1

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

The analysis of the transformational generative grammar is

presented in this chapter. The writer tries to implement syntax approach

which deals with a structure in other magazines and tries to discuss all of

those sentence that abides in article of magazines by using tree diagram in

helping the writer to explain the possible sentence contains of structure

words. After identifying the possible structural sentence and the possible

surface structure, she tries to use transformational generative grammar

procces to clarify the sentence that abide in those article of magazines.

Below is the title of the article in magazines which will be

discusses by the writer, here there are :

4.1 Passive Transformational

New Album, New House and (Old) Boyfriend

Hello magazine, pages 10.

Sentence : “ my mom has always done my laundry”

2

a) Input tree.

S

NP aux VP

Pro NP adv V NP

My mom has always done my laundry

3

b) Output tree

My laundry has always done by my mom.

S

NP aux VP

Adv V NP

My laundry has always done by my mom

By looking of the above sentence, we know that the passive

transformational can interchange noun phrases regardless of the number or

kinds of words that each includes. The interchanged constituents must be

noun phrases.

We see that although sentence a is an active sentence in which the

the subject is the possesive dependent “my mom” and sentence b is a

passive sentence in which the suject is same as a possesive dependent “my

laundry” , we know that the two sentences are synonymous.

First, the words “my mom” and “my laundry” have been

interchanged. Second, “has” is a part of “be” or “to be” has been

introduced. The word “ always” is the adverb of time that explain about

4

the habit one has tendency to do same things every day, and “done” is the

part of irregular verb in past participle verb 3 (three). It is refers to work

that has doing in last but the result is still we see until now.

Finally, the preposition “ by” has been inserted before the

constituent “ my mom”. Therefore, passive transformational can be

described as the procces which interchanges the constituents “my mom”

and “my laundry”. But, obviously, the passive transformation, is not only

interchanged the two constituens, but also introduces a form of “be” adds

the preposition “by”.

Therefore, we can find the deep structure and its surface structure

without being affected by the words which make up the constituent are

“my mom has always done my laundry” or “my laundry has always done

by my mom”

4.2. Indirect Object Switch

New Album, New House and (Old) Boyfriend

Hello magazine, pages 10

Sentence : “Nick also teaches Jessica so many things she never

did before”

5

This sentence will turned into a new sentence by adding an

auxiliary “is” as the deep structure and shall be interchanged into surface

structure.

Nick is also teaches Jessica so many things she never did before.

a) Input tree

S

NP VP

N aux VP NP NP

N Adv NP

Nick is also teaches Jessica so many things

she never did before

6

Surface strucure, nick is also teaches so many things to her, she never

did before.

b) Output

S

NP VP

N aux V Adv NP NP

Nick is also teaches so many things to her she

never did before

7

4.2.2 Indirect Object Switch

Art My Best Friend

Genius Magazines, pages 24

You always give me message when i need it

This sentence will turned into a new sentence by adding an

auxiliary as the deep structure and shall be interchanged into surface

structure. Here this is.

You will always give me message when i need it

a) Input tree.

S

NP VP

N VP O NP

You will always give me message when i need

8

Surface structure, you will always give message to me when i need it.

b) Output tree

S

NP VP

N VP NP

V NP

Pre NP

You will always give message to me when i need it

9

Refers to 4.2.1 In indirect object, we can see the interchanged

between “Jessica” as the object with “many things” as the complement in

this sentence. In grammar rule, the indirect is the sentence which is

announced by the speaker and the real written does not use apostrophe.

But in this rule of transformation, we only switch the direct object such

“so many things” placed after “teaches” as the verb and “her” in the

complement is refers to “Jessica” as the object placed behind.

Refers to 4.2.2 it is shows the interchange between “me” as the

object pronoun with “message” as the verb to complete or as the

complement the sentence above. Or in the formula of this pattern “me” is

the NP2 that will be interchanged to behind placed as object to complete

this sentence.

The pattern of this rule is always use the auxiliary after the subject.

Exactly, we will get difficult to find the sentence in the other magazinez

that contains with this grammar. Because almost of the article usually use

the free sentence in describing their own words. Therefore, the writer turns

the sentence by adding the auxiliary to complete and make the sentence

clearly.

