SOA-WP - 038 - Performing Arts and Politics in New Order Indonesia - Compromise and Resistance...

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Institut für Asien- und AfrikawissenschaftenPhilosophische Fakultät III der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin

PERFORMING ARTS AND POLITICS

IN NEW ORDER INDONESIA

Compromise and Resistance

Muhammad Febriansyah

Südostasien Working Papers No. 38Berlin 2009





Muhammad Febriansyah

PERFORMING ARTS AND POLITICSIN NEW ORDER INDONESIA

Compromise and Resis an!e

S"dos asien Wor#in$ Papers No% &'(er)in *++,



SÜDOSTASIEN Working Papers

ISSN: 1432-2811 pub is!e" b# $!e Depar$%en$ o& Sou$!eas$ Asian S$u"ies'u%bo "$-(ni)ersi$#(n$er "en *in"en +1, .er in/ 0er%an#

Te 4 -3,-2, 3 ++2,a 4 -3,-2, 3 ++4

E%ai : !i5i-soa6r7 !u-ber in "e

o)er p!o$ograp!: 9u!a%%a" ebrians#a!*a#ou$: E)a S$rei&ene"er

T!e Working Papers "o no$ ne essari # e press $!e )ie5s o& $!e e"i$ors or $!e Ins$i$u$e o& Asian an" A&ri an S$u"ies A $-

!oug! $!e e"i$ors are responsib e &or $!eir se e $ion/ responsibi i$# &or $!e opinions e presse" in $!e Papers res$s 5i$! $!e au$-!ors

Any kind of reproduction without permission is prohibited.

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CONTENTS

A kno5 e"ge%en$s ;

In$ro"u $ion <

Ar$ an" Po i$i s in In"onesia: An O)er)ie5

T!e =ise o& Popu ar u $ure 13

=en"ra an" Bengkel Teater 1;

ro% Popu ar u $ure $o Popu ar 9o)e%en$s: *o5er- ass u $ura Pro"u $ion 18

Poe$r# =ea"ing: Per&or%an e an" Po5er =e a$ions 21

o%pro%ises an" =esis$an e 23

ass: Does i$ 9a$$er> 28

on usion 31

Appen"i 32

=e&eren es 33





AC-NOWLEDGEMENTS

An ear # "ra&$ o& $!is paper 5as presen$e" a$ a o o?uiu% a$ $!e Ins$i$u$e o& Asia an" A&ri a'u%bo "$ (ni)ersi$#/ .er in/ on 4 ebruar# 2,, I a% gra$e&u $o Su%i$ 9an"a &or "is us-sions/ a")i e/ en ourage%en$ an" $ire ess 5ork on e"i$ing ear # "ra&$s o& $!is paper E)aS$rei&ene"er an" *auren .ain rea" a "ra&$ an" ga)e )er# !e p&u o%%en$s I 5ou " ike a so$o $!ank re"erik 'o s$ an" Pro&essor @in en$ 'ouben/ 5!o ga)e %e $!e rare oppor$uni$#an" in)a uab e e perien e o& being a )isi$ing s$u"en$ &or one se%es$er a$ $!e Ins$i$u$e o& Asiaan" A&ri a/ 'u%bo "$ (ni)ersi$#

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INTROD.CTION

In !is s$u"# on $!ea$re in Sou$!eas$ Asia/ a%es .ran"on B1 +<C no$e" $!e i%por$an$ ro e o&$!e per&or%ing ar$s in $!is region W!i e in Wes$ern so ie$# $!e per&or%ing ar$s %ain # ser)e$o en$er$ain $!ose 5i ing $o pa#/ in Sou$!eas$ Asia $!e# are an in$egra par$ o& u $ure an"so ie$# T!ere&ore/ $!e &ie " o& per&or%ing ar$s is an i%por$an$ ens $!roug! 5!i ! so ia s i-en$is$s an un"ers$an" so ie$# in $!is regionPer&or%an e in In"onesia &irs$ be a%e $!e ob e $ o& u $ura an" po i$i a resear ! in $!1 8,s/ on$e%poraneous 5i$! $!e burgeoning o& po i$i a per&or%an e ar$ in $!a$ era As %an#s !o ars o& In"onesia no$e/ $!e per&or%ing ar$s 5ere an i%por$an$ %e"iu% bo$! &or $!e ru eran" $!e ru e" in In"onesia "uring $!e Ne5 Or"er .esi"es on$ro ing $!e %ass %e"ia/ $!e &or-

%er a so e%p o#e" $!e per&or%ing ar$s in a%paigns an" in pub i i7ing $!eir po i$i a pro-gra%s or so%e ar$is$s/ $!a$ kin" o& u $ura pro"u $ion 5as an i%por$an$ 5in"o5 on an"o%ponen$ o& $!eir so ia agen # B ur$is 1 <C 9an# ar$is$s be ie)e" $!a$ $!eir 5ork 5as

on # o& )a ue i& i$ e presse" $!e &ee ings o& so ie$# an" o%%uni a$e" 5i$! i$ B'ooker Di k1 3: 2C In so%e ases/ ar$is$s use" $!e per&or%ing ar$s as an ins$ru%en$ $o "isse%ina$e $!eir

on erns abou$ $!e so ia # an" po i$i a # repressi)e on"i$ions o& $!e Ne5 Or"er T!esea $ions so%e$i%es igni$e" on& i $s be$5een ar$is$s an" $!e s$a$e/ as 5e as a%ong ar$is$s$!e%se )esT!is paper a$$e%p$s $o ana #se $!e in& uen e o& $!e Ne5 Or"er regi%e on $!e per&or%ing ar$san" "is usses !o5 ar$is$s respon"e" $o su ! !ege%oni "esigns Sin e per&or%an e is in$er-5o)en 5i$! peop eFs e)er#"a# i)es/ ru ers a 5a#s !arness i$ in or"er $o preser)e $!eir superi-ori$# A$ $!e sa%e $i%e/ i$ an be argue" $!a$ $!e ru e" a so use per&or%an es $o !a engeau$!ori$ies T!ere&ore/ per&or%an e be o%es a spa e &or $!e on$es$a$ion o& po5er be$5een bo$! par$iesDuring $!e Ne5 Or"er/ u $ura 5orkers app ie" se)era e peri%en$a approa !es an" %e$!-o"s in "ea ing 5i$! $!e Soe!ar$o regi%e T!e approa !es range" &ro% oopera$ion $o on-&ron$a$ion In $!is regar"/ Ari& .u"i%an poin$s ou$ $!a$ $!e issue o& on& i $ be$5een a oun-$r#Fs go)ern%en$ an" i$s po i$i a #- o%%i$$e" ar$is$s on # $akes p a e un"er er$ain $#pes ogo)ern%en$/ $!a$ is/ $!ose $!a$ s$ri $ # a)oi" an# possibi i$# o& po i$i a ins$abi i$# B ens$e1 ;:+31C In or"er $o i"en$i&# $!e $#pe o& go)ern%en$ un"er $!e Ne5 Or"er regi%e/ Arie'er#an$o argue" $!a$ G$!e regi%e app ie" a !ege%oni s$a$e po5er 5!i ! 5as a !ie)e"$!roug! a o%bina$ion o& bo$! $!e apparen$ an" e ebra$e" onsen$ on $!e one !an"/ an" per-

ei)e" bu$ un"is usse" oer ion on $!e o$!er In $!a$ !ege%oni posi$ion/ $!e regi%e 5as ab e$o %ain$ain an au$!ori$arian on$ro o)er %a or po i$i a / e ono%i / an" u $ura ins$i$u$ionB'er#an$o 1 +:242C I$ a so a$$e%p$e" $o on$ro pub i "is ourse an" u $ura pro"u $ion b)arious %eans/ in u"ing regu a$ion/ ensors!ip/ an" $!e banning o& ne5spapers/ books/ an" per&or%an es B.o""en 2,,;:3/ Sen 'i 2,,,/ 'er#an$o 1 ;:244CAs a poin$ o& "epar$ure/ I 5i use .u"i%anFs no$ion o& $!ree a$egories o& ar$is$ approa !es inrespon"ing $o s$a$e on$ro T!e &irs$ is $o a)oi" per&or%ing p a#s 5i$! po i$i a $!e%es/ 5!i !is a kin" o& pre-e%p$i)e se &- ensors!ip T!e se on" is $o $ake up po i$i a issues/ bu$ in a re-a$i)e an" s$# i7e" %anner T!e $!ir" is $o e press oneFs opinions as $!e# are B ens$ein/1 ;:+31C To a grea$ e $en$/ $!ese a$egories "es ribe $!e o e $i)e approa !es o& ar$is$s "ur-

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ART AND POLITICS IN INDONESIA/ AN O0ER0IEW

W!en "is ussing ar$ an" po i$i s in In"onesia/ 5e %us$ re&er $o $5o responses $o one basi?ues$ion: an ar$ be separa$e" &ro% po i$i s> A $!oug! "eba$es abou$ $!is go as &ar ba k as $!eear # 1 2,s/ $!e ?ues$ion is s$i re e)an$ $o"a# T!e Polemik Kebudayaan BPo e%i s o& u -$ureC in $!e 1 +,s/ pi$$ing so ia rea is$s agains$ uni)ersa !u%anis$s/ represen$s a perio" in5!i ! $!is prob e% an be "is usse" T!e &irs$ group 5as represen$e" b# *ekra B*eague o&Peop eFs u $ureC/ 5!i ! be ie)e" $!a$ ar$ %us$ ser)e $!e i"ea s o& $!e In"onesian re)o u$ionT!e uni)ersa !u%anis$s/ %ean5!i e/ 5an$e" $o keep po i$i s separa$e &ro% ar$ T!eir "eba$ein)o )e" arguab # $!e %os$ pro%inen$ $!inkers an" ar$is$s in $!a$ perio" &ro% bo$! par$ies9oreo)er/ in $!e &or% o& *ekra/ i$ pro)oke" 5!a$ is regar"e" as G$!e &irs$ organi7a$ionaresponse in In"onesia $o $!e ?ues$ion o& re a$ions!ip be$5een a o%%i$%en$ $o so ia an" po i$i a !ange an" $!e pra $i e o& ar$ an" i$era$ureH B ou !er 1 8+:2,1C T!is "eba$e a!a" a po i$i a i%pa $ 5!en/ in 1 +4/ Soekarno banne" so%e 5orks an" a $i)i$ies $ie" $o $!euni)ersa !u%anis$s so%e o& $!e% a so os$ $!eir obs a$ go)ern%en$ ins$i$u$ions an" uni)ersi-$iesT!is "eba$e/ !o5e)er/ 5as in$errup$e" b# $!e 03,S in i"en$/ 5!i ! resu $e" in asua $iesa%ong *ekra %e%bers an" e&$is$ e e%en$s in $!e oun$r#1 T!e &o o5ing perio" 5as a $i%eo& G)i $or#H &or $!e proponen$s o& uni)ersa !u%anis%/ 5!o $!en !a" a %onopo # in $!e u -$ura an" ar$is$i rea %s In $!e ear # 1 <,s/ a s%a bu$ signi&i an$ nu%ber o& #oung ar$is$re e $e" $!e in"i)i"ua is$i p!i osop!# o& uni)ersa !u%anis% I$ is ironi $!a$ so%e ar$ s$u-"en$s pro$es$e" $!a$ $!e# 5ere unab e $o e press $!e%se )es &ree # un"er $!e i%i$a$ions

i%pose" on $!e% b# $!e sa%e $ea !ers 5!o s$oo" &or &ree"o% in ar$ B9ak ai 1 3:<,C*ike o$!er &or%s o& u $ura pro"u $ion/ $!e per&or%ing ar$s in In"onesia $en" $o be o%een$ang e" 5i$! so ie$# an" po i$i s Dis ussing $!e per&or%ing ar$s is a so %a"e %ore o%- p e be ause $!e# $ake %an# &or%s 9oreo)er/ $!e# are "eep # roo$e" in $!e o%%uni$#/un ike $!e &ine ar$s or i$era$ure/ 5!i ! are o&$en en o#e" on # b# $!e e i$e an" $!e 5e -e"u-

a$e" One o$!er i%por$an$ 5a# in 5!i ! $!e per&or%ing ar$s are "is$inguis!e" &ro% o$!ers is$!eir a$$a !%en$ $o spa e an" $i%e Au"ien es a$ per&or%an es an in$era $ 5i$! a $ors/ puppe$eers/ or poe$s in a s!are" $i%e an" p a e T!ese in$era $ions rea$e spa es &or "ia ogue/ ri$-i is%/ or suppor$ in spon$aneous 5a#s T!is %akes $!e per&or%ing ar$s par$i u ar # use&u%e"iu%s &or sprea"ing po i$i a %essages

S!a"o5 p a#s Bwayang C/ &or e a%p e/ !a)e been i%por$an$ par$s o& $!e i)es o& a)anese peo- p e &or %ore $!an a $!ousan" #ears T!eir s$or# ines o%%on # re)o )e aroun" $!e s$rugg es&or po5er on$aine" in $!e 'in"u epi s =a%a#ana an" 9a!ab!ara$a/ an" $!e# nor%a # $ake

1 In $!is in i"en$/ se)en genera s ki"nappe" an" !a" o5er- e)e %i i$ar# o&&i ers %ur"er *ubang .ua#a on $!e%orning o& 1 O $ober 1 +; A "a# a$er/ bo$! $!e Ar%# an" $!e %e"ia in akar$a b a%e" $!e In"onesian o%%u-nis$ Par$# BPJIC &or $!e %ur"er S!or$ # $!erea&$er/ 5i"esprea" ki ings an" "e$en$ions 5ere arrie" ou$ agains$in"i)i"ua s asso ia$e" 5i$! PJI 9ore $!an one %i ion peop e are be ie)e" $o !a)e been ki e" or %ore in&or-%a$ion see: ribb/ =ober$ Be" C/The Indonesian Killings of 1965 1966! "tudies from #a$a and Bali / @o 21/9onas! Paper on Sou$!eas$ Asia a#$on/ @i $oria: en$re o& Sou$!eas$ Asian S$u"ies/ 9onas! (ni)ersi$#/1 ,



