Slums of Karachi - Business Research Methodologies

HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT ON SLUMS OF KARACHI

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METHODS OF BUSINESS RESEARCH

REPORT ON THE TOPIC OF

SLUMS OF KARACHI

Submitted to: Mr. AKTAR AHSAN

Submitted by: 3) MR. M. Faisal Panawala (MEN-2200649) 4) MR. Muhammad Ashar Jameel (MEN-2200344)

Submission Date: 23rd APRIL, 2007


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

S/ NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

01. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 04

02. PREFACE 05

03. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 06

04. INTERNATION SCENARIO 07

05. HIGHLIGHTS OF UN REPORT 08 06. REVISITING KARACHI’S HERITAGE 10

07. POPULATION GROWTH CHART OF

KARACHI 12 08. GENERAL PATTERN OF POPULATION 12

09. MODERN KARACHI 13

10. SLUMS IN THE WAY OF KARACHI

KARACHI’S PROGRESS 14 11. ADULT MORTALITY IN SLUMS OF KARACHI 16 12. DETERMINANTS OF CHILD MORTALITY IN KARACHI 17 13. DEVELOPMENT SCENARIO IN SINDH 18 14. ROLE OF NGO’S IN SOCIAL SECTOR 21


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23rd April, 2007

Mr. Akhtar Ahsan

Hamdard Institute of Management Sciences

Hamdard University

City Campus

Karachi. Subject: LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Dear Sir,

With all due respect we are thankful to you for giving us a worth-while

opportunity to have the new experience which is not only fruitful in our present

but also will help us in future because of its practical nature and application.

Enclosed find herewith a term report for Business Research Methodology. This

report is prepared on Slums of Karachi. In order to make this report reliable,

authentic and near to the facts, we tried our level best to get as much information

from concerned people as we can.

Report is submitted for your kind perusal please.

1. Mr. Faisal Panawala ____________________

2. Mr. Muhammad Ashar Jameel ____________________


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PREFACE

To fulfill the requirement of our report we four students combined together were

asked to make a group and prepare a research report on slums of Karachi. We

chose the area of Nazimabad, layri, Akhtar Colony, Khoprapar etc to conduct our

research.

During preparation of this report, all the members of the group completely

cooperated with each other. Each of us tried our best to incorporate and implement

all the aspects taught to us in the course.

Now, the decision about the authentication and standard of the report is in the

hands of our respected teacher Mr. Aktar Ahsan and we hope that our report will

receive a favorable consideration at our teacher’s hands.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of All we are grateful to Almighty Allah, for his blessings that enabled us to

understand and undertake the opportunity for completing this report with the right

approach and sense of direction.

We wish to express our sincere thanks to Mr. Akhtar Ahsan the respected teacher

for giving us an opportunity to work on a practical approach project and giving us

the guidance to complete the same.

We would also like to thank all the friends, colleagues and concerned persons who

helped us in the preparation of this report.

Special thanks go to all of our team members who contributed in the formation of

this report in order to make it they tried their level best and each member collected

as much information as they can.


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International Scenario

At least one billion people live in slums, with the highest

percentage of them found in Asia, Africa and Latin America,

according to a new report by the United Nations Human

Settlements Program (UN-HABITAT). The UN report The

Challenge of Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements

2003 was published on World Habitat Day, 6 October 2003. At

a press briefing, Anna K. Tibaijuka, UN-HABITAT executive director, told City Mayors

that at least 40 per cent of settlements in the world were classified as slums.

The UN General Secretary Kofi Annan said that slums represented the

worst of urban poverty and inequality. Yet the world had the

resources, know-how and power to reach the target established in the

Millennium Declaration. He appealed to the world: “It is my hope that

this report, and the best practices it identifies, will enable all actors

involved to overcome the apathy and lack of political will that have

been a barrier to progress, and move ahead with greater determination

and knowledge in our common effort to help the world’s slum dwellers to attain lives of

dignity, prosperity and peace.”

Key findings in the report show that Asia has about 550 million people living in slums,

followed by Africa with 187 million, and Latin America and the Caribbean with 128

million. While slums have largely disappeared in developed countries, the report still

found that there were approximately 54 million urban dwellers in high-income countries

living in slum-like conditions.

The UN findings also revealed that sub-Saharan Africa had the highest rate of slum-

dwellers with 72 per cent of the urban population living in slums, followed by South

Central Asia with 59 per cent, east Asia with 36 per cent, western Asia with 33 per cent,

and Latin America and the Caribbean with 32 per cent. Although the concentration of


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slum dwellers is highest in African cities, in numbers alone, Asia accounts for some 60

per cent of the world’s urban slum residents. The report stresses the urgent need to do

much more to improve the lives of slum-dwellers.