In this case, “to” is used before the objective in the surface

structure or we can place “for” too in this sentence. Therefore we can bulid

or get the result from disccuse this sentence without being affected the

words or change the means of that word such as “Nick is also teaches

10

Jessica so many things she did before” or “Nick is also teaches so many

things to her she never did before’.

4.3. The Imperative Transformation

4.3.1 Si Dungu,

Contact Magazine, pages 9

Go back to whoever tricked you into this and get that Rp. 2.500.000

a) Input tree

S

NP VP

NP Pre Pro

Go back to whoever tricked you into

this and got that Rp.2.500.000

11

Surface structure, go back!

b) Output tree

S

NP VP

N Adv

Go back

4.3.2 Tourism

The Forgotten Business?

Contact Magazine, pages 37

You should choose the one which has a good reputation and adequate

facilities

Here the deep structure,

a) Input tree

12

S

NP VP

N Aux VP

V NP

You should choose the one which has a good

reputation and adequate facilities

surface structure, choose the one!

b) Output tree

13

S

NP VP

V NP

(omitted) Choose the one

4.3.3 New Album. New House and (Old) Boyfriend

Hello Magazine, pages 10

You have to fix yourself before you can fix the world

Deep structure

14

a) Input tree

S

NP VP

N VP VP

You have to fix yourself before you can fix the world

b) Output tree

S

NP VP

(omitted) Fix yourself

15

Refers to 4.3.1. a) This sentene does not have an explicit subject as

“go back to whoever tricked you into this and got that Rp.2.500”. this

sentence is command the second person to do something for the first

person is the speaker. But this sentence is to long for asking someone to do

something. Therefore in the b) the sentence in cut or be omitted, to make

the short sentence “go back!”. Whereas, in 4.3.2 a). The sentence have an

explicit subject as “you” in its sentence “you should choose the one which

has a good reputation and adequate facilities” and turns into new sentence

in the its surface structure “choose the one!”

In these two different sentence, the writer just want to show the

different fact between sentence in the 4.3.1 and 4.3.2. in the first sentence,

these do not have an explicit subject such as the second sentence 4.3.2.

The subject in the 4.3.1 is implicity stated. The both sentence such 4.3.1

and 4.3.2 are usually use in the imperative sentence.

In third sentence 4.3.3 the deep structure uses the “to” to ask

second person to do something. The writer uses this sentence to make it

deals with reflexive sentence. The sentences above must originally have

involved the subject phrases contaning “you” as the subject of the deep

structure. At least two transformations had to be aplieed to convert the

deep structure into surface structure. The first is the reflexive

transformation which must be aplied. The result as the sentence 4.3.3 in

the deep structure “you have to fix yourself before you can fix the world”

16

and in the surface structure is the imperative transformation, must be

applied to change the sentences by deleting the subject “you” of the

reflexive sentence to generate the sentences as the stated above: “fix

yourself!”

The imperative is the command sentence that said by the speaker

to listener. Usually use the exclamation mark. The imperative sentence

involves a speaker as first person, and his hearer or the listener as the

second person. The first person maybe in the singular (1) or plural form

(we), and he second person (you) can be used either in the singular or

plural form.ce for the sake of asking or commanding someone to do

something.

The person producing the sentence is the first sentence and the

senence itself is addressed to the second person such as in the 4.3.1 “go

back to whoever tricked you into this and got that Rp.2.500.000” and turns

into new sentence in their surface structure “go back”, as same as the

second sentence and the third sentence by deleting the subject.

The imperative sentence is produced for the sake asking or

commanding someone to do something. The person producing the

sentence is the first person and the sentence itself is addressing to the

second person.

4.4. Reflexive Transformation

4.4.1 Giant of German Literature

17

Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe.

Hello Magazine, pages 28

Goethe organized his writing activities much like a public servant

This sentence will be turns into deep structure such:

Goethe organized Goethe writing activities much like a public servant

and applied into this tree diagram:

a) Input tree

S

NP VP

N V NP

Goethe organized Goethe writing activities

much like a public servant

b) Output tree

Surface structure, Goethe organized his writing acivities much like a public

servant.

18

S

NP VP

N V NP

Goethe organized his writing activites

much like a public servant

4.4.2 Introducing

2 SAS Project

Hello Magazine, pages 30

Kang Guru asked Dr. Firman to explain adolescent are involved in the

program and why the approach is proving to be so succesful.

Thie sentence is applied in the deep structure as the original sentence

because contains of the indirect speech.