$!e &or% o& a -nig!$ per&or%an es T!e epi s e $o $!e )ir$ues o& $!e ru ing ass/ in 5!i ! $!kingFs po5er is abso u$e an" $!e peop eFs "u$# is $o ser)e an" obe# $!eir king B.ran"on1 +<:1 C In a "i&&eren$ $i%e/wayang ser)e" as a o us &or renego$ia$ing po5er re a$ions!ips be$5een $!e a)anese an" $!e Du$ ! o oni7ers/ 5i$! in$e e $ua s an" per&or%ers %oun$inga egories o& resis$an e B*o kar" 1 8:;8CIn"onesian ea"ers in o onia $i%es a so un"ers$oo" $!e i%por$an$ ro e u $ure !a" $o p a# in$!e s$rugg e &or in"epen"en e In $!e 1 2,s/ 0on"o Durasi%/ one o& $!e %os$ pro%inen$ pra -$i$ioners o& $!e Eas$ a)anese $ra"i$iona per&or%an e ar$ludruk / organi7e" !is o5n $roupeT!is $roupe a 5a#s per&or%e" &or $!e na$iona is$ s$u"# group Persatuan Bangsa IndonesiaBIn"onesian (nionC/ an i%por$an$ organi7a$ion "uring $!e pre5ar na$iona is$ %o)e%en$ I$ is be ie)e" $!a$ Durasi% 5as re ogni7e" b# Dr Su$o%o/ a pioneer in !arnessing &o k p a#s &or$!e na$iona is$ ause BPea o k 1 +8:3,C %udruk on$inue" $o be popu ar in Eas$ a)a un$i1 +; a%es Pea o kFs s$u"# onludruk no$es $!a$ in 1 +3/ $!ere 5ere ; 4ludruk $roupes reg-is$ere" 5i$! $!e u $ura A"%inis$ra$ion O&&i e in Eas$ a)a 'e es$i%a$es $!a$ on !o i"a#ssu ! as 9a# Da# or In"epen"en e Da#/ $!ere 5ere %ore $!an 3,, ludruk $roupes per&or%ing

in Suraba#a a$ $!e sa%e $i%e/ 5i$! %ore $!an 4,, spe $a$ors &or ea ! per&or%an e T!ere5ere "i&&eren$ per&or%an es !e " in &i)e "i&&eren$ )enues on e)er# e)ening/ ea ! a$$ra $ingau"ien es in $!e !un"re"s BPea o k 1 +<:4CA s$u"# b# .arbara 'a$ e# B2,,8C s!o5s $!a$ in Kog#akar$a/ one o& a)aFs u $ura !ubs/ketoprak, a &or% o& $ra"i$iona $!ea$re &ro% en$ra a)a/ a !ie)e" i%%ense popu ari$# a$abou$ $!e sa%e $i%e In $!e ear # 1 2,s an" 1 3,s/ $!ere 5ere o&$en $!ree or &ourketoprak$roupes in one )i age an" 3,, groups 5ere a $i)e in Kog#akar$a Peop e 5ere so keen $o bein)o )e" in pro"u $ions $!a$ %an# o& $!ose 5!o 5ere no$ gi)en a ro e in $!e per&or%an es5ere !app# $o a $ as props/ su ! as $rees in gar"en s enes B'a$ e# 2,,8: 2,CW!i e re)ie5ing so%e sour es abou$ In"onesian per&or%an e/ I a%e upon se)era s$a$e%en$san" s$ories &ro% a $ors 5!o/ in $!eir #ou$!/ "rea%$ o& be o%ing per&or%ers in $!ea$re pro"u -$ions T!ese on)in e" %e $!a$ $aking on $!e ro e o& $!e a $or in $ra"i$iona per&or%an e 5as)er# a$$ra $i)e $o peop e T!is 5as no$ be ause a $ing in $ra"i$iona per&or%an es 5as a !ig!-s$a$us pro&ession in In"onesian so ie$# =a$!er/ a %ore p ausib e e p ana$ion is $!a$ i$ ga)e peop e $!e oppor$uni$# &or ose en oun$ers 5i$! peop eFs e)er#"a# i&eAgains$ $!is ba kgroun"/ i$ is no$ surprising $!a$ e)er# group $o $ake po5er in In"onesia use" per&or%an es as ou$ e$s &or propagan"a W!en $!e apanese $ook o)er &ro% $!e Du$ ! in1 42/ $!e# &or e" $!ea$re in$o ser)i e $o "isse%ina$e $!e i"ea o& a 0rea$er Eas$ Asia T!e# re -ogni7e" $!e o%%uni a$i)e po$en$ia o& $!e $!ea$re an" a o a$e" personne an" &inan iaresour es $o $!e $ask o& e%p o#ing i$ in $!eir a%paign To$a ensors!ip o& per&or%an es 5as

i%pose" An" $!oug! $!ere 5ere so%e ar$is$s 5!o ob e $e" $o $!is po i #/ $!ose 5!o "are" $oo%p ain 5ere se)ere # punis!e" One o& $!e %os$ &a%ous ases o& su ! punis!%en$ "uring$!e apanese o upa$ion 5as $!e e e u$ion o& Durasi%/ $!e pro%inen$ludruk $roupe ea"erIns$ea" o& obe#ing or"ers an" g ori&#ing $!e apanese/ !e re i$e" $!is &a%ous )erse:&Pagupon 'mahe (oro) *elok +ippon Tambah "engsoro BG Pagupon is a bo 5!ere pigeons i)e Working &or $!e apanese &i s o5n i)es 5i$! %ore su&&eringHC As a onse-?uen e o& !is "e&ian e/ !e 5as e e u$e" b# $!e apanese %i i$ar#W!en In"onesia a !ie)e" i$s in"epen"en e/ $!e ne5 s$a$eFs go)ern%en$ a so use" per&or-%an es $o $e peop e abou$ $!eir po i ies In or"er $o a" us$ $!e ar$s $o $!eir ne5 s$# e o& pro pagan"a/ $!e go)ern%en$ rea$e" se)era ne5 $#pes o& per&or%an e One su ! e a%p e is

wayang suluh Ins$ea" o& &o using on 'in"u epi s ike in awayang kulit s!a"o5 p a#/

1,



wayang suluh re)o )e" aroun" on$e%porar# &igures su ! as Soekarno/ Ne!ru/ so "iers/Du$ !%en/ an" peasan$s T!e puppe$s $o " s$ories o& Gna$iona ea"ers an" guerri a so "iers in$!eir s$rugg e $o ob$ain in"epen"en e &or $!eir oun$r#H B.ran"on 1 +<: 28<C Sin e i$s pur- pose 5as $o be per&or%e" &or gueri as an" so "iers "uring $!e &ig!$ &or in"epen"en e/wayang suluh "isappeare" on e $!e ar%e" s$rugg e agains$ $!e Du$ ! en"e" in 1 4 A$ $!a$ poin$/ano$!er &or% o&wayang / -ayang Pant.asila 5as in)en$e" In $!is ne5 &or%/ $!e &i)e Pan"a5a bro$!ers be a%e a s#%bo o& Pan/asila / $!e &i)e prin ip es o& $!e In"onesian s$a$e as pro-

ai%e" b# Soekarno-ayang Pant.asila 5as rea$e" b# $!e 9inis$r# o& In&or%a$ion "uring$!e ear # Soekarno era 5i$! $!e e pe $a$ion $!a$ i$ 5ou " be per&or%e" b# puppe$eers/ ordalang, an" 5e o%e" b# au"ien es'o5e)er/ ike wayang suluh an" ear ier &or%s o&wayang rea$e" b# a)anese prin es $o g o-ri&# $!e%se )es/-ayang Pant.asila ne)er a$$ra $e" %u ! pub i in$eres$ Peop e sa5 i$ as pure propagan"a an" a $op-"o5n no)e $# 5i$! no roo$s in $!eir o%%uni$ies In a""i$ion/ s!i&$s ini"eo og# soon %a"e i$s %essages appear ou$ o& "a$e 9ar is%/ &or ins$an e/ 5!i ! a$er gre5in$o o%%unis%/ 5as one o& $!e "e%ons in-ayang Pant.asila *a$er/ !o5e)er/ i$ be a%e

one o& $!e %os$ i%por$an$ e e%en$s in SoekarnoFs po i$i a progra%/ a ong 5i$! na$iona is%an" re igion B.ran"on 1 +<:288CKe$ i$ 5as no$ un$i $!e so- a e" 0ui"e" De%o ra # perio" B1 ; -+;C un"er Soekarno $!a$$!e per&or%ing ar$s 5ere subs$an$ia # in$egra$e" 5i$! po i$i s T!is s!i&$ a%e abou$ in par$ be ause o& SoekarnoFs pus! $o %ake po i$i s in$o a s#%bo o& a na$iona re)o u$ion $!a$ !a"no$ #e$ been o%p e$e" T!is e" $o %ore "#na%i po i$i a in$er)en$ion in $!e u $ura rea %A$ $!e $i%e o& 0ui"e" De%o ra #/ludruk 5as 5i"e # e%bra e" an" popu ar in er$ain

a)anese i$ies 9i ing %usi / o%e"#/ an" sa$ire/ludruk !a" $!e po$en$ia $o e i$e $!e o5erasses *ekra 5as $!e %os$ a $i)e u $ura organi7a$ion "uring $!e perio"/ an" 5as repu$e" $o

!a)e !a" %ore $!an ;,,/,,, a $i)e %e%bers B@an Er)en 1 2:18;C2 *ekra 5as a u $uraorgani7a$ion 5i$! a po i$i a orien$a$ion/ an" i$ 5as a5are o& !o5 popu ar $!ea$re ou " p a# aro e in %ee$ing i$s po i$i a goa s T!e group &o use" on rura areas/ 5i$! $!e in$en$ion o& onso i"a$ing an" s$reng$!ening peasan$ organi7a$ions T!eir per&or%an es/ presen$e" in )arious po i$i a ga$!erings in $!e #ears be&ore 1 +;/ pro)e" )er# popu ar B)an Er)en 1 2:18;CAno$!er u $ura organi7a$ion re a$e" $o $!e PJI 5as .AJOSJI BA In"onesian Je$oprakOrgani7a$ionC T!e bigges$ $!ea$re organi7a$ion in In"onesia/ .AJOSJI !a" a ear po i$i aorien$a$ion sin e 1 ;< A$ $!e $i%e/ i$ !a" &our $i%es %ore %e%bers $!an $!e Asso ia$ion o& Na$iona is$ Je$oprak B*JNC/ 5!i ! 5as a&&i ia$e" 5i$! $!e Na$iona is$ Par$# o& In"onesiaBPNIC B.ran"on 1 +< 21+C PNI 5as $!e na$ionFs bigges$ po i$i a par$# an" 5as e" b#Soekarno

A %os$ a u $ura pro"u $ion en"e" a&$er $!e 1 +; po i$i a $rage"# $!a$ e" $o $!e beginnio& $!e Ne5 Or"er regi%e an" $!e rise o& Soe!ar$o 9an# o& $!e oun$r#Fs e&$is$ 5ri$ers an" per&or%ers 5ere ki e"/ sen$ $o ai / or e i e" be$5een 1 +; an" 1 +8 T!is !a" a signi&i an$

2 *ekra 5as $!e oun$r#Fs %os$ a $i)e u $ura ins$i$u$ion an" one o& $!e bigges$ po i$i a b o s I$ open # su por$e" SoekarnoFs a s $o o%p e$e $!e na$iona re)o u$ion A""i$iona #/ *ekra !a" $ies $o $!e PJI/ one o&SoekarnoFs G"ie !ar"H sour es o& suppor$ "uring 0ui"e" De%o ra # T!e $rue e $en$ o& $!e re a$ions!ip be$5een*ekra an" PJI is s$i "eba$e" b# s !o ars T!e %ains$rea% )ie5 is $!a$ *ekra 5as e%p o#e" b# PJI as a $oo $o"isse%ina$e po i$i a propagan"a in u $ura &or%s W!e$!er $!ese $5o ins$i$u$ions rea # e)er !a" ins$i$u$iona

inks is on$es$e" b# Jei$! ou !er/ 5!o be ie)e" $!a$ $!e $ies 5ere us$ a na$ura ou$gro5$! o& in$eres$s !e " ino%%on B ou !er 1 8+:2,+C 'e be ie)e" $!a$ *ekra 5as no$ on # a igne" 5i$! $!e PJI i$se & bu$ a so 5i$! $!e

o)era in$e e $ua an" u $ura $ra"i$ion o& In"onesian 9ar is%

11



i%pa $ on In"onesia in %an# 5a#s In $!e u $ura rea %/ a %os$ a a $i)i$# s$agna$e" be ause peop e "i" no$ "are $o a$$en" pub i ga$!erings a&$er "ark/ e$ a one !o " per&or%an es I$ $oose)era #ears &or $!ea$re groups $o re o)er &ro% $!e )io en$ repression o& $!e $i%e InKog#akar$a/ $!ea$re gaine" a ne5 %o%en$u% 5!en Bengkel Teater BT!ea$re Works!opC 5as&oun"e" b# $!e &a%ous p a#5rig!$ =en"ra in 1 +8/ upon !is re$urn &ro% $!e (ni$e" S$a$esT!e &irs$ $ra"i$iona a)anese $!ea$re group 5as &oun"e" se)era #ears a$er/ on $!e ini$ia$i)e o&$!e %i i$ar#/ an" in)o )e" es$ab is!e" a $ors Surprising #/ se)era &or%er po i$i a prisonersa so be a%e in)o )e" in $!ese %i i$ar#-boun" $!ea$re $roupes"apta *andala / a $!ea$re group &oun"e" b# $!e en$ra a)anese Diponegoro regi%en$ in1 <1/ re rui$e" a nu%ber o& &or%er %e%bers o& $!e Krido *ardi $roupe/ $!e arges$ an" bes$kno5n ketoprak $roupe in a)a be&ore 1 +; As &or%er po i$i a prisoners/ $!e# 5ere no$gi)en $!e !an e $o &or% an in"epen"en$ $roupe T!e# ou "/ !o5e)er/ per&or% 5i$!"apta

*andala an" o$!er $roupes $!a$ !a" %i i$ar# pa$rons Sin e $!e e -prisoners 5ere s$i ene%ieso& A.=I BIn"onesian Ar%e" or esC an" $!e s$a$e/ $!eir re rui$%en$ 5ou " see% une pe $e".u$ I argue $!a$ besi"es e p oi$ing $!eir $a en$s an" &or ing $!e% $o s!are $!eir ski s 5i$!

o$!er %e%bers o& $!e $roupe/ $!ere 5as a so a po i$i a reason be!in" $!e re rui$%en$ in $!a$ i$a o5e" &or eas#/ "ire $ sur)ei an e o& $!e e -prisonersenni&er *in"sa# !as no$e" $!a$ in In"onesia/ G$!e ar$s L an" $!e per&or%ing ar$s in par$i u ar

L !a)e ong been onsi"ere" as a &er$i e &ie " &or po i$i a pro%o$ion an" propagan"a/ an" asa )e!i e &or po i$i a %essagesH B*in"sa# 2,,;:;C In $!is respe $/ $!e Ne5 Or"er regi%e si%- p # repea$e" $!e approa !es o& &or%er ru ers *ike i$s pre"e essors/ $!e Ne5 Or"er go)ern-%en$ pro)i"e" &a i i$ies an" organi7a$iona ne$5orks $o en ourage u $ura a $i)i$ies a$ $!e

o%%uni$# e)e T!is 5as %a"e easier be ause $!e po i$i a $rage"# o& 1 +; !a" $rau%a$i7e"$!e peop e an" %a"e $!e% be ie)e $!a$ on # $!e s$a$e ou " ensure $!eir sa&e$#9ean5!i e/ per&or%an es 5ere sub e $e" $o sur)ei an e L e)en in $!e ear # s$ages L $oensure $!a$ $!ere 5ere no "issi"en$ e e%en$s presen$e" in ski$s or s$or# ines An# &or% o& u -$ura e pression $!a$ !a" po i$i a on$en$ in opposi$ion $o $!e go)ern%en$ 5as o&$en i"en$i&ie"5i$! *ekra Due $o $!e Ne5 Or"er regi%eFs an$i o%%unis$ "o $rine/ su ! u $ura e pression5as banne"/ or a$ eas$ !ea)i # ensore" In $!is 5a#/ $!e Ne5 Or"er regi%e $rie" $o re%o)e po i$i s &ro% $!e "ai # i&e o& $!e peop e I$ a so %a"e a s$rong a$$e%p$ $o eanse so ie$opposi$ion &or es an" po i$i a "issi"en$s in or"er $o %ain$ain po i$i a s$abi i$#T!e response $o $!ese go)ern%en$ %easures b# u $ura 5orkers )arie" As no$e" ear ier/%an# $ra"i$iona an" %o"ern ar$is$s be a%e in)o )e" 5i$! or suppor$e" $!e au$!ori$ies T!is5as a o%%on o urren e in $!e ear # Ne5 Or"er T!e ar$is$s 5ere o&$en in"i)i"ua s orgroups 5!ose po i$i a )ie5s 5ere in opposi$ion $o Soekarno an" PJI/ an" i$ 5as $!ere&ore

nor%a $!a$ $!e# 5ou " suppor$ Soe!ar$o an" $!e Ne5 Or"er regi%e

12



T1E RISE OF POP.LAR C.LT.RE

A $!oug! s$a$e in$er)en$ion in $!e u $ura rea % 5as a %ain &a $or in $!e re)i)a o& u $urai&e a&$er 1 +;/ i$ a so !ange" $!e na$ure o& %an# $ra"i$iona ar$ &or%s an" $rans&or%e" $!e

in$o o&&i ia per&or%an es S$i $rau%a$i7e" b# po i$i a )io en e e)en a&$er 1 +;/ $!e pe5ere a5are o& $!e po i$i a i%pa $ o& e)er# spon$aneous s!ou$ or !an$ "uring per&or%an esI& $!e# %a"e $!e 5rong %o)es L e)en i& $!e# 5ere $ra"i$iona or spon$aneous L $!e# ou " be %isin$erpre$e" b# $!e au$!ori$ies Wa$ !ing $!ese per&or%an es/ $!en/ be a%e a )er# "i&-&eren$ e perien e T!ose 5!o s$i a$$en"e" "i" so pri%ari # &or en$er$ain%en$/ ra$!er $!an $o5i$ness an e pression o& o%%uni$# i"en$i$# B'a$ e# 1 82/ Wi son 1 <C onse?uen$ #/ $!e$ra"i$iona ar$s 5ere %a"e $o o%pe$e 5i$! %ore a$$ra $i)e &or%s o& en$er$ain%en$ $!a$ ou " be a esse" easi # $!roug! $!e %ass %e"ia T!e sprea" o& popu ar u $ure $!roug! ra"io/ $e e-)ision/ an" popu ar %aga7ines $!a$ began $o & oo" In"onesia a$ $!e $i%e !a" a grea$ in& uen eon $!e #ounger genera$ion T!is %ig!$ e p ain 5!# in $!e ear # 1 <,s/ 5!endangdut %usie%erge"/ i$ 5as 5i"e # a ep$e" b# $!e peop e