Some highlights from the UN report

• Some 923,986,000 people, or 31.6 per cent of the world’s total urban population, live in

slums; some 43 per cent of the urban population of all developing regions combined live

in slums; some 78.2 per cent of the urban population in the least developed countries live

in slums; some six per cent of the urban population in developed regions live in slum-like

conditions.

• The total number of slum-dwellers in the world increased by about 36 per cent during

the 1990s and in the next 30 years, the global number of slum-dwellers will increase to

about two billion if no concerted action to address

the challenge of slums is taken.

• More than 41 per cent of Kolkata’s (Calcutta)

slum households have lived in slums for more

than 30 years.

• In most African cities between 40 per cent and

70 per cent of the population lives in slums or

squatter settlements. Many African cities will be

doubling their population within two decades. In a

city like Nairobi, 60 per cent of the population lives in slums which occupy about five per

cent of the land.

• While most slum-dwellers depend on the informal sector for their livelihoods, slum

populations in many parts of the world (for example in Pune, Pakistan and Ibadan,


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Nigeria) quite often include university lecturers, university students, government civil

servants and formal private sector employees.

• About one out of every four countries in the developing world has laws that contain

clauses that impede women owning land and taking mortgages in their own names.

• All slum households in Bangkok have a color television.

Among the report's findings:

• Expectations of better access to education are unmet for most slum-dwellers; a

2003 study found that one in five children in the Nairobi slum of Kibera had no

access to primary schools

• Poor sanitation, described as a "silent tsunami", means illness and death are rife;

in one part of Harare, 1,300 people share one communal toilet with just six

squatting holes

• In Cape Town's slums, children under the age of five are five times more likely to

die than those living in the city's high-income districts

• Young adults living in slums are more likely to have a child, be married or head a

household than their counterparts living in non-slum areas


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REVISITING KARACHI'S HERITAGE Due to its legacy as an important colonial port city, Karachi is scattered with

innumerable examples of beautiful Victorian and colonial architecture. However, a lot of

it is in a state of disrepair and is threatened with decay and destruction due to unchecked

commercialism and misuse. These pages attempt to bring the classical heritage of

Karachi to light and discuss the threats presently faced by it.

COLONIAL PUBLIC ARCHITECTURE

THE CHURCHES OF KARACHI

SADDAR AREA HERITAGE

MC LEOD ROAD HERITAGE


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CLIFTON AREA HERITAGE

OTHER MID CITY HERITAGE

BUNDER ROAD HERITAGE

CENTRAL CITY and BURNES ROAD HERITAGE

KEAMARI/PORTSIDE HERITAGE


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KARACHI POPULATION GROWTH CHART

Year Population Increase/

Decrease Over Last Census /

Survey

No. of Years in Between

Per cent Increase/ Decrease

Average Annual Growth

Rate

1941 435,887 135,108 10 44.90 3.70

1951 1,137,667 701,780 10 161.00 11.50

1961 2,044,044 906,377 10 79.70 6.05

1972 3,606,746 1,562,702 11 76.50 5.00

1981 5,437,984 1,831,238 9 50.80 4.96

1998 9,802,134 4,540,422 17 86.29 3.52

Source: Government of Pakistan Census Reports.

GENERAL FEATURES

Name Karachi

Area 3527sq.km

Population Density 2795 per sq km

Average house hold size 7

Literacy rate 60%

Nos of town ; 18

Nos of diagnostic centre 55

Nos of treatment centers 111

Average public transport fare Rs.10 one way

Average time travel 45 minutes one way by public transport.

Large no of migrants who have flocked to Karachi in search of opportunities

Source: Ismat Ara Khusheed Deputy Director,PTP Sindh


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The 1998 census results have yet to be tabulated and as such an age-sex pyramid cannot

be constructed. However, if one projects the 1981 census results by using the 1972-81

trends, then one can safely say that about 50 per cent of Karachi’s population is below 19

years old. What this means in social, economic, cultural and political terms, has yet to be

understood and catered to. It is also important to note that the census results have not

been accepted by the Karachi political parties which include the MQM, the Sindhi

nationalist leaders, the PPP, the ANP and the religious parties. There is a consensus that

Karachi’s population is over 12 million. The Markazi Jamiat Ulema Pakistan (MJUP) has

also pointed out that there are over 10 million national identity card holders and their

minor dependants in Karachi. The MJUP claim has not been verified or rejected by the

government.

