................................................................................
328 Table A4.17 Mean use of information-processing skills at work,
by
occupation........................................................................................................
329 Table A4.18 Mean use of generic skills at work, by
occupation......................................................................................................................................
334 Table A4.19 Mean use of information-processing skills at work,
by
industry..............................................................................................................
339 Table A4.20 Mean use of generic skills at work, by
industry.............................................................................................................................................
344 Table A4.21 Mean use of information-processing skills at work,
by establishment
size...........................................................................................
349 Table A4.22 Mean use of generic skills at work, by
establishment
size.........................................................................................................................
352 Table A4.23 Distribution of skills use, by proficiency
level...............................................................................................................................................
355 Table A4.24 Workers in jobs requiring low or high levels of
education........................................................................................................................
357 Table A4.25 Percentage of workers in each category of
qualification and skills
mismatch.....................................................................................
358 Table A4.26 Percentage of workers in each category of skills
mismatch, by qualification-mismatch
status...................................................... 359
Table A4.27 (L) Mean literacy score, adjusted for years of
education, gender, age and foreign-born status, by
qualification-mismatch
status........................................................................................................................................................................
361 Table A4.28 Likelihood of over-qualification, by
socio-demographic and job
characteristics...............................................................................
362 Table A4.29 Likelihood of under-qualification and
over-skilling, by age
group..........................................................................................................
364 Table A4.30 Mean use of information-processing skills, adjusted
for literacy and numeracy proficiency, by qualification-mismatch
status........................................................................................................................................................................
365 Table A4.31 Mean use of information-processing skills, adjusted
for literacy and numeracy proficiency, by skills-mismatch
status.......................................................................................................................................................................................
366 Table A4.32a Effect of qualification and numeracy mismatch on
wages.........................................................................................................................
367 Table A4.32b Effect of numeracy mismatch on
wages...........................................................................................................................................................
368 Table A4.32c Effect of qualification mismatch on
wages......................................................................................................................................................
369 Table A5.1 (L) Difference in literacy scores between contrast
categories, by socio-demographic characteristics and
practice-oriented factors
(adjusted)...........................................................................................................................................................
370 Table A5.2 (L) Relationship between age and literacy
proficiency......................................................................................................................................
372 Table A5.3 (L) Distribution of literacy proficiency scores, and
percentage of adults with at least upper secondary
education...................... 373 Table A5.4 (L) Relationship
between age and literacy proficiency, 1994-1998 (International
Adult Literacy Survey IALS).......................... 374 Table
A5.5a (L) Distribution of literacy proficiency scores, by
educational
attainment..................................................................................................
375 Table A5.5b (L) Distribution of literacy proficiency scores, by
orientation of
education................................................................................................
378 Table A5.6 (L) Mean literacy scores in PISA (2000-09) and in
the Survey of Adult Skills (2012) for corresponding
cohorts............................ 379 Table A5.7 (L) Percentage
of adults who participated in adult education and training during
year prior to the survey, by level of literacy
proficiency............................................................................................................................................................................
380 Table A5.8 (L) Likelihood of participating in adult education
and training during year prior to the survey, by level of
proficiency in literacy
(adjusted)...................................................................................................................................................
382 Table A5.9 (L) Distribution of literacy proficiency scores, and
percentage of adults participating in adult education and training
during year prior to the
survey...................................................................................................................................................
383 Table A5.10 Relationship between reading at work and literacy
proficiency..............................................................................................................
384 Table A5.11 Relationship between numeracy-related practices at
work and numeracy
proficiency...................................................................
385 Table A5.12 Relationship between ICT-related practices at work
and literacy
proficiency.....................................................................................
386 Table A5.13 (L) Distribution of literacy proficiency scores,
and percentage of adults who worked in high-skilled occupations
during previous five
years.....................................................................................................................................................................................
387 Table A5.14 Relationship between reading outside of work and
literacy
proficiency...............................................................................................
388 Table A5.15 Relationship between reading outside of work and
numeracy
proficiency..........................................................................................
389 Table A5.16 Relationship between ICT-related practices outside
of work and literacy
proficiency......................................................................
390
16. Table of contents OECD Skills Outlook 2013: First Results
from the Survey of Adult Skills OECD 2013 17 Table A6.1 (L)
Distribution of workers proficiency in literacy,
percentage......................................................................................................................
391 Table A6.1 (N) Distribution of workers proficiency in numeracy,
percentage.................................................................................................................
391 Table A6.1 (P) Distribution of workersproficiency in problem
solving in technology-rich environments,
percentage...................................... 392 Table A6.2 (L)
Mean literacy proficiency, by labour force
status.........................................................................................................................................
392 Table A6.3 (L) Percentage of adults in each labour market
status, by level of proficiency in
literacy......................................................................
39