(angdut / so%e$i%es kno5n asorkes melayu / e%erge" &ro% $!e urban )i age/ orkampung,an" 5as onsi"ere" $o be a paro !ia or o5er- ass s$# e o& %usi BSiege 1 8+: 214/ 9urra#1 1:11C A or"ing $o re"eri k B1 82:112C/dangdut prope e" $!e rise o& In"onesiaFs &irs$$rue en$er$ain%en$ supers$ar I$s ear # su ess 5as "ue in par$ $o $!e e&&or$s o& =!o%a Ira%a/5!o rea$e" a &or% o& popu ar %usi $!a$ ou " be easi # un"ers$oo" 'e a so $en"e" $o o%- pose an" sing songs 5i$! re igious an" so ia on$en$ re"eri k re&ers $o $!edangdut s$# e asGki$s !/H 5!i e 9urra# "ee%s i$ si%i ar $o ear # reggae/ 5i$! i$s urban/ o5er- ass origins

an" i$s ou$rageous s$# e a"op$e" in response $o oppression (angdut0s popu ari$# 5as a sosus$aine" b# =!o%a Ira%aFs $!ea$ri a per&or%an e s$# e/ in par$i u ar !is & a%bo#an$ os-$u%es an" %agi a s$age s!o5s 'e ?ui k # be a%e kno5n as $!e GJing o& Dang"u$H an"a$$ra $e" peop e $o !is per&or%an es/ 5!ere %an# o& !is songs raise" so ia issuesIn"ee"/ "uring $!is perio" popu ar per&or%an es be a%e &er$i e groun" &or po i$i a an" so ia

ri$i is% Song #ri s $ou !e" on so ie$#Fs prob e%s an" %ass ga$!erings ou " be organi7e"aroun" on er$ s$ages In"ee"/ 5!en I5an a s/ ano$!er %usi s$ar/ e%erge" in $!e a$e 1 <,s/!e no$ on # rea$e" an a$%osp!ere $!a$ e%bra e" ri$i is%/ bu$ ga)e peop e a 5a# $o )en$$!eir grie)an es %ore )isib # 'a)ing gro5n up in akampung in 9anggarai/ akar$a/ I5an

a s s$ar$e" !is %usi areer as a busker/ bu$ be a%e in reasing # popu ar be ause o& !is $a -

en$ &or an" o%%i$%en$ $o rea$ing songs groun"e" in so ia rea i$# T!e $!e%es o& !is songsa 5a#s en$ere" on so ia prob e%s su ! as $!e !#po ris# o& $!e %e"ia/ po)er$#/ orrup$ion/an" a a k o& "e%o ra$i7a$ionKoung peop e respon"e" en$!usias$i a # 5!en I5an a s an" !is group/ SWA9I/ se$ ou$ on a!un"re"- i$# $our in 1 1 T!e &irs$ on er$ 5as !e " on 2+ ebruar# o& $!a$ #ear in a parking

o$ a$ $!e Sena#an spor$s o%p e in akar$a A$ eas$ 1,,/,,, #oung peop e &ro% akar$a an"o$!er i$ies pa ke" $!e area ire" up b# I5anFs %usi / $!e ro5"s )en$e" $!eir anger b#5re king pub i proper$# an" burning )e!i es A&$er $!a$/ no$ on # 5as SWA9I banne" &ro%

o%p e$ing $!e $our bu$ a o$!er ro k on er$s 5ere a so banne" &or an un i%i$e" perio"B'arsono 1 8 : 14C

13



T!e 5ors$ on er$ rio$ in $!e oun$r#Fs !is$or# $ook p a e a$ a per&or%an e o& $!e A%eri an!ea)# %e$a ban" 9e$a i a in akar$a in Apri 1 4 A ro5" o& angr# #oung peop e s$oningan" oo$e" !ouses/ )an"a i7ing s!ops an" ars in $!e e i$e suburb o& Pon"ok In"a! T!e %e"ia5i"e # in$erpre$e" $!e rio$ as an e pression o& ass resen$%en$/ $riggere" b# $!e e pensi)e$i ke$ pri es an" $!e o a$ion o& $!e )enue in one o& akar$aFs 5ea $!ies$ suburbs BSen 'i2,,,:184C 3

T!ese ne5 "e)e op%en$s pose" !a enges $o $!e po5er&u Popu ar per&or%an es be a%e!a)ens &or po i$i a an" so ia ri$i is% $!roug! no$ on # $!eir on$en$ bu$ a so $!eir abi i$# $ bring $!e %asses $oge$!er or %os$ In"onesians/ arge ga$!erings o& peop e !a)e ong beenasso ia$e" 5i$! a "esire &or so ia !ange an" a 5i ingness $o aggra)a$e or $r# $o in$i%i"a$eau$!ori$ies B'er#an$o 1 ,: 2 +C An"/ no$ surprising #/ 5!en su ! ga$!erings "e)e ope" in$orio$s $!e# 5ere a 5a#s seen as serious $!rea$s $o po i$i a s$abi i$# In"onesiansF persis$en$5i ingness $o %obi i7e &or so ia !ange 5as no$ o)er5!e %e" b# #ears o& so ia engineeringon $!e par$ o& $!e go)ern%en$/ an" a $i)is$s on$inue" $o &in" ne5 5a#s o& e pressing $!eirrebe ious sen$i%en$s =o k on er$s/ $!en/ be a%e one %a or ou$ e$ &or popu ar "is on$en$

3 T!e $i ke$ pri es &or $!is on er$ range" &ro% =p 3,/,,, $o =p 1;,/,,,/ $en $o &i&$# $i%es $!e =p 3/,,, %ini-%u% "ai # 5age &or a &a $or# 5orker a$ $!e $i%e

14



RENDRA ANDBENGKEL TEATER

In $!e ear # 1 <,s/ %o"ern $!ea$re 5as $!ri)ing in In"onesia T!e 5or" G%o"ernH "oes no$i%p # $!a$ $!is ne5 $!ea$re 5as $!e opposi$e o& $ra"i$iona =a$!er/ i$ %ere # "es ribes $!e&or% o& $!ea$re $!a$ e%erge" a&$er $ra"i$iona $!ea$ri a a $i)i$# 5as !a $e" a&$er 1 +; In"ee$!is %o"ern $!ea$re gre5 &ro% %ore or ess $!e sa%e roo$s as $ra"i$iona $!ea$re an" s!are"si%i ari$ies 5i$! i$ 9o"ern 5orks rea$e" b# $!e p a#5rig!$ =en"ra/ &or ins$an e/ $rie" $o &useWes$ern $!ea$ri a &or%s 5i$! a)anese %#$!s =en"ra a"ap$e" Wes$ern assi "ra%a $o a

a)anese on$e $/ e%p o#ing a)anese os$u%es an" ga%e an %usi a a o%pani%en$ B'a$-e# 1 4:22+C

=en"ra es$ab is!e" a $!ea$re $roupe a e" Bengkel Teater in Kog#akar$a W!i e %ore %ain-

s$rea% ar$is$s 5ere preo upie" 5i$! $!eir o5n 5ork a$Taman Ismail *ar uki BIs%ai9ar7uki ParkC/ a pres$igious ar$s ins$i$u$ion in akar$a suppor$e" b# $!e go)ern%en$/ =en"ra bui $ !is o5n in a Kog#akar$akampung Bengkel Teater %e%bers i)e" in a ren$e" !ouse in aneig!bour!oo" on $!e ou$skir$s o& $!e i$#/ suppor$ing $!e%se )es $!roug! o"" obs an" u $i-)a$ing a p o$ o& an" $oge$!er =en"raFs %ain inspira$ion &or $!e $roupe 5as !is e perien e5i$! $!e o%%une %o)e%en$ in A%eri a/ $!e bo!e%ian appearan e an" i&es$# e o& 5!i !

arrie" an an$ies$ab is!%en$ i%age an" 5as %ore Wes$ern-in& uen e" $!an $ra"i$iona #a)anese B'a$ e# 1 4:22+C During !is ear # en oun$ers 5i$! $!is ne5 so ia en)iron%en$/

=en"ra 5ro$e an" pro"u e" %an# p a#s $!a$ 5ere $rans a$ions or a"ap$a$ions o& &oreign 5orks/in u"ing G*#sis$ra$a/H G'a% e$/H an" G9a be$! H In $!e &o o5ing #ears/ !e ins$ea" 5ro$e !iso5n p a#s=en"raFs %ain on$ribu$ion $o so ia !ange 5as $o open up spa es &or po i$i a opposi$ion $o$!e go)ern%en$ 'e 5as one o& $!e &irs$ %i"" e- ass ar$is$s $o &os$er po i$i a opposi$ion $Soe!ar$o $!roug! !is per&or%an es 'is per&or%an es be&ore po i$i a # ons ious au"ien es5ere unpre e"en$e" in $!e Ne5 Or"er perio" 'e 5as ab e $o a$$ra $ peop e in !uge nu%bers/&or e a%p e/ $o !is 1 <4 per&or%an e o& G *astodon dan Burung Kondor BG9as$o"on an"

on"or .ir"sHC. T!e p a# 5as se$ in a &i $i$ious *a$in A%eri an na$ion/ 5!ere a "i $a$or a e"o one ar os ru e" 5i$! iron &is$ S$u"en$ pro$es$s e)en$ua # e" $o a re)o u$ion an" &or ear os $o & ee an" seek &oreign %i i$ar# ai" A or"ing $o 9a *ane/ $!is per&or%an e 5as $!e

&irs$ $i%e in Ne5 Or"er In"onesia 5!en a po i$i a %o)e%en$ a$$ra $e" ro5"s $o a na$ionas$a"iu% 5!ere Soekarno !a" a so !e " ra ies B*ane 2,,<:81C T!e per&or%an e/ !o5e)er/

a so ause" =en"ra $o be banne" &ro% per&or%ing in Kog#akar$a un$i 1 << BA)e ing2,,1:13;C Ano$!er Bengkel Theatre per&or%an e/&Per.uangan "uku +aga BGT!e S$rugg eo& $!e Naga TribeHC &un $ione" %ore as a ra # $!an an ar$is$i per&or%an e I$ 5as !e " ou$"oors a$Taman Ismail *ar uki on $5o nig!$s an" re ei)e" 5i"esprea" o)erage in $!e ne5s- papers T!e p o$s o& =en"raFs per&or%an es raise" on$e%porar# po i$i a issues su ! as or-rup$ion/ %i i$ar# repression/ an" "e)e op%en$=en"ra 5as par$ o& $!e s$u"en$ %o)e%en$ in $!e %i"-1 <,s/ 5!en $!e %o)e%en$ rea !e" i$s peak 'e 5as $!e one 5!o popu ari7e" poe$r# rea"ings "uring $!e Ne5 Or"er 'e re i$e" !is poe%s "uring s$u"en$ ga$!erings an" in "or%i$ories B'a$ e# 1 4:228C T!e &a $ $!a$ s$u"en$s5ere a %ain sour e o& opposi$ion "uring $!a$ perio" %us$ be &ur$!er e p aine" S$u"en$s 5ere

a pro%inen$ an" )o a sour e o& opposi$ion "uring $!e 1 <,s in par$ be ause in 1 ++ $!e# !a"

1;



a ie" 5i$! $!e Ar%# an" suppor$e" Soe!ar$oFs rise $o po5er T!is essen$ia # ga)e $!e% ai ense $o pro$es$ $!a$ 5as no$ a&&or"e" $o o$!er groups BAspina 2,,;:118C/ in u"ing u $ura

5orkers =en"ra/ $!ere&ore/ "i" no$ !a)e as %u ! o& a !an e $o on)e# !is po i$i a an"so ia ri$i is% $!roug! per&or%an e &or $!e o5er asses T!is 5as aggra)a$e" b# $!e &a $$!a$ $!e Ne5 Or"er regi%e !a" pursue" i$s opponen$s $o su ! an e $en$ $!a$ 5orkers an" o$!er%argina i7e" groups 5ere e&$ 5i$! )er# poor organi7a$iona s$ru $uresA $!oug! =en"raFs poe$r# o&$en $ou !e" on $!e s$rugg es o& $!e o5er asses/ i$ 5as "i&&i u&or poor peop e $o a $ua # !ear $!e%/ an" u $i%a$e #/ !is %essages $o $!ose groups "i" no$ ge$$!roug! T!is be a%e a serious obs$a e &or !i% in ge$$ing ose $o $!e o5er asses In"ee"/!e &ur$!er "is$an e" !i%se & &ro% $!e% 5!en !e %o)e" &ro% Kog#akar$a $o akar$a an" be a%e in)o )e" in a pro&i$ab e ar$s %anage%en$ o%pan# ro% $!e %i"-1 8,s on5ar"/%an# peop e be ie)e" $!a$ =en"ra 5as no onger a &or e $o be re kone" 5i$! in $!e rea % o&In"onesian po i$i a $!ea$re/ $!oug! no$ a &e $ $!a$ 5a#=en"ra 5as $!e &irs$ $!ea$re "ire $or $o re ei)e a arge-s a e o%%er ia sponsors!ip &or !is pro"u $ions As a resu $/ so%e "isen !an$e" &or%er %e%bers o& Bengkel Teater a use" =en-"ra o& !#po ris# an" o& se ing ou$ $o o%%er ia is% B9urra# 1 1:4C ur$!er bo s$ering$!eir ai%/ i$ 5as no$e" $!a$ %os$ o& $!e o5er asses ou " no$ a&&or" $i ke$s $o =en"raF per&or%an es As a resu $/ =en"raFs na%e 5as no$ 5i"e # kno5n b# ei$!er )i agers or $!eurban poor/ par$i u ar # in $!e api$a i$# B9urra# 1 1:3C =en"ra/ !o5e)er/ %ain$aine" $!a$!e re%aine" $rue $o !is i"ea s 'e on e o%p aine" $!a$ a&$er #ears o& !ar"s!ip an" !arass-%en$ &ro% $!e au$!ori$ies !e s!ou " !a)e been re5ar"e" =espon"ing $o ri$i is% abou$ $!ea%oun$ !arge" &or $i ke$s $o !is Kog#akar$a per&or%an es/ =en"ra on e re%arke":

