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Social Psychology
Person PerceptionO Process of forming impressions of
others.O Perceptions often inaccurate – many
biases and fallacies in perception.
Physical AppearanceO Attractive looking people command
more attention than the less attractive.
O Judgment of other personalities often persuaded by appearance
O Good looking people are perceived to be more competent
StereotypesO Widely held beliefs that people have
certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group.
O Most common stereotypes: gender, age, ethnic, occupational
StereotypesO Positive: a normal cognitive process.
Saves time on understanding people individually
O Negatives:O Lack of accuracyO Ignores diversity within social groupsO Expectations may lead people to
misperceive individuals
StereotypesO Gender:
O Women are emotional, submissive, illogical and passive
O Men are unemotional, dominant, logical, aggressive
StereotypesO Age: Elderly are slow, feeble, rigid,
forgetful, asexualO EthnicO Occupational:
O Lawyers are manipulativeO Accountants are conformingO Artists are moody
Subjectivity In Person Perspective
O Stereotypes create biases that often lead to confirmation of people’s expectations about others
O Illusory Correlation: when people estimate that they have encountered more confirmations of an association between social traits than they have actually seen. O People selectively recall facts that fit
with their stereotypes.
Evolutionary & Bias in Person Perception
O Many of the biases seen in social perception were adaptive in human ancestral environment
O Physical attractiveness associated with reproductive health in women, and material resources in men.
AttributionsO Inferences that people draw about
the causes of events, others’ behaviors, and their own behavior
Internal AttributionsO Personal dispositionsO TraitsO Abilities and feelingsO “ I was late for school because I over
slept”
External AttributionsO Situational demandsO Environmental constraints.O “ I was late for school because the
bus broke down”
Fundamental Attribution Error
O Observers bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others behavior.
O “ The student failed the test because they were not smart enough”
Defensive AttributionO Tendency to blame victims for their
misfortune so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way.
Actor – Observer BiasO Actors favor external attributions for
their behavior ( the situation caused the behavior)
O Observers are more likely to explain the same behavior with internal attributions.
O Observers are often not aware of external factors ( historical and situational factors )
Interpersonal Attraction
O Positive feelings toward another
Key Factors In Attraction
O Physical AttractivenessO Key determinant in romantic
attractionO Vital in initial stage of dating
The Matching Hypothesis: Males and females of approximately equal attractiveness are likely to seek each other as partners
Key Factors In Attraction
O Similarity EffectO Similarity causes attractionO Dating partners gradually modify
attitudes
Passionate LoveO Complete absorption in another that
includes tender sexual feelings and the agony and ecstasy of intense emotion.
Compassionate LoveO Warm, trusting, tolerant affection for
another whose life is deeply intertwined with one’s own.
Love As Attachment
Secure: majority secure attachment to caretaker in infancy
Anxious – Ambivalent: Very anxious when separated from caretaker in infancy
Avoidant: Never bonded with caretaker in infancy
Love As Attachment (Adults )
O Secure: (56% )easy to get close to others, love relationship trusting
O Anxious Ambivalent:(20%) preoccupied with love, and accompanied by expectations of rejection. Volatile & Jealous
O Avoidant: (24%) difficult to get close to others / love lacking intimacy and trust
Culture & Close Relationships
O People value: mutual attraction, kindness, intelligence….
O Gender differences universalO Collectivism prevalent in Japan,
China, India – but declining
InternetO Positive so farO Social Networks – superficial but
intimate
Evolutionary Perspective
O Physical appearance important – good looks indicate good health & fertility
O Facial SymmetryO Women: men prefer hour glass figure
& youthfulnessO Men: Women prefer ambition, status,
financial potential
Attitudes: Social Judgments
O Attitudes – positive or negative evaluations of objects of thought.
O Objects of Thought: social issues, institutions, consumer products, people
Components of Attitude
OAffective: emotiuonsabout an attitude
OBehaviors - act a certain way toward an attitude
OCognitive: Beliefs about an attitude
Dimensions of AttitudeO Strong: firmly held, durable, powerful
on behaviorO Accessibility: How often and how
quickly one thinks – highly correlated with strength
O Ambivalent: conflicted evaluations
Attitudes & BehaviorO Attitudes may not always predict
behavior
O Strong attitudes that are highly accessible are more predictable of behavior
O Attitudes interact with social situational constraints ( social pressure ) to shape behavior
Explicit / Implicit Attitudes
O Explicit: conscious / can describe readily
O Implicit: Covert ( hidden )O People have little controlO Automatic responsesO Central in study of prejudiceO Negative ideas can seep into
subconcious
PersuasionO Source: Person who sends
communicationO ExpertiseO TrustworthinessO Likeabilility
PersuasionO Message
O 1 sided or 2 sidedO Fear worksO Truth Effect / Mere Exposure Effect
PersuasionO Receiver
O PersonalityO Expectations – forewarningO Stronger – more resistantO Resistance – people can become
more certain about their attitudes
Learning TheoryO Attitude learned from parents, peers,
media, cultural traditions, and society
O Classical Conditioning ( evaluative )O Transfer emotion to an unconditional
stimulus (US) to a new conditioned stimulus (CS)
O Advertising using celbrities
Learning TheoryO Operant Conditioning
O Agreement a reinforcerO Disagreement a punisher
Observational - another’s opinion may rub off / others may reinforce if they agree
Cognitive DissonanceO Inconsistent cognitions – cause
contradictionO Unpleasant tension - motivates
people to reduce dissonance
Elaboration LikelihoodO Central Route to persuasion -
content and logic of message
O Peripheral Route to persuasion – non message factors: attractiveness, credibility of source, emotional response
Solomon Asch 1907 - 1996
O Leader of Social Psychology during the 1950’s
O Investigated conformity
Asch ExperimentO Used 7 participants, 6 were
accomplices to the experimenterO 1 a subject
O Would the majority of people state an obviously wrong answer just to conform to the group? YES!!!!!70% at least once5% every time
Solomon Asch’s Conformity Experiment (1952)
Asch ExperimentO If one person dissents:
O Conformity lowered by ¼O Conformity lessened by hearing
someone question then accuracy
Normative InfluenceO When people conform to social
norms for fear of negative social consequences ABOUT BEING LIKED
Informational InfluenceO When people look to others for
guidance about how to behave in ambiguous situations
CONCERNED ABOUT BEING RIGHT not being liked
ObedienceO A form of compliance that occurs
when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in authority.