Social Culture & ChangeSocial Culture & ChangeUnit 9

Sources of Social ChangeSources of Social ChangeEnvironment

◦Natural DisastersPopulation

◦Birth rates◦Death rates◦Subcultures

Sources of Social ChangeSources of Social ChangeTechnology

◦Technological Determinism◦Automation◦Cultural lag◦Cultural Innovation

Discovery Invention Diffusion

Sources of Social ChangeSources of Social ChangeModernization

◦Industrialization◦Urbanization◦Bureaucratization◦Convergence Theory

Sources of Social ChangeSources of Social ChangeHuman Interactions

◦Human action◦Collective behavior

Environmental Factors Lack of Norms Relative Deprivation Breakdown of Social Control

◦Social movement

Sources of Social ChangeSources of Social ChangeGlobal Development

◦Developed countries = rich◦Undeveloped countries = poor

Theories of Social ChangeTheories of Social ChangeSociocultural Evolution Theory

◦Mutilinear◦Simple to Complex

Cyclical Theory◦Spengler: Society as an organism◦Toynbee: Society as a response to a

challenge◦Sorokin: Sensate (gratification) and

Ideational (faith) societies

Theories of Social ChangeTheories of Social ChangeFunctionalist

◦Emile Durkheim◦Talcott Parsons

Equilibrium Theory

Conflict◦Karl Marx

Interactionist◦Erving Goffman

Dramaturgical

World System ModelWorld System ModelWorld SystemColonial SystemImperialismNeocolonialismMultinational Corporations

Social ChangeSocial ChangeRevolutionCollective Behavior

◦Neil Smelser’s 6 Conditions Triggering Collective Behavior Structural Conductiveness Structural Strain Generalized Belief Precipitating Factors Mobilization of Participants toward Action Social Control

Group BehaviorGroup BehaviorCrowds

◦Casual Crowd◦Conventional Crowd◦Expressive Crowd◦Solidaristic Crowd◦Active Crowd

Mob Riot

Group BehaviorGroup BehaviorGustave le Bon

◦Contagion Theory Invincibility Suggestibility

Lewis Killian◦Emergent-Norm Theory

Mass BehaviorMass BehaviorDiffuse CrowdsMass Behavior

◦Panic ◦Mass Hysteria◦Disaster Behavior◦Fashion◦Fads◦Crazes

Collective CommunicationCollective CommunicationMass MediaTechnological Development

◦Cell phone◦Email◦Txtng ur bff

Negative Communication◦Rumor◦Gossip

Collective CommunicationCollective CommunicationNeutral Communication

◦Public Communication◦Opinion Leaders◦Propaganda◦Urban Legends

Social MovementsSocial Movements4 Primary Social Movements

◦Reform Movements◦Revolutionary Movements◦Resistance (Regressive) Movements◦Expressive (Utopian) Movements

Social MovementsSocial MovementsThe 4 Stage Life Course

◦Preliminary Stage◦Popular Stage (Legitimization)◦Formal Organizational Stage

(Bureaucratization)◦Institutional Stage

TerrorismTerrorismTerrorism

◦State Terrorism◦Revolutionary Terrorism

Theories of Social Theories of Social MovementMovement

Psychological Theories◦Social movements as deviance

Strain Theories◦Deprivation

Resource Mobilization Theories◦John McCarthy & Mayer Zald

Population CountsPopulation CountsPopulationCensusVital Statistics

◦Population Projections◦Population Forecasts

Population Composition◦Gender Ratio◦Racial Ratio◦Educational Ratio◦SES Ratio

Population GrowthPopulation Growth3 Factors to Population Growth

◦Fertility (birth) Rates◦Mortality (death) Rates

Age-specific death rates Neonatal & infant mortality rates

◦Migration (attrition) Rates International Internal Immigration Emmigration

Population GrowthPopulation GrowthLife SpanLife ExpectancyPopulation GrowthDemographic Transition Theory

◦High Birth/High Death◦High Birth/Low Death◦Low Birth/Low Death

Zero Population Growth

Population ControlPopulation ControlFamily PlanningAntinatalismEconomic IncentivesEconomic Improvements

UrbanizationUrbanizationUrbanizationMetropolis

◦City◦Suburb◦Rural

MegalopolisEdge CitiesGentrification into low SES areas

UrbanizationUrbanizationHerbert Gains: 5 Major Groups in

Cities◦Cosmopolites◦Unmarried & Childless◦Ethnic Villagers◦The Deprived◦The Trapped

Urban EcologyUrban EcologyUrban Ecology

◦Ecological Segregation◦Invasion & Succession

Ernest Burgess◦Concentric Zone Model

Social Area Analysis

Urban TheoryUrban TheoryFerdinand Tonnies

◦Gemeinschaft◦Gesellischaft

Louis Wirth◦3 Characteristics of Cities: Size,

Population Density, and Social Diversity’

Herbert Gans◦Suburban culture a product of status

& class

Social ConflictSocial ConflictWar vs PeaceArms RaceNuclear WarWar on Terror

Social ConflictSocial ConflictNuclear War

◦4 Principle (Immediate) Effects Electromagnetic Pulse Explosive Blast (pressure jump) Excessive Heat Direct Radiation

◦Long-Term Effects Fallout

Early Fallout Delayed Fallout