SMART GRIDEvrim Guler

Introduction• Background and Goals• What a Smart Grid is• Modernizes both Transmission&Distribution• Problem Definition• Smart Grid Functions• Features• Technology• Recent Studies• Obstacles• Conclusion• References• External Links

Smart Grid

Smart Grid

Background

• Current power grid evolved after 1896 based on Nikola Tesla’s design

• Electric grid of the late 1960’s became conceived of as « dividing and distributing» electric power

• Electricity networks have not kept pace with modern challenges

• The term smart grid has been in use since at least 2005.[1]

Background

• First cities with smart grids:• The earliest and still largest, Italian system installed by

Enel S.p.A( Ente Nazionale per l’Energia eLettrica) of Italy.• In the US, the city of Austin,TX has been working on

building its smart grid since 2003.[2]• Hydro One, in Ontario,Canada is in the midst of a large-

scale Smart grid initiative.[3][4]• The city of Mannheim in Germany is using real-time

Broadband Powerline(BPL) communications.[5]

Goals

• Smart energy demand describes the energy user component of smart grid.

• Smart energy demand is a broad concept:• Enhancement of reliability• Reduce peak demand• Shift usage to off-peak hours• Lower total energy consumption• Actively manage electric vehicle charging• Actively manage other usage to respond solar, wind, and

other renewable resources

Goals

• Smart energy demand mechanisms and tactics include:• Smart meters• Dynamic pricing• Smart thermostats and smart appliances• Automated control of equipment• Usage by appliance data• Scheduling and control of loads

• Scale and Scope[6]• Municipal grid[7]• Home Area Networks (HANs)

• Zigbee, INSTEON, Zwave,WiFi or others.

What a Smart Grid is

• Smart Grid refers using computer-based remote control and automation.

• Smart grids increase• The connectivity• Automation • Coordination

between these suppliers, consumers and networks that perform either long distance transmission or local distribution tasks

What a Smart Grid is

Modernizes both Transmission and Distribution

• Many smart grid features apparent to consumers• Peak curtailment/leveling and time of use pricing• To reduce demand during the high cost peak usage periods• To reduce consumption by communication to devices directly

in order to prevent system overloads• Platform for advanced services• Use of robust two-way communications,advanced sensors,

and distributed computing technology• US and UK savings estimates and concerns [8][9]• Save consumers money • Help reduce CO₂ emissions

Problem Definition

• Increasing reliability,efficiency and safety of power grid

• Enabling decentralized power generation

• Flexibility of power consumption at the clients side

• Increase Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by creating more new, green-collar energy jobs [10][11]

Smart Grid Functions

• A modern Smart Grid must [11]:• Be able to heal itself• Motivate consumers to actively participate in operations

of the grid• Resist attack• Provide higher quality power• Accommodate all generation and storage options• Enable electricity markets to flourish• Run more efficiently• Enable higher penetration of intermittent power

generation sources

Features

• Load Adjustment• The total load connected to the power grid can vary

significantly over time.

• Demand response support• Allows generators and loads to interact in an automated

fashion in real-time, coordinating demand to flatten spikes.

• Greater resillience to loading• Initial power lines in the grid were built using radial model,

later connectivity was guaranteed via multiple routes

Features

• Decentralization of power generation• If a local sub-network generates more power than it is

consuming, the reverse flow can raise safety and reliability issues.

• Price signaling to consumers• In many countries, the electric utilities have installed

double tariff electricity meters in many homes

Technology

• Integrated communications• Substation automation• Demand response• Distribution response• Distribution automation• Supervisory control and data acquisition(SCADA)• Energy management systems• Wireless mesh networks• Power-line carrier communications

• Smart meters• Digital meters that record usage in real-time

Technology

• Phasor measurement units (PMU)• Distributed throughput their network can be used to monitor

power quality and in some cases respond autmatically to them.

• Sensing and measurement• Evaluate congestion and grid stability,monitoring equipment

health, energy theft prevention, and control strategies support.

• Technologies: wide-area monitoring systems, dynamic line rating, electromagnetic signature measurement/analysis, real-time pricing tools, backscatter radio technology

Technology

• Advanced control• Distributed intelligent agents• Analytical tools• Operational tools (SCADA, substation automation, demand response,

etc.)

• Improved interfaces and decision support• Operators and managers have tools to effectively and efficiently

operate a grid with an increasing number of variables.