MODERN KARACHI

While the inner and historic core city of Karachi

has dilapidated and decayed beyond recognition,

losing its former glory and splendor, Karachi

overall as a port city, has turned out to be a fine

city with great economic prospects. Presently

Karachi is a bustling port city of about 14 million

people and is the financial and industrial center of

Pakistan's economy. The city has very modern port facilities that handle the bulk of the

trade of Pakistan and the landlocked Central Asian countries. This city of ample sunshine

and cool sea breezes is also the melting pot of Pakistan where people from all provinces

come to make a living. There was a brief period

where violence dominated the life of Karachi,

but like any other great city, this transition

period has taken a back seat to opening new

horizons and new prospects for this ever-

expanding, ever-evolving city.


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SLUMS IN THE WAY OF KARACHI PROGRESS

Karachi is Pakistan's biggest city and greatest hope,

with aspirations of becoming the next Shanghai. But in

the way of its rapid progress stands Asia's largest slum.

Slums sits in the heart of the financial capital, but plans

to transform it are being met with fierce opposition.

Every inch of the slum is occupied. Rows of corrugated

iron shacks are packed with the belongings of the hundreds of families who live here.

Young children play with stray dogs among the filth and rubbish. There is little sign of

clean drinking water and the sanitation facilities are appalling - up to 80 people are forced

to share one toilet.

Slums of Karachi like Layri, Akhter Colony, Korangi &

others bears all the hallmarks of Pakistan's most crippling

problems. Sixty-year-old Razman has been living in the

slum for 10 years. He invites our group members into his

tiny home. There is a small stove in one corner and a tired

old fan, if we stretch our arms out we could touch both

walls of the room that is home to the five members of his

family, including two small children.

"We want change and for conditions to improve for the

people who live here. There is nowhere for my

grandchildren to play but I cannot afford to move from

here," he says.

"My vision would be that it would be transformed into one of the better suburbs of

Karachi - it will be forgotten as any kind of slum - there will be state of the art modern

amenities and a lot of happy people living”, Karachi Government

But many of the residents have other ideas. They refuse to be transformed by

international companies who have little or no idea of their community and what it needs.


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Their neighborhood may be plagued by a crippling infrastructure but at the heart of

Karachi is a bustling business district that generates up to $39m a year.

The tiny alleys that lead through the maze that

is Asia's biggest slum are packed with small

workshops. Here tanners thrash the hide of

freshly cut leather and paint the square strips

to be sewn into handbags. It's the kind of

business that keeps half of the residents like

Aslam Khan in employment.

"I would not be able to afford the cost of hiring a room outside Layri. If the plans of

demolishing Layri of Expressway project goes ahead, we will lose so much business," he

says.

Many are suspicious that the motivation to demolish Layri is purely about money. The

slum is a prime location for the financial capital, which makes the land its worth to be

weighted in gold.

Syed Ali grew up in Karachi's slums and now represents the slum dwellers in their fight

against the government's plans.

"Selling this land to the global market and giving it over for

commercial use - how will that improve our lives? Ninety per

cent of the people here want a stake in their future and a say in

how it is transformed. It has to work from the bottom up - not

top down. They have tried to tackle Layri before and never been

successful," he says.

Visitors to the slum are struck by the uniqueness of Layri - most describe it as being like

a city in itself, with a community of people living and working together which many wish

to preserve. In return for building tenement houses to shelter the former residents, the

chosen developer will win the right to build on the rest of the land. The plans could be

used as a blueprint to tackle poverty in the rest of Pakistan's slums. But the planners and

the government face a fierce battle. Close to where the slum sits is the main railway track


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bringing trains from across Pakistan to its wealthiest city - and the slum dwellers threaten

to bring it to a grinding halt

Syed Ali says if the plans are given the go-ahead "all we have to do is simply step out of

our homes".

He explains: "We will completely block the railways. A hundred thousand of us will

squat there and bring the whole city and the whole of Pakistan to a stop."

ADULT MORTALITY IN SLUMS OF KARACHI

OBJECTIVE: Cause-specific death rates are rarely available to guide health

interventions for adults in South Asia. We report mortality patterns among Karachi's

urban poor.

METHODS: We conducted verbal autopsies for adult deaths under active surveillance

during 1990-1993 in five urban slums of Karachi. Two physicians (Dr. M. Amin

Panawala & Dr. Irshad Ali) assigned underlying cause of death by consensus. Analysis

included cause- and category-specific rates, 45Q15s and comparison with 1991 Japanese

national statistics.