Pro$es$ors "ee%e" $!e $i ke$ pri es $oo e pensi)e I 5ou " raise a ?ues$ion: 'o5 5as $!a$ %ea-sure"> I$ 5as on # e pensi)e &or $!ose 5!o "isregar" ar$ .u$ &or $!ose peop e 5!o a kno5 e"gear$ an" are in agree%en$ 5i$! %# poe$r#/ $!e $i ke$ pri e %ean$ no$!ing Apparen$ #/ a o& $!e $i k-e$s 5ere so " ou$ BJo%pasM11M;M1 4C4 BTrans a$ion b# $!e au$!or C

I$ is surprising $!a$ =en"ra si%p # sp i$ $!e pub i in$o $!ose 5!o "i" no$ !o " $!e ar$sin !ig! regar" an" $!ose 5!o "i" Ar$/ i$ see%s/ an" no$ po i$i s/ 5as $!e %ain issueA $!oug! %u ! o& !is poe$r# "ea $ 5i$! so ia prob e%s an" po)er$#/ $!e $i ke$ pri ing&or =en"raFs per&or%an es 5en$ agains$ %u ! o& !is %essage I 5ou " &ur$!er argue$!a$ in $!is ase/ au"ien e pro$es$s abou$ $!e $i ke$ pri es &or =en"raFs poe$r# rea"ings"e%ons$ra$e" $!e so ia prob e%s a$ !an" e)en %ore ear # $!an $!e rea"ings $!e%-se )es "i" 'is ri$i s ai% $!a$ G!e be a%e a pub i i$#-!ungr# ari a$ure o& !is &or-%er se & an" $!a$ !e !a" s$ru k a "ea 5i$! $!e %i i$ar# &or per%ission $o per&or% !is$!ea$ri a poe$r# s!o5s &or $!e akar$a bourgeoisieH BEr)en 1 2:18+C Ironi a #enoug!/ $!e !ange in !is o%%i$%en$ in $!e a$e 1 8,s o urre" a$ $!e sa%e $i%e $!a$$!e so ia prob e%s &a e" b# $!e peop e 5ere be o%ing %ore se)ere Ne)er$!e ess/ %an# u $ura 5orkers in en$ra a)a $ook up =en"raFs origina %e$!o"s an"!is s$# e A&$er !e %o)e" $o akar$a in $!e a$e 1 <,s/ o$!er groups on$inue" $o "e)e op popu-

ar/ so ia # in)o )e"/ %o"ern $!ea$re Troupe ea"ers 5ere o&$en a $ors 5!o !a" spen$ $i%e in=en"raFs Bengkel Teater In"ee"/ en$ra a)a re%ains $!e !o%e o& nu%erous s%a / usua #

4 GPara "e%ons$ran %enganggap $ike$ #ang "i ua pani$ia $er a u %a!a Sa#a ber$an#a/ un$uk ukuran siapa>(n$uk orang #ang bersikap pe i$ pa"a seni/ #ang $i"ak %eng!argai seni/ "an %en a"i parasi$ seni barangka i$ike$-$ike$ i$u $er a u %a!a Te$api bagi rak#a$ Kog#akar$a #ang %en in$ai seni "an so i"er pa"a isi sa ak-sa aksa#a $ike$ i$u $i"ak $er a u %a!a Sebab n#a$an#a se%ua $ike$ $er ua !abis H

1+



neig!bour!oo"-base" $!ea$er o%panies =oss #nn )on "er .or ! B1 88C/ )an Er)en B1 2C/an" .arbara 'a$ e# B1 1C poin$ ou$ $!a$ $!esekampung -base" $!ea$re groups be a%e pro%i-nen$ in so ia an" po i$i a %o)e%en$s in $!e 1 8,s an" 1 ,s ro% $!en on/ au$!ori$ies !a"a $oug!er $i%e !an" ing $!e ri$i is%/ pro$es$s/ an" %essages o& grie)an e an" "is on$en$ $!a$appeare" on $!e oun$r#Fs s$ages/ an" s$a$e !ege%on# be a%e %ore !o$ # on$es$e" In $!e&o o5ing se $ion o& $!e s$u"#/ I 5i e p ain !o5 $!e u $ura 5orkers 5!o su ee"e" =en"ra5ere in)o )e" in so ia an" po i$i a %o)e%en$s "uring $!e a$e 1 8,s

1<



FROM POP.LAR C.LT.RE TO POP.LAR MO0EMENTS/LOWER2CLASS C.LT.RAL PROD.CTION

One no$e5or$!# "e)e op%en$ in $!e a$e 1 8,s 5as $!e e%ergen e o& in reasing # ra"i aopposi$ion %o)e%en$s T!oug! $!ese %o)e%en$s 5ere/ as be&ore/ "o%ina$e" b# $!e %i"" e-

ass/ in u"ing uni)ersi$#-e"u a$e" a $i)is$s an" pro&essiona s B'er#an$o 1 ;:2+2C/ $!e# began $o "ra5 $!eir s$reng$! &ro% $!e o5er asses T!eir i"eas an" po i$i a a $i)i$ies sprea"ou$ in$o %an# areas an" $ook on a %ore %i i$an$ s$# e(n$i 1 <8/ $!e s$u"en$ %o)e%en$ 5as $!e on # a $i)e opposi$ion group in In"onesia T!es$a$e/ !o5e)er/ banne" s$u"en$ po i$i a a $i)i$ies $!e &o o5ing #ear W!i e $!e %o)e%en$5as un"er pressure as a onse?uen e o& $!e i%p e%en$a$ion o& NJJM.JJ ; in 1 < / $!e# on-$inue" $!eir a $i)is% $!roug! "is ussion groups an" in$erna$iona ne$5orks se$ up b# so%enongo)ern%en$a organi7a$ions T!ese ne$5orks pa)e" $!e 5a# &or G&oreignH i"eas $o be "is-

usse" 5i$!in "o%es$i po i$i a ir es9ean5!i e/ $!e Ne5 Or"erFs "e)e op%en$a is$ perspe $i)e 5as in reasing # being !a enge" b# $!e neo-9ar is$ s$ru $ura approa ! pioneere" b# Ari& .u"i%an .u"i%an !a" been anan$i o%%unis$ s$u"en$ a $i)is$ in 1 ++/ an" suppor$e" $!e Ne5 Or"er be&ore !e 5en$ $o s$u"#a$ 'ar)ar" W!en !e re$urne" $o In"onesia in 1 8,/ !e be a%e a ea"ing in$e e $ua ri$i o&$!e Ne5 Or"er an" rein$ro"u e" $!e basi s o& assi a 9ar is$ $!oug!$ $o In"onesian in$e e -$ua s9ar is% an" i$s )arious &or%s 5ere 5e kno5n in $!e oun$r# prior $o in"epen"en e T!esei"eas 5ere/ in"ee"/ one o& $!e %ain pi ars o& $!e in"epen"en e s$rugg e 'o5e)er/ a&$er 1 +; peop e 5ere pro!ibi$e" &ro% "is ussing an" "isse%ina$ing 9ar is$ $!oug!$ In $!is 5a#/ $!erein$ro"u $ion o& $!is approa ! b# .u"i%an in $!e 1 8,s "i"/ in a sense/ o&&er a Gne5H e o-no%i an" po i$i a approa ! $o oun$era $ing $!e in reasing # nega$i)e i%pa $s o& "e)e op-%en$a is%T!ese 9ar is$ i"eas 5ere 5e re ei)e" b# s$u"en$ "is ussion groups an" 5ere "eba$e" &re-?uen$ # An" 5!i e $!e# !a" on # re$urne" $o In"onesia re en$ #/ $!ese sen$i%en$s a so !a" a$$!eir "isposa a !is$or# o& a $i)is% &ro% $!e 1 2,s an" 1 +,s 9ean5!i e/ $!e po)er$# an"o$!er e ono%i prob e%s ause" b# in"us$ria i7a$ion 5ere be o%ing %ore apparen$ ases o&

an" being $aken o)er &or $!e ons$ru $ion o& "e)e op%en$ pro e $s ike &a $ories/ "a%s/ an"e)en go &- ourses/ be a%e %ore 5i"e # kno5n T!ese prob e%s pro)i"e" a $i)is$s 5i$!oppor$uni$ies $o app # $!e $!eories $!a$ 5ere being "is usse" an" a ep$e" in %i"" e- ass/in$e e $ua ir es T!e# a so $ook $!e $i%e $o earn $!e essons o& $!e s$u"en$ %o)e%en$ in 1 <,s/ 5!i ! &ai e" in opposing $!e Ne5 Or"er regi%e be ause i$ 5as u$ o&& &ro% $!e peop e

; NJJM.JJ BNor%a i7a$ion o& a%pus *i&eM .o"ies &or $!e oor"ina$ion o& S$u"en$ A&&airsC 5as a so ia or"er po i # use" in ins$i$u$ions o& !ig!er e"u a$ion (n"er $!e po i #/ s$u"en$s 5ere &orbi""en &ro% arr#ing ou$ po i$i a a $i)i$ies NJJM.JJ !ange" $!e ro e o& %e%bers o& $!e i)i$as a a"e%i a in po i$i s I$ 5as %arke" b# $!e rep a e%en$ o& s$u"en$ oun i s 5i$! s$u"en$ represen$a$i)e bo"ies T!e regi%e s$resse" $!a$ uni)ersi$ies5ere par$ o& go)ern%en$ bureau ra # an"/ $!ere&ore/ appoin$%en$s $o a%pus posi$ions su ! as re $or or "ean5ere po i$i a ra$!er $!an a a"e%i BNugro!o 2,,;:14 C

18



9oreo)er/ $!e# a so earne" &ro% $!e e perien e o& $!e P!i ippines/ 5!ere 9ar os 5as &or e"$o s$ep "o5n b# a 5e organi7e" Gpeop e po5erH %o)e%en$ Aspina B2,,;:242C argues $!a$Gs$u"en$ a $i)is$s ooke" $o $!e P!i ippines as an e i$ing e a%p e o& 5!a$ ou " be a !ie)e" b# %ass a $ion HE)i"en$ #/ $!e "e)e op%en$s in P!i ippine po i$i s "i" no$ on # inspire $!e In"onesian s$u"en$%o)e%en$ u $ura 5orkers/ $oo/ earne" $o organi7e $!e o5er asses b# "ra5ing on i -ipino popu ar $!ea$re In 1 < / &our a $ors &ro% Arena T!ea$re in Kog#akar$a 5ere in)i$e" $o par$i ipa$e in a o%%uni$# $!ea$re 5orks!op in $!e P!i ippines $!a$ 5as organi7e" b# $!eP!i ippines E"u a$iona T!ea$re Asso ia$ion BPETAC PETA/ &or%e" in 1 +</ 5as a pioneero& ibera$ion $!ea$re T!e group app ie" $!e reirean ibera$ion %e$!o" in $!ea$re e"u a$ionT!eir e perien es a$ $!ese 5orks!op %a"e $!e In"onesian ar$is$s rea ise $!e i%por$an e o&au$ono%# o& $!e o%%uni$#/ 5i$! $!ea$re a$ i$s en$er A&$er $!e 5orks!op/ $!e# re$urne" an" pra $ise" ibera$ion $!ea$re an" bui $ $!eir o5n $!ea$re o%%uni$ies $!roug! 5orks!ops inrura areas o& In"onesia(p un$i 1 81/ PETA !e " annua 5orks!ops $!a$ 5ere a so a$$en"e" b# In"onesian u $ura5orkers/ in u"ing $!e poe$ E%!a Ainun Na" ib/ Si%on 'a$e &ro%Teater (inasti / an" re"Wibo5o &ro%Teater 2rena BEr)en 1 2 1 4CAno$!er P!i ippines-base" peop eFs ar$ organi7a$ion/ $!e Asian oun i o& Peop e u $ureBA P C/ a so in)i$e" In"onesian ar$is$s su ! as 9oe #ono an" $!e o5er- ass poe$ Wi iT!uku $o par$i ipa$e u $ura 5orkers 5!o a$$en"e" 5orks!ops !e " b# $!ese $5o P!i ippinear$ organi7a$ions "e"i a$e" $!eir 5orks an" energ# $o o5er- ass u $ura pro"u $ion 9oe #-ono organi7e" u $ura a $i)i$ies a%ong $!e peop e o& Wonore o/ Eas$ a)a/ 5!o 5ere )i $i%sin a an" "ispu$e o)er $!e bui "ing o& $!e apanese-&inan e" Wonore o Da% Wi i T!uku / &or!is par$/ 5orke" 5i$! !i "ren an" o a $!ea$re groups in !is neig!bour!oo"In 1 8</ abou$ &i&$# so ia 5orkers &ro% a o)er In"onesia par$i ipa$e" in a $5o-5eek 5ork-s!op organi7e" b# Teater 2rena T!e par$i ipan$s 5ere e"u a$e" in $!e $!ea$re ibera$ion pro-

ess an" $!en re$urne" $o $!eir o5n o%%uni$ies an" se$ up $!ea$re groups o& $!eir o5n InO $ober o& $!a$ sa%e #ear/ $!e# on)ene" an in$erna$iona se%inar on $!e sub e $ o& GDe)e -op%en$ Suppor$ o%%uni a$ion in In"onesia H Par$i ipan$s $rie" $o rea$e peop e- en$re"

o%%uni a$ion s$ra$egies an" o%%uni$# organi7ing %easures $!a$ ou " !e p $o break $!eu $ure o& si en e+

A or"ing $o reire/ $!e u $ure o& si en e is a on"i$ion in 5!i ! a iena$e" an" oppresse" peop e are no$ !ear" b# $!e "o%inan$ %e%bers o& $!eir so ie$# an" are in apab e o& speaking&or $!e%se )es T!e 5ork arrie" ou$ b# $!e $!ea$re ar$is$s &ro% $!e se%inar a$$e%p$e" $oe pose $!is u $ure b# en ouraging $!e oppresse" $o speak &or $!e%se )es $!roug! "ia oguean" oopera$ion T!is 5ork appeare" $o !a)e grea$ su ess in in reasing o5er- ass engage-%en$ 5i$! e ono%i / po i$i a / an" so ia prob e%s $!roug! $!eir o5n u $ura a $i)i$ies T!ee%ergen e o& 5orkersF $!ea$re in $!e ear # 1 ,s 5as one e a%p e o& su ! o abora$ion be$5een $!e %i"" e ass an" $!e 5orkers/ in 5!i ! $!e &or%er 5as ab e $o &a i i$a$e $!e po i$i-

a a5areness o& $!e a$$er $!roug! per&or%an e<

+ Do u%en$s an" papers &or $!is se%inar o%pi e" in Oepen/ 9an&re" Be"C/ 1 88/ (e$elopment "upport 3ommuni/ation in Indonesia)< See &or e a%p e on .o""en/ 9i !ae 1 <-orkers Theatres and Theatre about workers in 1994s Indonesia)=I9A/ )o 1MNu%ber 1 Page 3<-<8