19

a) Input tree

S

NP VP

N VP NP

Kang Guru

In the program and why

the approach is proving

to be succesful

Asked Dr. Firman to

explain why

adolescents are

involved

20

b) Output tree

S

NP VP

N VP NP

Kang Guru

Substitution occurs when nouns are replaced by pronoun. Refers to

4.4.1 a)we can see througlhy that in its deep structure, “Goethe” is still to

be “Goethe” in its verb phrase whereas in grammar we can say such that.

The sound is going to incredible. For shorting the word or avoiding the

respell we usually use the pronoun as “your,him,his,themselves,their

selves,etc” in this action we shall take the exactly pronoun such “his” for

replacing “Goethe” refers to 4.4.1 b) as its surface structure. In this case,

“his” is modified to possesive pronoun that replace about someone’s own.

Therefore, we can say Goethe organized his writing activities much like a

public servant.

asked him to explain why

adolescents are involved

whyadolescents are

involved

in the program and

why the aproach is

proving to be so

succesful.

21

Refers to deep structure 4.4.2 a) at least two transformations had to

be convert the deep structure into surface structure 4.4.2 b). The first a) is

the imperative transformation and turns into reflexive transformation in its

surface structure b) is the “to explain” in this sentence is refers to ask

someone to do something. We can see that noun phrase is “Kang Guru”

and the verb phrase is “Dr.Firman”. and involves causative or in other

word imperative grammar inside such “ to explain”

This sentence is involves two transformation such the imperative

transformation before, they are to relate each other. Therefore, in this

sentence, the writer combine by showing this sentence in order to show

they are close structure. In order to avoid the repetition of the “Dr.

Firman” so, we use the pronoun for replacing its word such “him” as the

object pronoun. Therefore, we can say Kang Guru asked Dr.Firman to

explain adolescents are involved in the program and why the approach is

proving to be so succesful to be Kang Guru asked him to explain

adolescents are involved in the program and whhy the approach is

proving to be succesful.

This kind of transformation is applied whenever two noun phrases

appear in the same simple sentence are identical. When it is applied, the

second of the identical noun phrases is converted into the corresponding

reflexive pronoun.

4.5 Extraposition Transformation

22

4.5.1 Pays Her Own Food (Lucy Liu)

Hello Magazine, pages 12

Deep structure,

a) Not once have i ever felt I wasn’t in control [of my own destiny]

Surface structure,

b) Not once have I ever felt [of my own destiny], I wasn’t in control

4.5.2 Pays Her Own Food (Lucy Liu)

Hello Magazine, pages 12

Deep structure,

a) I’m extremely independent. It’s not [in my plan to be married]

Surface structure

b) I’m extremely independent. [It’s not to be married] in my plan

4.5.3 Pays Her Own Food (Lucy Liu)

Hello Magazine, pages 13-14

Deep structure,

a) I remember wathing my sister [on the other side of kindergarten fence],

jumping in and out of the sandbox playing “Charlie’s Angel”

Surface structure,

23

b) I remember [on the other side of kindergarten fence], my sister jumping in

and out of the sandbox playing “Charlie’s angel”

Refers to 4.4.1 a) we can see the preposition phrase “of my own

destiny” from “not once have I ever felt I wasn’t in control of my own

destiny” moves to beginning of sentence (S-bar) in its surface structure

4.5.1 b) “not once have I ever felt of my own destiny I wasn’t in control”.

The PP is the obligatory because involves the pronoun such “my” inside.

Refers to 4.5.2 a) we can see the preposotion phrase or S-bar in

deep structure “in my plan” moves to end of S-bar in its surface structure

4.5.2 b). Therefore, we can find new sentence such “I’m extremely

independent. It’s not to be married in my plan”

Refers to 4.5.3 a) the movement of the preposition phrase “on the

side of the kindergarten fence” in deep structure into surface sructure that

placed in the beginning of the surface structure 4.5.3 b), shows the concept

of the optional because the indirect object switch is optional when the

direct is a noun “the”, difference from two sentences above because the

preposition phrase is followed by pronoun “my”. Therefore, we can say I

remember watching my sister on the other side of Kindergarten fence,

jumping in and out of the sandbox playing “Charlie’s Angel or i remember

on the other side of Kindergarten fence my sister jumping in and out of the

sandbox playing “Charlie’s Angel”