RESULTS:

• All 345 adult deaths (15-59 years) in the 5 slums (total population 415,389) were

included.

• Male mortality exceeded female (4.4 vs 3.3/1000, p = .02).

• Noncommunicable diseases claimed 59% of deaths, communicable and

reproductive 27% and injuries, 15%.

• The leading identified death rates (/100,000) among women were: circulatory

disorders (66), maternal causes (33), tuberculosis (30), and burns (23).

• Among men they were: circulatory disorders (124) tuberculosis (30) and road

traffic accidents (30).

• Overall Karachi adult mortality was 3.7 times Japanese rate. Compared to Japan,

adults in Karachi had one to two orders of magnitude excess mortality due to

maternal causes, tuberculosis and burns.


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• Circulatory disorders and tuberculosis accounted for 47% of excess male

mortality; these plus maternal causes and burns accounted for 55% of excess

female mortality.

CONCLUSION: These mortality levels and patterns compel interventions and

research for poor urban adults beyond maternal health. Women's health would

equally benefit from tuberculosis control or burn prevention. Men need safer travel.

Both need improved cardiovascular health.

DETERMINANTS OF CHILD MORTALITY IN SLUMS OF

KARACHI

Pakistan has an infant mortality rate (IMR) of 90.5/1000 live births, and the country's

child mortality level of 117.5 is worse than in other South Asian countries. Rapid

population growth combined with rural-to-urban migration has led to the creation of

urban slums in which morbidity levels are usually higher than in rural populations. A

study was conducted in January 1993 in 6 slums of Karachi where the Aga Khan

University has operated primary health care programs since 1985. Researchers recorded

the deaths of 347 children under age 5 years old due to diarrhea and acute respiratory

infections (ARI) during 1989-93. 235 mothers of these children were interviewed.

The following are discussed as risk factors for under-5 child mortality:

• the use of traditional healers

• poor nutritional status

• incomplete or no immunization

• the quick change of healers

• inappropriate child care arrangements, and mother’s literacy

• short birth interval, bottle feeding, and nuclear family structure

Maternal autonomy, appropriate health-seeking behavior, and child-rearing processes

identified in the study point to the need for intervention strategies which go beyond the

usual primary health care initiatives and involve communities in developing social

support systems for mothers.


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The role of family health-seeking behavior in under-five-year child mortality was

explored through the combined approach of examining health-seeking behavior regarding

treatment generally, and in specific in relation to illness before death. A population-based

case control study was carried out during the period 1993–1994 using 222 deaths from

diarrhea and acute respiratory illness (ARI) in children under five years of age in six

slums of Karachi as cases, and 419 controls matched on age, disease (diarrhea and ARI)

and slum. Factors significantly associated (p<0·05) with child mortality in the

multivariate analysis were: mothers changing healers quickly, using a traditional healer or

an unqualified doctor and mothers to whom doctors did not explain the treatment, even

when maternal education was controlled for. Seeking effective medical services is highly

influential on whether the child survives or succumbs to ARI or diarrhea. As mothers are

the first providers of care, an attempt should be made to try and improve their skills

through health education so that they can use simple and effective treatments for minor

illnesses. They should also be taught to recognize potentially life-threatening conditions,

to seek care early and to persist with treatment.

DEVELOPMENT SCENARIO IN SINDH

A recently released report of the World Bank “Securing Sindh’s Future: The Prospects

and Challenges Ahead” has revealed startling facts about state of the governance and

socio-economic wellbeing of Sindh, particularly in rural areas. The whole document is

littered with hard evidences of depressing facts of development in the province, which

has been an all time major contributor of the national economy. Both at provincial and

federal level overall governance of Sindh seems to be the single largest factor of socio-

economic degradation of Sindh. This is tragic that a province which has been contributing

enormously in the economic health of country is suffering from negative growth in

almost every development indicator, even worst than that at the time of independence.

Sindh had 40% higher per capita income than Punjab and nearly 55% higher than the rest

of country. It gradually started declining in early 70s and touched to only 36% higher

in1991-92 and further fell to barely 16% by 2004-05. This downslide of incomes has


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resulted in growth of poverty. During the last decade per capita income rise in Punjab and

NWFP was recorded as 1.6 and 2.3 percent, whereas Sindh registered only 0.9 percent

increase. It is worth mentioning here that a sizable number of people from these two

provinces are settled in Sindh. This impact has also been experienced at household level.

According to the World Bank estimates 81% of households in Sindh did not experience

any improvement in their economic situation as compared to the previous year, as against

72% in the rest of country.