1



I "o no$ %ean $o sugges$/ !o5e)er/ $!a$ $!e In"onesian o5er asses/ orwong /ilik, on # !a" a passi)e ro e in $!ese o abora$ions To $!e%/ per&or%an e 5as a %e"iu% o& so ia a $ion $!a$no$ on # re& e $e" bu$ a so broug!$ abou$ so ia !ange T!us/ b# par$i ipa$ing in )arious per-&or%an es $!e# 5ere a so a $ing as agen$s o& so ia !ange B ur$is 1 <:21C 0enera # speaking/ $!e per&or%an es pro)i"e" par$i ipan$s 5i$! $!e rare oppor$uni$# $o asser$ $!eir o5n per-spe $i)es on i&e In $!e &o o5ing se $ion/ I 5i gi)e e a%p es o& !o5 $!e o5er asses no$on # e presse" $!eir prob e%s $!roug! per&or%an e ar$ bu$ in $!e pro ess a so s$oo" in oppo-si$ion $o $!e e i$es

2,



POETR3 READING/ PERFORMANCE AND POWER RELATI

A$ $!e en" o& $!e 1 8,s/ a popu ar %o)e%en$ e%erge" $!a$ in reasing # "e%an"ing "e%o ra-$i7a$ion S$u"en$ groups an" so%e N0Os began $o a")o a$e &or "e%o ra$i7a$ion %ore aggres-si)e #/ an" $!is !a" an i%pa $ on go)ern%en$ "is ourse Senior o&&i ia s &re?uen$ # en"orse"openness/ o%%uni a$ion/ an" so&$ening $!eir approa ! $o se uri$# BAspina 2,,; 43C8 T!isne5 po i$i a "e)e op%en$ in reasing # &a i i$a$e" po i$i a an" u $ura e pression an" pa)e$!e 5a# &or ar$is$s $o s!o5 $!eir o%%i$%en$ $o so ia auses W!en in $!e 1 8,s in"us$ria i-sa$ion 5as seen as !a)ing nega$i)e e ono%i an" so ia e&&e $s/ u $ura 5orkers p a e" %oree%p!asis on so ia prob e%s in $!eir ar$ In"ee"/ so%e o& $!e poe$s 5!o !a" ini$ia # oppose"so ia "eba$e in ar$/ su ! as Ab"u 'a"i W9 an" Su$ar" i a 7ou% .a !ri/ Ikranegara/ in $!e

a$e 1 8,s s$ar$e" $o 5ri$e poe$r# $!a$ !a" so ia $!e%es One o& $!e ea"ing u $ura ne$5ork-ers/ 'a i% 'D/ "es ribe" $!e si$ua$ion a$ $!a$ $i%e b# sa#ing/ GPoe$r# rea"ings 5ere ike

%us!roo%s in $!e rain# season F T!ere 5as no e)en$ $!a$ "i" no$ in u"e a poe$r# rea"ingHB'a i% 1 :2 2C@arious "eba$es abou$ $!e ro e o& ar$ in so ia i&e L ibera$ion i$era$ure/ on$e $ua i$era$engage" ar$/ e$ L soon &o o5e" T!ese "eba$es/ a ong 5i$! $!e in rease in %ore o5-pro&i e

u $ura a $i)i$ies/ re ei)e" signi&i an$ o)erage in %e"ia 9oreo)er/ %an# ar$is$i o%%uni-$ies began $o pro"u e $!eir o5n %e"ia/ 5!i ! si"es$eppe" o&&i ia pub i a$ion pro e"ures b# being sprea" $!roug! $!e ar$is$i ne$5orks o& )arious groupsIn $!ea$re an" i$era$ure/ u $ura &ree"o% &os$ere" unpre e"en$e" 5a#s o& on)e#ing so ia

ri$i is% An$ies$ab is!%en$ p a#s an" rea"ings/ so%e b# ong-banne" ar$is$s ike =en"ra/5ere per&or%e" %u ! %ore open # A ne5 p!eno%enon a so e%erge" in $!a$ $!ese per&or-%an es 5ere o&$en 5e a$$en"e" b# $!e e i$e B*o kar" 1 8:1,;/ 9urra# 1 1:1CPoe$r# rea"ings a$$ra $e" $!e %os$ a$$en$ion &ro% $!e e i$e be ause o& $!eir in!eren$ !ara $er-is$i s In pra $i e/ $!e s$age a$ $!e rea"ings 5as open &or e)er#one/ no$ on # &or $!e poe$ E i$esa$$en"e" poe$r# rea"ings no$ us$ $o &u &i $!eir ro e as o&&i ia o)erseers/ an" $!e# o&$en $ par$ in $!e% b# 5ri$ing $!eir o5n poe$r# an" re i$ing i$ T!is rea$e" an oppor$uni$# &or o -

abora$ion be$5een $!e ru ers an" ar$is$s/ bu$ in a 5a# $!a$ s$reng$!ene" $!e &or%erFs !ege-%on# I$ is a so no$e5or$!# $!a$ a$ poe$r# rea"ings $!e e i$e 5ere o&$en presen$ &or $!e en$ire$#o& $!e e)en$/ an" so an# ri$i is% !a" $o be on)e#e" in a s$# i7e" %anner T!is 5as "i&&eren$&ro% $!e a -nig!$ s!a"o5 puppe$ per&or%an es/ in 5!i ! ri$i is% agains$ $!e go)ern%en$ b#$!e dalang 5as o&$en inser$e" "uring $!e goro goro s ene a$ "a5n/ b# 5!i ! poin$ $!e e i$e ina$$en"an e !a" usua # "epar$e"T!e in rease" &ree"o% o& u $ura e pression on $!e one !an" an" $!e e i$e in)o )e%en$ in per&or%an e on $!e o$!er %a# !a)e see%e" an o"" o%bina$ion/ bu$ one $!ing is ear: Per-&or%an e a$$en"an e a%oun$e" $o an e&&or$ b# $!e regi%e $o $ig!$en i$s on$ro o)er $!e per-&or%ing ar$s I$ 5as b# no %eans a oin i"en e $!a$ $!is p!eno%enon on # e%erge" in ear #1 ,s as $!e regi%e 5as pus!ing openness an" popu ar %o)e%en$s 5ere gaining pa e

8 or %ore in&or%a$ion on $!is po i$i a si$ua$ion/ see *ane/ 9a / 1 1&'peness , Politi/al (is/ontent, and"u//ession in Indonesia! Politi/al (e$elopments in Indonesia, 19 9 1991) Aus$ra ia-Asia paper No ;+. Na$!an/

ueens an": en$re &or $!e S$u"# o& Aus$ra ia-Asia =e a$ions/ 0ri&&i$! (ni)ersi$#

21



'er#an$o argues $!is %a# 5e !a)e been a perio" o& $ransi$ion in 5!i ! $!e regi%e $rie" $os$reng$!en i$se & a&$er i$s re en$ "e ine an" rene5 i$s o " !ege%oni po5er B'er#an$o1 ;:243C A $!oug! $!ere 5as no )isib e 5eakening o& i$s "o%inan$ posi$ion/ $!e Ne5 Or"erregi%e "i" &a e %assi)e resis$an e a$ $!e grassroo$s e)e / as 5e as !os$i i$# a%ongs$ e i$eso)er $!e une?ua "is$ribu$ion o& po5er

22



COMPROMISES AND RESISTANCE

W!i e $!e presen e o& e i$es a$ per&or%ing e)en$ ou " be seen as an e&&or$ $o "o%es$i a$e $!ar$is$s/ a$ $!e $i%e i$ 5as/ ironi a #/ 5e o%e" b# $!e a$$er an" %os$ ar$is$s 5ere eager $o bein)o )e" T!is is a para"o be ause $!e ar$is$s 5!o !a" a 5a#s been )i $i%s o& sur)ei an ean" ensors!ip !ose $o o abora$e ins$ea" o& on&ron$ing $!e ru ing po5er 9an# ar$is$se pe $e" $!a$ $!e ose re a$ions!ips $!e# "e)e ope" 5i$! $!e e i$es 5ou " nega$e $!eir pas$"ispu$es Nano =ian$iarno/ a ea"er o&Teater Koma / 5!o &re?uen$ # sa5 !is 5orks banne"/e)en sai" $!a$ $!is ne5 in$i%a # s!o5e" $!a$ $!e e i$es a so !a" ar$is$i an" u $ura senseBPikiran =ak#a$ 18M8M1 1C

I$ an be assu%e" $!a$ no !a enge $o a ru er 5ou " e is$ 5!en ar$is$s an" e i$es are no$ inon& i $ An" on e $!e# are in agree%en$/ e)en i& per&or%an es are ab e $o pro ee" 5i$! $!e

per%ission o& $!e au$!ori$ies/ $!e ar$is$s ine)i$ab # ose $!eir bargaining po5er T!is oss o& po5er 5as on "isp a# 5!en $!e go)ern%en$ organi7e" spe $a u ar e ebra$ions $o %ark $!e&i&$#-#ear 0o "en Anni)ersar# o& In"onesian in"epen"en e in Augus$ 1 ; 9an# o& $!es$a$e-sponsore" e)en$s &ea$ure" )arious In"onesian per&or%ing ar$ &or%s/ in u"ingdangdut / pop an" ro k %usi per&or%e" $!roug!wayang / "an e/ an" poe$r# rea"ings *alam Puisi *erah Putih /B=e" W!i$e Poe$r# Nig!$C !e " a$ $!e Na$iona 9onu%en$ B *onas C in akar$a on1; Augus$ 1 ;/ 5as a$$en"e" b# a !e$erogeneous ro5" Si$$ing in $!e &ron$ ro5 5ere %inis-$ers an" o$!er s$a$e o&&i ia s/ as 5e as !ig!-ranking business%en A group o& poe$s/ %ean-5!i e/ 5ere %a"e $o si$ on & oor %a$s on $!e si"es o& $!e s$age A%ongs$ $!e% 5ere Tau&i?Is%ai / Su$ar" i .a !ri/ an" =en"ra B=epub ika 2,M8M1 ;C B=en"raFs in)o )e%en$ 5ase ep$iona be ause a$ $!e $i%e !e 5as s$i barre" &ro% rea"ing !is poe$r# in pub i C W!i e$!ese $!ree poe$s 5ere pro%inen$ in $!e In"onesian u $ura rea %/ $!eir pro%inen e a$ $!ee)en$ "i" no$ e)en approa ! $!a$ o& $!e po i$i a an" business e i$es presen$ In"ee"/ 5e %a#kno5 $!is &ro% $!e respe $i)e p a es 5!ere $!e# 5ere sea$e" In a)anese nor%s an" us$o%s/%ai"s or ser)an$s are no$ a o5e" $o si$ in $!e sa%e ro5 as $!eir %as$ersT!ese "e)e op%en$s rea !e" be#on" $!e api$a i$# o& akar$a in$o rura areas As s!o5n in as$u"# on"u $e" b# A%ri! Wi"o"o in . ora/ a rura area in en$ra a)a/ $!e in)o )e%en$ o&$!e o a e i$e an" o$!er s$a$e e e%en$s in $!e $ra"i$iona per&or%ing ar$tayuban ou " be

a e" $!e G=i$es o& 'ege%oni7a$ion H T!e u $i)a$ion o& ne5 kno5 e"ge/ )a ues/ an" aes$!e$-i s $!roug! $!ese per&or%an es a so p a#e" an i%por$an$ ro e in %anu&a $uring $!e po i$i a

onsen$ o& $!e )i agers GT!us s$a$e !ege%on# %ani&es$ i$se & in a o a u $ura arena/ ing on& i $s 5!i ! gi)e $!e s$a$e $!e oppor$uni$# $o s!o5 i$s au$!ori$#H BWi"o"o 1 ;:2<C In!is s$u"#/ Wi"o"o 5i$nesse" a s%a s an"a "uring atayuban per&or%an e/ in 5!i ! se)era"issa$is&ie" #oung %en pro$es$e" $o5ar" bo$! pengarih B%as$er o& ere%oniesC an" $!e &ron$ro5 o& $!e au"ien e ben !es 5!ere o a e i$es 5ere si$$ing Wi"o"o &ina # &oun" $!a$ $!eir pro$es$s "eri)e" &ro% spe ia pri)i eges en o#e" b# $!ose o&&i ia s be ause $!e a$$er a 5a#s!a" $!e sea$s o& !onour T!e in$er)en$ions in$o $!eir per&or%an e %a"e $!e #ou$! o& $!e )i -

age &ee $!a$ $!e# ou " no onger be ie)e in or prou" o& $!eir o5n per&or%an eWe anno$ o%pare $!e $5o ases abo)e in a inear %anner In $!e &irs$ ase/ $!e presen e o&$!e e i$e 5as a ep$e" an" on$ribu$e" $o $!e a$%osp!ere In $!e se on" ase/ $!e per&or%an ei$se & 5as "isrup$e" be ause $!ere 5as "issa$is&a $ion abou$ $!e presen e o& $!e e i$e A $!oug!

23



$!e a$$er ase pro)e" $!a$ a per&or%an e ou " be use" as a %eans $o oppose au$!ori$#/ in $!isase i$ "i" no$ o%e abou$ be ause o& po i$i a ons iousness: $!e pro$es$ors 5ere on # "isap-

poin$e" $!a$ $!e o a au"ien e !a" os$ $!eir %onopo # on $!e per&or%an e T!e# be ie)e"$!a$ $!eir u $ura pro"u $ion/ 5!i ! 5as a par$ o& $!eir o%%uni$#Fs i&e/ 5as being "a%age" b# $!e ou$si"e au$!ori$#Fs in& uen e T!e &ree"o% an" e?ua i$# o& $!e per&or%an e 5ere os$ be ause o& $!e presen e o& $!e e i$eSin e $!ese $5o ases pro"u e" "i&&eren$ resu $s/ 5e %ig!$ be $e%p$e" $o %ake $!e on usion$!a$ $!e "i&&eren$ ou$ o%es s$e%%e" &ro% "i&&eren es be$5een akar$a as a so ia en$re an$!e oun$r#Fs ou$ #ing regions In"ee"/ "uring $!e 1 ,s $!ere 5as an in rease in $!e nu%bero& ne5 Gar$ en$resH es$ab is!e" in $!e regions in opposi$ion $o akar$aFs ar$ en$re/ 5!i ! 5as per ei)e" as arrogan$ T!e "o%inan$ )ie5 5as $!a$ $!e u $ura a $i)i$ies in $!e en$re 5eresuppor$e" an" e)en pro)i"e" b# go)ern%en$ ins$i$u$ions an" orpora$e sponsors 9oreo)er/ar$is$s in akar$a 5ere ons$an$ # &ea$ure" in $!e %e"ia/ 5!ereas u $ura a $i)i$ies ou$si"e $!e

api$a garnere" no pub i i$# T!e ar$is$i o%%uni$ies in $!e regions $!ere&ore onsi"ere"$!e%se )es %ore in"epen"en$ &ro% $!e en$re/ ins$ea" re #ing on $!eir o5n %e%bersF onne -

$ions an" ne$5orking $o sur)i)e T!e# a 5a#s !e " e)en$s in a )er# si%p e an" in"epen"en$%anner T!e# 5ere no$ "epen"en$ on $!e o%%er ia %e"ia/ an" ins$ea" pursue" se &-pub i a-$ion .ase" on a o& $!ese ?ua i$ies/ $!e regiona ar$is$s ai%e" $!a$ $!e# !a" grea$er &ree"o%$o e press $!e%se )es Depen"en e on $!e %e"ia an" $!e go)ern%en$/ $!e# argue"/ 5ou "&or e $!e% $o sa ri&i e $!eir i"ea is% an" u $ura &ree"o%In &a $/ !o5e)er/ e)en $!ese ar$is$s "i" no$ !a)e rea &ree"o% T!eir in"epen"en e 5as i%i$e"$o $!eir 5ork 5i$!in $!eir o5n o%%uni$ies I& $!e# a%e &a e-$o-&a e 5i$! $!e au$!ori$ies/!o5e)er/ $!e s$or# p a#e" ou$ "i&&eren$ # Si$ua$ions si%i ar $o $!e one seen a$ *alam Puisi