• Smart power generation• A concept of matching electricity production with demand using

multiple identical generators. [12]

Recent Studies

• Using artificial intelligence programming techniques, Fujian power grid in China. [13]

• The power grid was considered within the context of:• Optimal control• Ecology• Human cognition• Glassy dynamics• Information theory• Microphysics of clouds

and many others. [14]

• Many different concepts have been used to model intelligent power grids.

Obstacles

• In Europe and the U.S, significant impediments exist to the widespread adoption of Smart Grid technologies;• Regulatory environments that not reward utilities for

operational efficiency,excluding U.S. Awards• Consumer concerns over privacy• Social concerns over «fair» availability of electricity• Social concerns over Enron style abuses of information

leverage• Limited ability of utilities to rapidly transform their

business and operational environment

Conclusion

• Distinguishing characteristics of Smart Grid include[15]:• Increased use of digital information and controls

technology to improve reliability, security, and efficiency of the electric grid

• Dynamic optimization of grid operations and resources with cyber-security

• Deployment and integration of distributed resources and generation, including renewable resources

• Deployment and incorporation of demand response, demand-side resources, and energy-efficiency resources

Conclusion

• Deployment of «smart» technologies for metering, communications concerning grid operations and status, and distribution automation

• Integration of «smart» appliances and consumer devices• Deployment and integration of advanced electricity

storage and peak-shaving technologies• Provision to consumers of timely information and

control options• Development of standards for communication and

interoperability of appliances and equipment connected to the electric grid

References

1. S. Massoud Amin and Bruce F. Wollenberd, «Toward A Smart Grid», IEEE P&E Magazine, Vol. 3 No.5 pgs 34-41 .

2. National Energy Technology Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, «Morden Grid Benefits», August 2007.

3. Betsy Loeff (2008-03). «AMI Anatomy: Core Technologies in Advanced Metering». Ultrimetrics Newsletter (Automatic Meter Reading Association (Utilimetrics)

4. Betsy Loeff, Demanding standards: «Hydro One aims to leverage AMI via interoperability», PennWell Corporation

5. «E-Energy Project Model City Mannheim». MVV Energie. 20116. A. Battaglini, J. Lilliestam, C. Bals,and A. Haas, «The Supersmart Grid», European

Climate Forum, July 2008.7. «Smart Grid Miami: FPL, GE, Cisco, Silver Spring Rolling Out 1M Smart Meters:

Cleantech News and Analysis» . www.Earth2tech.com (2009-04-20).8. M. C. Kintner-Meyer, D. P. Chassin, R. G. Pratt, J. G. DeSteese, L. A. Schienbein, S. G.

Hauser, W. M. Warwick, «GridWise: The Benefits of a Transformed Energy System», Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 2003

References

9. «Smart Grid and Renewable Energy Monitoring Systems», SpeakSolar.org, published in September 2010.

10. «Vision and Strategy for Europe’s Electricity Networks of the Future», European Technology Platform, 2006.

11. Anderson, Roger; A. Boulanger, J. A. Johnson and A. Kressner, « Computer-Aided Lean Management for the Energy Industry », 2008.

12. SGIP Catalog of Standards, 2011.13. Nanjing Nari-Relays Electric Co., «Wide Area Protection System for Stability»,

July 2006.14. Jacob Klimstra and Markus Hotakainen, « Smart Power Generation », ISBN

978-951-692-846-6, Helsinki 2011.15. « Obama's Speech on the Economy » , The New York Times, January 2009.

External Links

• IEEE SmartGrid Portal IEEE's collection of SmartGrid resources– http://smartgrid.ieee.org/

• Smart Grids (European Commission)– http://ec.europa.eu/energy/gas_electricity/smartgrids/smartgrids_en.htm

• The NIST Smart Grid Collaboration Site NIST's public wiki for Smart Grid– http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/WebHome

• Video Lecture: Smart Grid: Key to a Sustainable Energy Infrastructure, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign– http://cgs.illinois.edu/resources/webvideo/smart-grid-key-a-sustainable-

energy-infrastructure• The IDEAS project (University of Southampton project developing ag

ent-based mechanisms for the Smart Grid)– http://www.ideasproject.info/

External Links

• USEA( United States Energy Association)-Smart Grid Lunch and Learn– http://www.usea.org/Publications/

USEA_Smart_Grid_Lunch_and_Learn.asp• Federal Smart grid Initiatives

– http://www.smartgrid.gov/recovery_act/news/leesburg_approaches_1_million_savings_creative_electric_conservation

• IBM – A Smarter Planet– http://www-05.ibm.com/innovation/be/smarterplanet/en/

index.shtml?re=sph • California Public Utilities Commission

– http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PUC/energy/100317_preso.htm

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