While discussing the socio-economic indictors of Sindh a major factor of Karachi always

jacks up the figures. For example poverty in Sindh goes underestimated due to indicators

of Karachi where a sizable number of people from other provinces reside and are much

well of than the local population. For example Household Income and Expenditure

Survey-2001 (HIES) shows 36.7% poverty in Sindh. If figures of Karachi are excluded

the number touches to an alarming height of 48.4%. Likewise urban centers of Sindh

other than Karachi have similar poor indicators as the rest of rural Sindh. Hence socio-

economic indicators are much better in Karachi if compared with the rest of Sindh. This

shows skewed development in favor of urban base. In the long run this disparity will

bring negative implications for Karachi itself since this development gape will invariably

push people to migrate from rural areas to Karachi only to aggravate its nearly crippled

infrastructure and services. Urban slums haphazard growth is already at its worst. Though

all this should not lessen the concern for urban poverty yet it indicates towards the vivid

rural urban gape in the economy. The World Bank report also recognizes the fact that

both gender and geographical based disparities are a major area of concern. Considering

the both dimensions, the following facts are quite reflective.

• For every 100 boys being immunized in urban Sindh, only 70 girls get immunized

in rural Sindh

• 87% of babies are full immunized in urban Sindh as against only 62% in rural

Sindh

• For every 100 boys enrolled in primary schools of urban Sindh, only 43 girls are

enrolled in rural areas of Sindh.


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In 2001-02 for the first time in history, the percentage of households below poverty line

in Sindh surpassed the rest of country. This has a direct bearing on other social indicators.

Taking literacy for example, during ten years from 1995-96 to 2004-5 literacy rate

increased by 61% in NWFP and 35% in Punjab, whereas the increase in literacy rate of

Sindh was only 24% i.e. 57% and 11% less than the two provinces. During the same

period the net enrollment in primary level increased by 34% in NWFP and 29% in

Punjab, whereas Sindh registered dismally low only 6% increase in the net primary

enrollment. This unfortunate situation is a result of bad policies and bad management of

resources. Public fund utilization in Sindh remained very low. According to the data of

the Finance department of Sindh, during last seven years nine out of 10 sectors

underutilized their allocated funds

ROLE OF NGO’S IN SOCIAL SECTOR The NGOs can be involved at planning and implementation levels, which is still lacking

for which, the governments in the region carries greater responsibility. However, it

seems, the issue of donor dependence has been exaggerated in media as the research on

indigenous philanthropy conducted by the Pakistan Centre of Philanthropy (PCP) in 1998

did not verify the impression of donor dependence for the sector. The research revealed

that in Pakistan individuals gave estimated Rs70 billion in cash and goods while, foreign

aid for 1997-98 made up for Rs6 billion in grants. Comparing indigenous grants to

foreign grants, Pakistanis gave 30 billion in money alone, more than 5 times of foreign

aid. Although the figures for indigenous philanthropy in other countries of South Asia is

not available but the magnitude of this will not be much different in the other countries of

the region because of the faith-based social structure across the region.

The road map for working of the two sectors together can be touching the following

factors:

1. Choosing right projects: There is no shortage of potential projects for working

together. The key is to choose the right project; one that meets the criteria set out earlier,

and has real commitment from the two sectors to make it a success.

2. Committing the best: Ideally in fact, every project needs commitments from the


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sectors involved. High-level local political commitment is particularly important. For

example, the progress achieved by the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh owes much to the

fact that it had a high-profile commitment shown by the Grameen Trust.

3. Identifying local support: This is extremely important to the success of a project. The

local NGOs have great potentials in leading on the ground by advising on local priorities,

contributing contacts, and offering a link to government and the local NGOs. The

collaboration with the NGOs have proved particularly fruitful for the people of rural

Malir, Karachi, Pakistan when Darsano Channo Union Council, Malir, and HANDS; an

intermediary NGO, built partnership to run the Jamkando Hospital.

4. Small packages: Small or medium-sized projects need to be packaged to attract

investor interest. Larger projects have their own dynamism. Smaller ones have

disproportionately higher transaction costs and political risks.

5. A balance between process and result: There are no short cuts to a government-NGO

partnership project. The public sector administration culture, being procedure/process

driven and the NGOs' voluntary culture, being missionary zeal driven, are fundamentally

different. Therefore, the culture and working style of the two sectors should be reconciled

in the greater benefits of masses.

6. Mutual trust: The government and NGOs have little experience of working together

except they have the reference of regulators and regulated. Partnership having the basis of

shared ownership, as well as responsibility makes a project successful.

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Slums of Karachi - Business Research Methodologies

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