*erah Putih ou " a so !appen in $!e regions An" ike $!eir oun$erpar$s in akar$a/ $!e#ou " be a so &in" $!e%se )es suppor$ing s$a$e !ege%on# One poe$r# rea"ing in Se%arang in

1 4 i us$ra$es $!is poin$To e ebra$e In"epen"en e Da# in 1 4/ en$ra a)aFs Ar$ oun i BDJ TC !e " a es$i)a o&=esis$an e *i$erar# Works B Pesta "astra Per.uangan C in Ta%an .u"a#a =a"en Sa e!BT.=SC/ Se%arang In $!e au"ien e 5ere no$ on # %ore $!an &i&$# ar$is$s an" par$i ipa$ing poe$s bu$ a so $!e !ea" o& $!e po i e "is$ri $/ Pak Di"i/ 5!o 5as aske" $o 5ri$e a poe% b# $!eorgani7ing o%%i$$ee 'e aske" $o re i$e !is pie e/ 5!i ! $o " $!e s$or# o& po i e o&&i ers 5!o"ie" "uring $!e ear # In"epen"en e War in a !eroi &i)e-"a# ba$$ e 'is par$i ipa$ion in $!ee)en$ s!o5e" $!e !ege%oni re a$ions!ip be$5een poe$s an" $!e s$a$e appara$us in Ne5 Or"erIn"onesia/ 5i$! $!e Ar%# in$er)ening in $!e po i$i a an" so ia rea %s T!roug! !is poe%/Di"i $rie" $o on)in e $!e au"ien e abou$ $!e i%por$an$ ro e o& $!e po i e Ban" $!e Ar%# ingenera C b# re$e ing $!e s$or# o& In"onesiaFs s$rugg e &or in"epen"en eAr$is$sF rea $ions $o $!e po i e%anFs per&or%an e 5ere re or"e" in an ar$i e in a na$iona"ai # ne5spaper 5ri$$en b# .eno Siang Pa%ungkas/ a poe$ an" %e%ber o& $!e organi7ing

o%%i$$ee 'e praise" $!e o&&i erFs per&or%an e an" 5ro$e: GT!e app ause ou " no$ bes$oppe" us$ a&$er Pak Di"i rea" !is poe% T!a$ nig!$/ poe$r# an" poe$s $ru # &oun" $!eir!o%eH B epublika 11M M1 4C App ause 5as seen as a signa o& au"ien e appro)a $o5ar" $!e presen e o& $!e e i$e bureau ra$ .eno Siang Pa%ungkas !i%se & 5as a ea"ing &igure o& $!e"astra Pedalaman %o)e%en$/ 5!i ! !a" ?ues$ione" $!e ro e o& na$iona ne5spapers an" $!e

akar$a ar$ en$re A $!oug! !is ar$i e appeare" in a na$iona ne5spaper 5as an iron#/ bu$ $!e5a# !e praise" $!a$ e)en$ a so e&$ a ?ues$ion %ark $o so%e ar$is$s

24



Wi i T!uku / $!e So o-base" poe$ an" a $i)is$ 5!o rea" a poe% a$ $!e sa%e e)en$/ re&u$e".enoFs s$a$e%en$ In a se &-pub is!e" bu e$in/ !e respon"e" $easing # b# sa#ing $!a$ sin e so%an# e i$es 5ere presen$ $!e e)en$ 5as %ore ike an o&&i ia ere%on# &or a "a% aun !ing$!an a poe$r# rea"ing 'e &e $ $!a$ $!e e)en$ 5as $as$e ess an" un"e%o ra$i An" no$ on # be ause $oo %an# po i e o&&i ers a$$en"e" bu$ a so be ause o& $!e 5a# in 5!i ! $!e organi7ing

o%%i$$ee be!a)e" Prior $o $!e e)en$/ T!uku 5as o&&i ia # aske" b# $!e o%%i$$ee $o sub-%i$ !is poe%s $o be pub is!e" in an an$!o og# %arking $!e e)en$ 'e sub%i$$e" &i)e poe%s$ou !ing on so ia ri$i is%/ in u"ing !is poe%&Peringatan BG=e%in"erHC 'o5e)er/ noneo& $!e poe%s !e sub%i$$e" 5ere pub is!e" Ins$ea"/ $!e o%%i$$ee pub is!e" ano$!er o& !is5orks A or"ing $o $!e o%%i$$ee/ T!uku Fs poe%s 5ere no$ in u"e" be ause !e &ai e" $osub%i$ !is poe%s prior $o $!e "ea" ine .u$ T!uku sai" !e earne" $!a$ o$!er poe$s !a" sub-%i$$e" $!eir poe%s a$er $!an !e "i" an" s$i !a" $!eir 5orks pub is!e"T!uku be ie)e" $!a$ $!e o%%i$$ee 5as no$ bra)e enoug! $o $ake $!e risk o& pub is!ing !is

ri$i a poe%s 'e 5on"ere" 5!# one o& $!e organi7ers sai" $!a$ poe$r# an" poe$s !a" $ru #&oun" $!eir !o%e 5!en $!e o%%i$$ee i$se & !a" be o%e a ensoring au$!ori$#/ sa#ing: GT!e

po i e 5!o 5ere %oni$oring peop e o)er$ # 5ere no$ on # presen$ a$ T.=S/ bu$ in $!e o%-%i$$ee %e%berFs %in" as 5e H B 2.ang 1 4M1;C T!uku a so rea" !is poe%s in a s$# is! an"e p osi)e %anner/ as !e "i" in e)er# per&or%an e B epublika 11M M1 4C T!uku !i%se &insis$e" $!a$ $!is "i" no$ !appen be ause o& $!e o%%i$$eeFs !ari$#/ bu$ be ause !e sei7e" !isrig!$ $o "o so 'e be ie)e" $!a$ !is rig!$s 5ere no$ ob$aine" b# begging &ro% o$!ers $!e# !a"$o be a$$aine"'o5 !e a$$aine" !is rig!$s re%aine" un ear .u$ 5e an per ei)e i$ %ore ear # in a poe$r#rea"ing !e " a &or$nig!$ a$er in Tega Prior $o $!e e)en$/ Tega !a" gaine" na$iona a$$en$ionon a oun$ o& i$s u $ura a $i)i$ies In O $ober 1 3/ si Tega ar$is$s !a" per&or%e" i

*alam "astra Tegal a$ Bengkel Teater endra / Depok/ akar$a/ upon being in)i$e" b# =en"ra

!i%se & T!a$ sa%e #ear/ a group o& poe$s onne $e" 5i$! Tega pub is!e" a poe$r# an$!o og#a e" (ari +egeri Po/i In Augus$ 1 4/ 7ori on / a pro%inen$ i$erar# %aga7ine/ pub is!e"a spe ia supp e%en$ on Tega i$era$ure

o o5ing up on $!e su ess o& (ari +egeri Po/i / $!e group p anne" $o pub is! a se?ue / (ari +egeri Po/i 8 To genera$e e i$e%en$/ a series o& ar$is$i e)en$s 5as !e "/ 5i$! $!e aun !ingo& (ari +egeri Po/i 8 a$ $!e $op o& $!e agen"a) Sin e $!e e)en$ 5as onsi"ere" pres$igious an"o& %ee$ing a na$iona s$an"ar"/ i$ re ei)e" $!e &u suppor$ o& $!e o a e i$e T!is suppor$ 5e%bo"ie" in $!e presen e o& *usyawarah Pimpinan (aerah B9(SPIDAC/ a o a ea"ers!ip&oru% T!is $i%e/ no$ on # "i" a po i e o&&i er a$$en"/ bu$ a so $!e i$# %a#or an" )ariouso$!er o&&i ia s/ in u"ing $!e !ea" o& o%%an" o& $!e Ar%# "is$ri $

A $!oug! (ari +egeri Po/i 8 on$aine" $!e 5orks o& 4; poe$s &ro% a o)er In"onesia/ on # a!an"&u o& $!e% 5ere gi)en $!e oppor$uni$# $o rea" $!eir poe$r# As one o& $!e poe$s 5!ose5orks 5ere o%pi e" in $!e book/ T!uku 5as in)i$e" $o rea" &i)e o& !is eig!$ poe%s/ an" i$appears $!a$ !is 5ork passe" $!roug! $!e o%%i$$eeFs ensors!ip pro ess Apparen$ #/ $!e er-e%on# ran s%oo$! # un$i T!uku began $o rea" Ins$ea" o& re i$ing $!e poe%s $!a$ 5erein u"e" in $!e book/ !e re i$e" o$!er poe%s $!a$ $!e o%%i$$ee "i" no$ e pe $ T!e a$%o-sp!ere be a%e $ense 5!en !e s$ar$e" $o rea" !is $!ir" poe%/ &I Pre&er o%e"#/H1, 5!i ! $e so& genera e e $ion &rau" an" 5as ai%e" a$ 0o kar/ $!e ru ing par$#

T!e e)en$ 5as !e " a$ a s !oo !a in Tega on 2< Augus$ 1 4 T!is a oun$ o& e)en$s is base" on %# in$er-)ie5 5i$! Nur!i"a#a$ Poso on < 9ar ! 2,,8 in Tega 'e organi7e" an" 5i$nesse" $!e poe$r# rea"ing

2;



T!uku 5as in$errup$e" b# $!e %as$er o& ere%onies/ 5!o aske" !i% $o ea)e $!e s$age an"gi)e 5a# $o $!e o$!er poe$s .u$ !e re&use" $o s$op rea"ing/ be ie)ing $!a$ !e 5as aske" $o "oso be ause !is poe% 5as !ig! # ri$i a o& 0o kar/ an" be ause a i$# %a#or an" 0o kar

ea"er/ 9u!a%%a" akir/ 5as in $!e au"ien e 'e insis$e" on on$inuing !is per&or%an e/sa#ing $!a$ i$ 5as !is rig!$ $o "e i"e 5!i ! poe%s $o rea" an" a using $!e o%%i$$ee o&i%posing se &- ensors!ip 'e a$er rea" G=e%in"erH BAppen"i C , one o& !is bes$-kno5n poe%s .eing &u # a5are o& $!e e p osi)e i%pa $ o& $!is &a%ous 5ork/ ar$is$s/ s$u"en$s/ an"a $i)is$s in $!e au"ien e #e e" $!e as$ ine o& $!e poe% $oge$!er:&7anya satu kata! %awanBGT!ere is on # one 5or": =esis$QHC akir/ 5!o ear # &e $ un o%&or$ab e/ respon"e" b# ea)-ing $!e !a angri #T!e o%%i$$ee %e%bers 5ere a$er sub e $e" $o serious in$erroga$ion akir $o " $!e% $!a$ !e

ou " bare # on$ain !is 5ra$! $o5ar" T!uku an" in$en"e" $o a $ !ars! # T!e presen e o& ourna is$s a$ $!e rea"ing/ !o5e)er/ pre)en$e" !i% &ro% "oing so a$ $!e $i%e In an o&&i ias$a$e%en$ in a na$iona ne5spaper regar"ing $!e e)en$/ $!e !ea" o& $!e So ia an" Po i$i aO&&i e B Kakansospol C sai" $!a$ no res$ri $ions 5ou " be i%pose" upon an# ar$is$i per&or-

%an e as ong as i$ 5as a pure # ar$is$i e)en$ 'o5e)er/ i& po i$i s in$er)ene" $!e per&or-%an e ou " be eopar"i7e" T!e o&&i ia sai" $!a$ 5!i e !e be ie)e" $!a$ ar$ 5as an Ga"%ira-$ion o& 0o"Fs beau$i&u rea$ions an" e)er#$!ing ni e/ i$ ou " be o%e "angerous i& ar$ b en"s5i$! po i$i sH11 BJo%pas 31M8M1 4C

ro% $!a$ poin$ on/ a o& $!e u $ura a $i)i$ies in Tega 5ere sub e $e" $o in$ense an"unpre e"en$e" s ru$in# an" on$ro Tega ar$is$s ou " no$ i%agine a 5orse %a#or $!an akir No$ surprising #/ a $i)is$ u $ura 5orkers a$er be a%e pro%inen$ %e%bers o& $!e s$u"en$- e"%o)e%en$ $o ous$ akir "uring =e&or%asi in 1 8 In $!is regar"/ $!e# 5ere in)o )e" in ra -

ies/ spee !es/ per&or%an es/ an" poe$r# rea"ings a$ pub i %ee$ings an" "e%ons$ra$ionsAn$on *u as B2,,1C no$es $!a$ $!e poe$r# rea"ing b# T!uku 5as a pre ursor $o =e&or%asi in

Tega &our #ears a$erI$ is i%por$an$ $o no$e Tega Fs po i$i a an" so ia !is$or# prior $o $!a$ e)en$ T!e &or%er !ea"o& $!e %i i$ar# "is$ri $/ akir/ 5!o 5as 5e kno5n a%ong $!e peop e in Tega as a orrup$%a#or/ !a" a 5a#s ru e" 5i$! an iron &is$ A $!oug! T!uku 5as no$ a Tega resi"en$/ !e 5aso asiona # in)i$e" $o rea" !is poe$r# an" par$i ipa$e in "is ussions $!ere 'is &rien"s!ip 5i$!Tega ar$is$s/ espe ia # Nur!i"a#a$/ %ean$ $!a$ !e 5as &a%i iar 5i$! Tega Fs "e)e op%en$ an"i$s so ia prob e%s/ 5!i ! 5ere no$ )er# "i&&eren$ &ro% $!ose o& !is !o%e i$#/ So o In a e$-$er $o Nur!i"a#a$/ !e sai":

Are #ou $!inking o& !o5 $o pre)en$ Pasar Pagi Tega an" i$s !is$ori a )a ue &ro% being $orn "o5nan" os$> An" "onF$ &orge$ $o )isi$ $!e brig!$ So o/ 5!i ! a 5a#s ai%s $o be $!e eanes$ i$# bu$!au e)er#5!ere An" #es/ in So o $oo $!ere is a !is$ori a bui "ing $!a$ 5ou " be $opp e" $o bui "a %a T!is is a $ear-"o5n era O!/ sorr#: a "e)e op%en$ era BT!uku 1 1C

Pasar Pagi/ !in$e" a$ in $!e e$$er 5as a $ra"i$iona %arke$ in&or%a # es$ab is!e" b# s%a$ra"ers in Tega A$ $!e $i%e/ i$ !a" been ose" b# au$!ori$ies/ 5!o in$en"e" $o rep a e" i$5i$! a %o"ern p a7a T!e %o)e %e$ 5i$! anger an" resis$an e &ro% N0Os an" $!e o%%u-

1, I 5ou " ike $o $!ank *anang Se$ia5an &or $!is "e$ai Sin e "o u%en$a$ion o& $!is e)en$ is no$ a)ai ab e/*anangFs %e%or# o& $!is e)en$ 5as )er# !e p&u11 GJesenian #ang %urni i$u a"a a! ka au pen#air %ena%pi kan puisi-puisi #ang berisi pu i-pu ian $er!a"ap a a%/Tu!an/ %aupun !a -!a #ang baik/ bukan puisi #ang "isusupi berbagai kepen$ingan po i$ik karena ka au $ak !a$i-!a$i "apa$ %eni%bu kan kera5ananH

