SOCIAL GROUPS

Group

Group: two or more people who interact with one another, share similar characteristics and collectively have a sense of unity ,aware of their Membership in a Group ,expect common motives and goals from one another

Fundamental Types of Groups

1.Aggregation( Gathering in a certain place accidentally Having a common goals, Temporarily )

2.Category( A Number of persons who have a common characters )

3. share in a regular Relations based on an organized model

Determined Groupsinvoluntary Groups

Determined Groups: A chosen group by those whose are interested to be a member of that.involuntary Groups: A group that some peoples will chose it's membership involuntarily

In-groupOut-group

In-group :a social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty. It is a group that an individual identifies in positive direction. If a person is part of the in-group then they are collectively part of an inner circle of friends.

Out-group :a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition. It is a group that an individual identifies in negative direction

Social distance

Social distance describes the distance between different groups of society and is opposed to locational distance. The notion includes all differences such as social class, race/ethnicity or gender, but also the fact that the different groups do not mix. The term is often applied in cities, but its use is not limited to that

The main causes of social distance:1.Tribal Tendencies2.Political viewpoint3.Class distances4.Civilwars5.The lack of social integrity6.conflicts

Ways to reduce social distance

FreedomJusticeRespect to the rights of mankindsPrevention of differences causing conflicts and

ambiguities

Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft

• Tönnies’s conception of the nature of social systems is based on his distinction between the Gemeinschaft (communal society) and the Gesellschaft (associational society)

• the Gemeinschaft : In the rural, peasant societies that characterize the Gemeinschaft, personal relationships are defined and regulated on the basis of traditional social rules. People have simple and direct face-to-face relations with each other that are determined by Wesenwille (natural will)—natural and spontaneously arising emotions and expressions of sentiment.

• The Gesellschaft, in contrast, is the creation of Kürwille (rational will) and is typified by modern, cosmopolitan societies with their government bureaucracies and large industrial organizations.

• In the Gesellschaft, rational self-interest and calculating conduct act to weaken the traditional bonds of family, kinship, and religion that permeate the Gemeinschaft’s structure. In the Gesellschaft, human relations are more impersonal and indirect, being rationally constructed in the interest of efficiency or other economic and political considerations

Primary groupsSecondary groups

• a primary group is a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships. People joined in primary relationships spend a great deal of time together, engage in a wide range of activities, feel that they know one another well and they show real concern for one another.

• In every society, the family is the most important primary group. Groups based on lasting friendships are also primary groups.

• Secondary groups are large groups involving formal and institutional relationships. Secondary relationships involve weak emotional ties and little personal knowledge of one another. Most secondary groups are short term, beginning and ending without particular significance while They may last for years.

• The formation of primary groups happens within secondary groups.• Primary groups can be present in secondary settings. For example, attending a

university exemplifies membership of a secondary group, while the friendships that are made there would be considered a primary group that he/she belong to. Likewise, some businesses care deeply about the well being of one another, while some immediate families have hostile relations within it.

The Advantages of “Process of advancement of Secondary groups to association”

1.Development of organizational proficiency 2.growth of specialization3. expansion of notions of society4.Fostering of talents

Common subjects of social groups

1.Compatibility and adaptation to other influential groups

2.Supervision on internal factors in order to reach to the goals

3.Special control of the member's emotions4.continuation of integrity among group

members appropriately

official formationunofficial formation

official formation: A Complex based on orders, principles, methods, systems, echelon and stratum, bureaucracies ,punishments and encouragement, division of responsibilities

unofficial formation complex comprising more honesty, based on unofficial laws, compatibility to variable and uncertain situations, more loyalty and honesty

LeadershipLeadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction,

implementing plans, and motivating people: Instrumental leaderExpressive leadersInstrumental leader: It is a focused style of leadership that is often a vital part of

an organization, especially when it is first formed. 1.An instrumental leader is the one who leads in strategy and functionality. 2.An instrumental leader helps organize processes, set projects into motion, and

coordinates work with other. 3.An Instrumental leader uses all resources available to achieve very particular

goals 4.instrumental leaders are more engaged in producing the desired result by

directing the teamExpressive leaders are motivated by relationships. For these leaders, it is all about

getting an entire group working harmoniously together in pursuit of a mutual goal.

Since expressive leaders value and rely on relationships to achieve results, managers who enter into this level are likely to spend time with colleague to get their input and concerns as well as in hopes of maintaining a pleasant, warm, working relationship

Leadership Styles1.autocratic or authoritarian :This style is used when leaders

tell their employees what they want done and how they want it accomplished, without getting the advice of their followers

2.participative or democratic :This style involves the leader including one or more employees in the decision making process (determining what to do and how to do it). However, the leader maintains the final decision making authority

3.delegative or laissez-fair :In this style, the leader allows the employees to make the decisions. However, the leader is still responsible for the decisions that are made. This is used when employees are able to analyze the situation and determine what needs to be done and how to do it