2+



ni$# A $!oug! $!e %arke$ $ra"ers 5ere u $i%a$e # re%o)e" b# &or e/ $!e pro e $ 5as !e " up&or unkno5n reasons A$ $!e $i%e $!a$ T!uku re i$e" !is on$ro)ersia poe%s $!e %arke$ areare%aine" &en e" o&& an" aban"one" Tega Fs ar$is$s 5ere no$ a 5a#s in)o )e" 5i$! $!e i)esan" s$rugg es o& $!e o5er asses T!e# 5ere o&$en "e$a !e" &ro% $!e% an" 5ere "epen"en$on so ioe ono%i re a$ions "o%ina$e" b# in$er%e"ia$e" s$ra$a B ur$is 1 <:284C T!e ar$is$s5ere a so "i)i"e" in $!eir response $o T!uku Fs per&or%an e/ 5i$! so%e seeing !i% as Ganou$si"erH 5!o %a"e a &uss in $!eir i$# On $!e one !an"/ $!e ar$is$s suppor$e" &ree"o% o&ar$is$i e pression .u$ on $!e o$!er !an"/ $!eir s$an"ing 5as o%pro%ise" be ause %an# o&$!e% 5ere a so i)i ser)an$sAs a %e%ber o& $!e o5er ass/ T!uku 5as no$ bur"ene" b# si%i ar ir u%s$an es 'o5-e)er/ $o "o 5!a$ !e "i" a$ $!e poe$r# rea"ing $ook e ep$iona ourage s!arpene" b# $!e po i$i-

a a5areness !e !a" gaine" T!oug! i$ 5as s$i ear # in T!uku Fs ar$is$i areer 5!en !e5ro$e G=e%in"erH in 1 8+/ !e !a"/ in &a $/ a rea"# "e)e ope" a bo " 5i ingness $o arr# ou$resis$an e T!e 5or" G=esis$QH i$se & 5as ar$i u a$e" b# T!uku be&ore $!e rise o& popu a%o)e%en$s in $!e a$e 1 8,s T!uku / signi&i an$ #/ G&oun"H $!e 5or" 5!i e o$!er so ia

%o)e%en$s 5ere s$i un"er pressure an" ike # being si en e" b# go)ern%en$-re a$e" agen-ies In s!or$/ i$ ou " be on u"e" $!a$ in er$ain ir u%s$an es/ poe$s an" poe$r# ou " ini$i-a$e resis$an e $o $!e ru er T!uku a so ons$an$ # re i$e" !is poe%s in )arious p a es an"e)en$s no$ on # on s$age bu$ a so in res$auran$s/ a$ 5e""ing par$ies/ or 5!ere)er ro5"s ga$!-ere"'e 5as a so a 5a#s in)i$e" b# s$u"en$s an" N0Os $o per&or% a$ $!eir se%inars an" an"es-$ine %ee$ings A $!oug! !is &ea$ure" 5or"/ Gresis$/H 5as us$ a 5or" i$ be a%e "eep # e%be"-"e" in $!e popu ar %o)e%en$ an" !is poe% be a%e &a%i iar $o a gro5ing nu%ber o& a $i)is$sGT!ere is on # one 5or": =esis$QH be a%e a )erba s#%bo o& opposi$ion $o $!e Ne5 Or"erA $!oug! $!ere 5ere a$$e%p$s b# %i"" e- ass in$e e $ua s/ a $i)is$s/ an" u $ura 5orkers $e%po5er $!e o5er ass/ in !is poe$r# rea"ings as "es ribe" abo)e T!uku s!o5e" $!a$ $!e

a$$er "i" no$ us$ !a)e a passi)e ro e $o p a# in $!e ar$is$i re a$ions!ip In a broa"er sense/wong /ilik !a" $!eir o5n in$eres$s/ 5!i ! so%e$i%es 5en$ agains$ $!ose o& $!e go)ern%en$/opposi$ion groups/ %i"" e- ass ar$is$s or a $i)is$s

2<



CLASS/ DOES IT MATTER4

A $!oug! %i"" e- ass a $i)is$s "i" 5an$ $o po i$i a # en ig!$en $!e o5er asses/ $!e# 5ereusua # unab e $o 5ork as one 5i$! $!e% 9i"" e- ass u $ura 5orkers $en"e" $o ren"er po)er$# or o5er- ass su&&ering as $!e ob e $ o& ar$is$i 5orks An" 5!i e s$i ri$i a o&oppressi)e regi%e/ $!e# pro"u e" 5orks $!a$ 5ere gui"e" b# Gar$is$i H per ep$ion ra$!er $!anso ia per ep$ion In"ee"/ su ! ar$is$i pra $i es %a# be seen as e p oi$ing $!e sub e $T!is approa ! "re5 ri$i is% &ro% so%e popu is$ u $ura 5orkers 5!o 5ere "e"i a$e" $o $!e

ibera$ion o& $!e o5er asses 9oe #ono/ a u $ura 5orker/ ga)e !is opinion on $!e %a$$er b#sa#ing/ GAr$is$s %us$ 5ork 5i$! $!e poor/ no$ &or $!e poor T!is is $!e on # 5a# $o a)oi" $!eire p oi$a$ionH B'ar#ono Da)i" 1 ,:2 C 9oe #ono pra $ise" 5!a$ !e prea !e" b# 5orking

5i$! an" organi7ing u $ura a $i)i$ies &or $!e peop e o& Wonore o/ Tu ungagung/ Eas$ a)aAs %en$ione" pre)ious #/ $!ese peop e 5ere )i $i%s o& a an" "ispu$e o)er $!e "e)e op%en$ o&a %a or "a% pro e $9oe #onoFs 5ork 5as re%inis en$ o& $!e *ekra %e$!o" o& G"o5n a%ong $!e peop eH:Turunke Bawah;Turba<) In i$s on&eren e in 1 +,/ *ekra asser$e" $!a$ GTurba H as a 5orking %e$!o"Ge presse" a par$i u ar on ep$ o& $!e re a$ions!ip be$5een u $ura 5orkers an" or"inar# peo- p e/ an" 5as in$en"e" $o ensure $!a$ $!e ar$is$ 5as a$ one 5i$! $!e $!oug!$s an" &ee ings o& $!e peop e/ no$ an obser)er o& $!eir i)es bu$ &u par$i ipan$ in $!e%H B ou !er 1 8+:11,C (sing$!is %e$!o"/ *ekra suppor$ers $rie" $o "is$inguis! $!e%se )es &ro% non-*ekra u $ura 5orkersan" raise issues o& ass i"en$i$#

A o5er- ass ar$is$ !i%se &/ Wi i T!uku sai" $!a$ ar$is$s 5ere preo upie" 5i$! $!e "eba$eabou$ 5!e$!er ar$ or ar$is$s %us$ be in)o )e" in $!e on re$e prob e%s &a ing $!e peop e or!i%/ 5!en popu ar unres$ agains$ $!e s$a$e began on a arge s a e/ su ! "eba$es be a%e irre e-)an$ GNo5 is no$ $!e rig!$ $i%e $o "is uss !o5 $!e ar$is$ %us$ be in)o )e" 5i$! $!e prob e%so& $!e peop e/H !e sai" GWe !a)e $o ea)e su ! "eba$es be!in" T!e in)o )e%en$ 5i$! an" $!esuppor$ o& $!e peop e no5 is being s!o5n in pra $i e T!is a$$i$u"e %us$ no5 be rea ise"$!roug! ar$ 5orksH BT!uku 1 ;:2CT!e son o& a pe"i ab "ri)er/ T!uku gre5 up in a poor urban neig!bour!oo" in So o T!e%a ori$# o& peop e in !is neig!bour!oo" 5ere pe"i ab "ri)ers an" 5orkers/ 5i$! $!e res$/ ike!i%/ being engage" in $!e in&or%a se $or G'is e perien e o& i&e a%ong $!e%/ an" !o5 !e

!a" $o "ea 5i$! $!ese si$ua$ions/ in&use" an" !ara $eri7e" !is 5orks/ bo$! in in$e e $ua an"aes$!e$i senseH B)on "er .or ! 1 8<:11C As an o "er son &ro% a poor &a%i #/ !e !a" $o &a e%an# "i&&i u $ies A&$er ea)ing s !oo a$ 1+ #ears o "/ !e suppor$e" !i%se & $!roug! se)era

asua obs/ in u"ing 5orking as a ne5spaper se er/ a "a# abourer an" as an e%p o#ee a$ as%a &urni$ure business'e 5as par$ o& $!e =en"ra an" Bengkel Teater ega # 'is in)o )e%en$ in u $ura a $i)i$ies began 5!en !e oine" a kampung $!ea$re &oun"e" b# *a5u War$a/ a &or%er %e%ber o& Bengkel Teater In !is o5n $roupe/ *a5u app ie" $!e e"u a$iona %e$!o"s !e !a" gaine" &ro% Bengkel Teater As an appren$i e/ T!uku a so a"%ire" =en"ra/ an" !is ear # 5orks 5eregrea$ # in& uen e" b# !i%

28



*ike =en"ra in !is ear # "a#s/ T!uku 5as 5e -kno5n as a poe$ 5!o 5as bra)e enoug! $o&a e $!e onse?uen es in or"er $o e press !is opinions as $!e# 5ere T!is a$$i$u"e %a"e !i% a persis$en$ $arge$ o& sur)ei an e an" repressi)e %easures b# $!e s$a$e appara$us 'e e peri-en e" $!is pressure no$ on # be ause !e 5as re ogni7e" as a ri$i a poe$ bu$ a so be ause o&!is "ire $ in)o )e%en$ in po i$i a a $i)i$ies a%ongs$ $!e o5er asses As a 5a# o& ar$i u a$ing !is o%%i$%en$/ !e an" a group o& o$!er #oung ra"i a s &oun"e" $!e Peop e De%o ra$iPar$# BP=DC T!is i ega par$# 5as a pro"u $ o& $!e popu ar %o)e%en$ $!a$ e%erge" "uring$!e a$e 1 8,s T!uku / 5!o 5as a rea"# a $i)e in opposi$ion %o)e%en$s a$ $!a$ $i%e/ 5asappoin$e" !ea" o& $!e u $ura "i)ision o& P=D As a %e%ber o& a poorer o%%uni$#/ T!uku5as a5are o& !is e p oi$e" an" %argina i7e" posi$ion 'is in)o )e%en$ in P=D ga)e %ore5eig!$ $o $!e %eaning o& !is resis$an e $!roug! ar$( $i%a$e #/ !o5e)er/ !e pai" $!e u $i%a$e pri e &or !is ra"i a u $ura an" po i$i a a $ions'is 5!ereabou$s !a)e been unkno5n &or %an# #ears no5 I$ is assu%e" $!a$ !e G"isappeare"Ha&$er being ki"nappe" b# $!e s$a$e se uri$# appara$us prior $o $!e rise o& $!e s$u"en$ "e%on-s$ra$ions ea"ing $o $!e &a o& Soe!ar$o in 9a# 1 8

W!i e T!uku an" =en"ra are arguab # $!e %os$ e pressi)e poe$s in $er%s o& $!eir so ia an" po i$i a on erns/ $!ere 5ere so%e signi&i an$ "i&&eren es be$5een $!e% (n ike =en"ra/ 5!o!a" a os%opo i$an so ia ba kgroun" an" s$u"ie" in Ne5 Kork/ T!uku gre5 up in a poorkampung in So o 9os$ o& T!uku Fs poe%s speak abou$ !is o5n i&e/ in u"ing $!e &o o5ing:

Song of a Pedicab Driver

If the pri/e of kerosene goes up, mother will fight

more often with father if the kerosene goes up, so will /hillies,

so will all basi/ ne/essitiesand we0ll be for/ed into the hands of the money lenders

:====< %amps need to burn, burning needs kerosene

stoma/hs need to be fulled, filling them needs food but father is .ust a be/ak dri$er

so when the family0s treasure be/ak

/omes home without money

mother will again start fighting with father

:Inside Indonesia 19 >!?1, translated by Keith @oul/her<

'e raise" issues in !is 5orks b# "is ussing prob e%s !e !i%se & !a" e perien e"/ prob e%s$!a$ 5ere si%i ar $!ose &a ing o$!ers in !is neig!bour!oo" 'e 5as o%p e$e # "e"i a$e" $o$!e peop e a%ong 5!o% !e i)e" an" a$$e%p$e" $o raise a5areness a%ong $!e% an" $o break$!e u $ure o& si en e B)on "er .or ! 1 8<: 28C As a resu $/ !e "i" no$ %ake !is poe%sanon#%ous an" a 5a#s spoke ou$ abou$ $!ings o urring in !is neig!bour!oo" 9an# poe$sraise" $!e sa%e issues/ bu$ so%e o& $!e%/ in u"ing =en"ra/ !a" no$ a $ua # e perien e" $!e$!ings $!a$ $!e# 5ro$e abou$:

2



Poor People

Poor People in the roads, li$ing in the gutters

They ha$e lost their battles

They are tantali ed by their dreamsAou must not forget them)

:===<

Poor people) "inful people

3arrying dark babies in their soulsrass and moss beside the highway

Aou must not negle/t them

:2$eling 8441!151<

In $er%s o& $!e 5or"s !osen b# =en"ra &or $!is 5ork/ !e ear # %a"e an appea &or grea$era$$en$ion $o $!e p ig!$ o& $!e poor .u$ b# abe ing $!e poor as G$!e#H =en"ra re)ea e" $!e gap be$5een $!e 5ri$er an" !is sub e $ =en"raFs poe%s 5ere s#%bo i a # ri$i a o& oppressionas !e sub e $i)e # in$erpre$e" i$ $!roug! ar$is$i per ep$ion/ no$ so ia per ep$ion In =en"raFs%in"/ poor peop e !a" $o &i$ a s$ereo$#pe o& G i)ing in $!e gu$$ers/H G osing $!eir ba$$ es/H an being Gsin&u H In $!is 5a#/ !e in$erpre$e" po)er$# $!roug! !is ar$is$i )ie5poin$ T!is 5as ani%por$an$ "i&&eren e be$5een =en"ra an" T!uku To T!uku / $!e $er% Gpoor peop eH a sore&erre" $o !i%se & sin e !e 5as o& a poor &a%i # ba kgroun" 'e regar"e" !is s$a$us as a )i -

ager as %ore i%por$an$ $!an !is s$a$us as a poe$ @i agers are %e%bers o& !u%ankin" 5i$! prob e%s $!a$ %us$ be s ru$inise" an" so )e"/ an" poe$r# 5as bu$ one %e$!o" o& e pressing$!ese prob e%s T!uku be ie)e" $!a$ $!e prob e%s o& poe$r# an" aes$!e$i s 5ere no$!ing5!en o%pare" 5i$! $!e rea prob e%s &a ing !is )i age o%%uni$#

3,



CONCL.SION

T!e per&or%ing ar$s are a ru ia o%ponen$ o& In"onesian so ie$# I$ is in $!is on$e $ $!a$ $!e Ne5 Or"er regi%e !a" $o $r# $o on$ro $!e% per%anen$ # as a %eans o& perpe$ua$ing i$s !ege-%on# T!e regi%e %obi i7e" a possib e %eans $o sus$ain i$s e is$en e T!e "ire $ in)o )e-%en$ o& $!e regi%eFs po i$i a ins$i$u$ions/ in u"ing i$s ensors!ip agen #/ $!e po i e/ an"

o a au$!ori$ies/ in G%anagingH $!e ar$is$i sp!ere in rease" peop eFs a5areness o& po i$i aissuesT!e presen e o& er$ain e i$es a$ ar$is$i per&or%an es 5as no$ on # a %eans o& on$ro bu$ aan oppor$uni$# &or $!e regi%e $o %ake a s!o5 o& &or e A$ *alam Puisi *erah Putih an" $!e poe$r# rea"ing in Se%arang "is usse" ear ier/ !ege%on# 5as un !a enge" an" e)en sup-

por$e" b# $!e ar$is$s presen$ An# a$$e%p$ b# $!e ar$is$s an" $!e regi%e $o o abora$e on #5eakene" $!e bargaining po5er o& $!e &or%er =egar" ess o& $!e &a $ $!a$ $!ese ar$is$s s!ou "!a)e $rie" $o ser)e as agen$s o& !ange/ $!e# in &a $ re%aine" in subser)ien$ posi$ions as "o%i-na$e" a $orsW!a$ 5as !appening in Tega / !o5e)er/ s!o5e" !o5 $!e presen e o& $!e s$a$e appara$us a so

ou " $rigger on& i $ on& i $ 5as on # possib e 5!en $!ere 5ere a $s or %o)e%en$s %a"e $o!a enge $!ose in po5er T!uku Fs a $ions in Tega on$es$e" $!e regi%eFs !ege%oni "esign

T!ere&ore/ in Ne5 Or"er In"onesia/ $!e ar$s 5ere no$ on # areas o& on$es$a$ion be$5een $!ose5!o suppor$e" $!e regi%e an" $!ose 5!o ri$i i7e" i$ bu$ a so a G"is ursi)e &ie "H on$es$e" b# bo$! po i$i ian-a"%inis$ra$ors an" ar$is$s as agen$s o& $!e suba $ern

31



APPENDI5

Reminder

If the people lea$e

while the rulers make a spee/h

-e must be /areful

Perhaps they are desperate

-hen the people hide

and whisper

while dis/ussing their own problems

the rulers must be $igilant and learn to listen

If the people don0t dare to /omplain

That means it is serious

2nd if what the rulers say Is not to be disputed

Then the truth is surely in danger

If proposals are re.e/ted without /onsideration

Coi/es silen/ed /riti/ism banned for no reason

2//used of sub$ersion and disturbing the pea/e

Then there is only one word! esist

-i.i Thukul, "olo, 19 6

:Translated by -ill (erks 1995<

32



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'ar#ono/ En"# Da)i" 1 , G9oe #ono: Ar$ an" So ia Trans&or%a$ionH/ Inside Indonesia) No 2;MDe e%ber pp:2 -3,

'arsono/ An"reas 1 8 GA S$ar is .anne"H/ Inside Indonesia No 13MDe e%ber pp: 14-1;

'a$ e#/ .arbara 1 8 GNo$ b# =o#a o%%an": Peop eFs T!ea$re in Kog#a an" So oH/ Inside Indonesia No 13MDe e%ber pp: 2+-2

R 1 , GT!ea$re as u $ura =esis$an e in on$e%porar# In"onesiaH/ in: Arie& .u"i%an Be"C"tateand 3i$il "o/iety in Indonesia Pp: 321-348 a#$on: 9onas! Asia Ins$i$u$e/ 9onas! (ni)er-si$#

R 1 4 G u $ura E pressionH/ in: 'a 'i Be"C Indonesia0s +ew 'rder! The (ynami/s of "o/io

D/onomi/ Transformation Aus$ra ia: A en (n5in

33



'er#an$o/ Arie 1 , GIn$ro"u $ion: S$a$e I"eo og# an" i)i Dis ourseH/ in Arie& .u"i%an Be" <)"tate and 3i$il "o/iety in Indonesia) a#$on: 9onas! Asia Ins$i$u$e/ 9onas! (ni)ersi$#/Pp:28 -3,,

R 1 + GIn"onesian 9i"" e- ass Opposi$ions in 1 ,sH/ in =o"an/ 0ar# Be"C Politi/al 'ppositionin Industrialising 2sia *on"on: =ou$ e"ge/ pp: 241-2<1

'ooker/ @irginia 9 Di k/ 'o5ar" 1 3 GIn$ro"u $ionH/ in 'ooker/ @irginia 9 Be"C3ulture and"o/iety in +ew 'rder Indonesia) Jua a *u%pur: O &or" (ni)ersi$# Press/ Pp: 1-14

*ane/ 9a 1 1&'penness , Politi/al (is/ontent and "u//ession in Indonesia! Politi/al (e$elopment in Indonesia, 19 9 1991 / Aus$ra ia-Asia paper No ;+ Na$!an/ ueens an": en$re &or $!eS$u"# o& Aus$ra ia-Asia =e a$ions/ 0ri&&i$! (ni)ersi$#

R 2,,< Bangsa yang Belum "elesai! Indonesia sebelum dan sesudah "uharto akar$a: =e&or% Ins$i-$u$e

*in"sa#/ enni&er 2,,; Performing in the 844E Indonesian Dle/tions) Asia =esear ! Ins$i$u$e Work-

ing Paper Series/ No 4; Asia =esear ! Ins$i$u$e: Na$iona (ni)ersi$# o& Singapore*o k!ar"/ raig A 1 8 (an/e of %ife! Popular *usi/ and Politi/s in "outheast 2sia 'ono u u: (ni-

)ersi$# o& 'a5aii Press

*u as/ An$on 2,,3 H=e&or%asi *oka "i a5a Pasisir: Jasus a$u!n#a Seorang Wa iko$a "i Tega H/in S !i er/ i% Be" C #alan Ter.al eformasi %okal! (inamika Politik di Indonesia) Kog#akar$a:Progra% Pas asar ana Po i$ik *oka "an O$ono%i Daera!/ (ni)ersi$as 0a" a! 9a"a pp 1+1-1 <

G9en$eri/ Pengusa!a/ "an Seni%an akan .a a Puisi .ersa%a "i 9onasH/ 1 ;/ Kompas, issue: 8M12

9urra#/ A ison 1 1 GJa%pung u $ure an" =a"i a !i in akar$aH/ I*2 / 5in$er @o 2;/ No 1 Pp:1-1+

Pea o k/ a%es 1 +8) ites of *oderni ation! "ymboli/ and "o/ial 2spe/ts of Indonesian Proletarian (rama 1966) !i ago: (ni)ersi$# o& !i ago Press

GPe aba$/ Pen#air/ 9enggo#ang 9onasH/ 1 1/ Pikiran akyat, issue 8M8

GPen e asan =en"ra $en$ang De%ons$rasi Pe%ba aan PuisiH1 4/ Kompas / issue: ;M11

GPen#air "an =u%a! 9erekaH/ 1 4/ epublika, issue: M1

GPes$a Jong o%era$/ 9en$eri "an Pen#airH 1 ;/ epublika / issue: 8M2,

Piper/ Su7an 1 ; GPer&or%an e &or i&$# Kears o& In"onesian In"epen"en e: Ar$i es &ro% $!eIn"onesian PressH/ I*2 / )o u%e 2; Win$er an" Su%%er Pp: 3<-;8

S o$$/ a%es 1 , (omination and the 2rts of esistan/e! 7idden Trans/ripts Ne5

'a)en: Ka e (ni)ersi$#

GSe u% a! 9en$ri Akan 9e%ba a PuisiH/ 1 1/"uara *erdeka / issue: 8M1

Sen/ Jris!na 'i / Da)i" 2,,, *edia, 3ulture and Politi/s in Indonesia 9e bourne: O &or" (ni-)ersi$# Press

Siege / a%es T 1 8+"olo in the +ew 'rder! %anguage and 7ierar/hy in an Indonesian 3ity

Prin e$on: Prin e$on (ni)ersi$# Press

34



GTak Suka Seni%an #ang Ti"ak Pro&esiona H/ 1 4/"uara *erdeka / issue: 8M1;

T!uku / Wi i 1 1 Persona e$$er

R 1 4 GPuisi-Po isi "an Je%er"ekaan Pen#airLTanggapan .ua$ .eno Siang Pa%ungkasH 2.ang / No 1 pp:12-14

R 1 ; G9e%bisu A$au 9e a5an>H (npub is!e" paper &or a "is ussion *embongkar Budaya Bisuin 0a" a! 9a"a (ni)ersi$#

@an Er)en/ Eugene 1 2The playful e$olution! The Popular Theatre and %iberation in 2sia. oo%ing$on: In"iana (ni)ersi$# Press

)on Der .or !/ =oss #n 1 8< GPoe$s Agains$ Si en eH/ Insi"e In"onesia No 12MO $ober pp: 28-31

R 1 88 2rt and 2/ti$ism! "ome DFamples from 3ontemporary 3entral #a$a

9onograp! No 4 A"e ai"e: in"ers (ni)ersi$# Asian S$u"ies

Wi"o"o/ A%ri! 1 ; GT!e S$ages o& $!e S$age: Ar$s o& $!e Peop e an" =i$es o& 'ege%oni7a$ionH/ I*2 / )o u%e 2; Win$er an" Su%%er Pp 1-3;

Wi son/ Ian Doug as 1 <The Politi/s of Possession! 3ommunity 2rts in +ew 'rder #a$a .AB'onsC $!esis Per$!: 9ur"o ! (ni)ersi$#

3;





S6DOSTASIEN Wor#in$ Papers

1 Hans-Dieter Kubitscheck B1 +C Das S "os$asien-Ins$i$u$ an "er 'u%bo "$-(ni)ersi$ $

7u .er in ur 0es !i !$e "er S "os$asien5issens !a&$en2 Andreas Schneider B1 +C =ein$egra$ion (n$ersu !ungen a% .eispie ao$is !er Abso -

)en$en"eu$s !er .i "ungseinri !$ungen3 Ingrid Wessel B1 +C S$a$e an" Is a% in In"onesia On $!e in$erpre$a$ion o& I 9I4 guyen !inh H" B1 +C Die Erg n7ungsg ie"er i% )ie$na%esis !en Sa$7; #rsula $ies B1 +C @ie$na%ese S$u"ies in Aus$ra ia+ !artin Klein B1 <C a)anis%us un" 'errs !a&$ in In"onesien u% usa%%en!ang )on

Ju $urin$erpre$a$ion un" I"eo ogie @ors$u"ien 7u einer Jri$ik "er po i$is !en Pra is "er Neuen Or"nung In"onesiens

< %homas &ngelbert B1 <C S$aa$skapi$a is%us un$er "er !rung einer na$iona is$is !enPar$ei ur gegen5 r$igen Diskussion "es usa%%en!anges 75is !en Ukono%is !e%Prag%a$is%us un" po i$is !er *egi$i%ierung "er Jo%%unis$is !en Par$ei in @ie$na%

8 guyen !inh H" B1 <C ur En$5i k ung "er )ie$na%esis !en Spra !e un" S !ri&$'ean-Domini(ue )iacometti B1 8C *a .a$ai e "e a Pias$re 1 18-1 28 =Va i$VsV ono%i?ues e$ per ep$ions po i$i?ues "ans FE%pire o onia ran ais

1, )eorgia Wimh*fer B1 8C Wissens !a&$ un" =e igiosi$ $ i% Werk )on K . 9angun5i- a#a

11 #ta )+rtner / 9#an%ar )ers$e!en: Spra ! e!rbu ! B11M1 2C 0 ossar un" S ! sseB11M3C 2 Au& age

12 guyen !inh H" B2,,3C Ein& !rung in "ie P!one$ik "er )ie$na%esis !en Spra !e 4Au& age

13 Kristina ,hhim B1 8C Die 2 Par a%en$s5a! en Ja%bo"s !as 'o&&nung o"er ar e>14 Stefan Hell B1 8C Sia% un" "er @U kerbun"/ 1 2,-1 4+1; ,laudia )*t e-Sam B2,,2C We !e gra%%a$is !en =e a$ionen )erbergen si ! !in$er "en

sog Passi)kons$ruk$ionen i% J!%er> 2 Au& age1+ guyen !inh H" B1 C @ie$na%esis ! 7u% An&assen Jon)ersa$ion/ Tei 1

1< guyen !inh H" B2,,,C @ie$na%esis ! 7u% An&assen Jon)ersa$ion/ Tei 218 guyen !inh H" B2,,,C @ie$na%esis ! 7u% An&assen Jon)ersa$ion/ Tei 31 !ichael Steinmet B2,,,C Sia% i% a!r 24<; B1 32C: Das En"e "er abso u$en 9onar-

!ie2, 'ohannes Herrmann B2,,,C S$aa$ un" 9ens !enre !$e i% De%okra$isierungspro7ess in

In"onesien21 Andreas Schneider B2,,1C *aos i% 2, a!r!un"er$: Jo onie un" JUnigrei !/ .e&rei$e

one un" @o ksrepub ik

22 Hein Sch tteB2,,3C 'un"re" o5ers in @ie$na%/ 1 ;;-1 ;<23 %homas &ngelbert and 'ana /aendchen0 Be"sC B2,,3C o o?uiu% an" =oun"-Tab e

Dis ussion on E$!ni 9inori$ies an" Po i$i s in Sou$!eas$ Asia



24 1erena 2eittinger B2,,4C 5ie$ra !$ in "er @ie &a $: In"onesiens !inesis !e 9in"er!ei$/"as 9asa a! ina un" "ie 9aiunru!en 1 8

2; Dirk Heidersbach B2,,4C Wi"ers$an"/ Assi%i a$ion "ie rage na ! "er *egi$i%i$ $:Die =o e "er re igiUsen Tra"i$ionen Nor"$!ai an"s 75is !en 18<4 un" 18 2

2+ An3a Herbst B2,,4C Das Jon& ik$&e " A e! i% =a!%en "er De7en$ra isierungspo i$ik inIn"onesien2< guyen %hanh Duc B2,,;C Pri)a$isierung in Os$"eu$s ! an" un" einige S ! uss&o gerun-

gen & r @ie$na%28 )unnar Stange B2,,;C Is a%is$is !er Terroris%us )or "e% 'in$ergrun" "er De%okra$i-

sierung in In"onesien2 Ant3e !i4bach0 &5a Streifeneder0 /agnar K. Willer/ 'rsg B2,,+C In"onesia X se"ang

%engapa> Neus$e ors !ungsbei$r ge "es Dok$oran"en Ne$75erk In"onesien3, 'ohann 6riedrich Herling B2,,+C S$au" %%e in "er Oberen 9ekong-=egion Ana #se

"er Aus5irkungen au& "ie Anrainers$aa$en "es 9ekongs31 Sindy Herrmann und 6rederik Holst / 'rsg B2,,<C 0ese s !a&$ un" Po i$ik in S "-

os$asien Eine s$u"en$is !e es$s !ri&$ 7u E!ren )on Pro& Dr Ingri" Wesse32 6rederik Holst und &5a Streifeneder/ 'rsg B2,,<C 9#an%ar Eine s$u"en$is !e es$-

s !ri&$ 7u E!ren )on Dr ($a 0 r$ner33 Serhat 7naldi B2,,8C =e ons$ru $ing Angkor I%ages o& $!e Pas$ an" T!eir I%pa $ on

T!ai- a%bo"ian =e a$ions34 2arbara 8eus B2,,8C I"en$i$ies in E i De- an" =e$erri$oria ising E$!ni I"en$i$# an" T!e

ase o& .ur%ese or e" 9igran$s in T!ai an"

3; &5a Streifeneder und 2oryano /ickum0 'rsg B2,, C uo @a"is/ In"onesien>Neus$e.ei$r ge "es Dok$oran"en Ne$75erk In"onesien

3+ Hans-2ernd 8*llner B2,, C Nei$!er Sa&&ron Nor =e)o u$ion A o%%en$a$e" an" Do u-%en$e" !rono og# o& $!e 9onksF De%ons$ra$ions in 9#an%ar in 2,,< an" $!eir .a k-groun" PA=T I

3< Hans-2ernd 8*llner B2,, C Nei$!er Sa&&ron Nor =e)o u$ion A o%%en$a$e" an" Do u-%en$e" !rono og# o& $!e 9onksF De%ons$ra$ions in 9#an%ar in 2,,< an" $!eir .a k-groun" PA=T II: Do u%en$s

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SOA-WP - 038 - Performing Arts and Politics in New Order Indonesia - Compromise and Resistance...

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