Socialization is the process by which children and adults learn from others. We begin learning from others during the early days of life; and most people continue their social learning all through life (unless some mental or physical disability slows or stops the learning process). Sometimes the learning is fun, as when we learn a new sport, art or musical technique from a friend we like. At other times, social learning is painful, as when we learn not to drive too fast by receiving a large fine for speeding.

a continuing process whereby an individual acquires a personal identity and learns the norms, values, behavior, and social  skills appropriate to his or her social  position2. the act or process of making socialistic: the socialization of industry.

Related SearchesAgents of sociali...Importance of soc...Theories in socia...Gender socializat...Agent of socializ...Primary and secon...Political sociali...Socialization of ...Nearby Wordssociabilitysociablesociablysocialsocial accounti...social actionsocial activityDid you know:When you barbecue, you're using a very old word from Haiti. What did it originally mean?

socialization[soh-shuh-luh-zey-shuh n]   Sociology and Development Master degree in anthropology and sociology of development in Geneva. graduateinstitute.ch MA Social Research A World Leading Masters Programme University of Sheffield www.shef.ac.uk/socstudies/ppt/ American School Guangzhou Guangzhou's largest and most established international school Ads

www.aisgz.org

so·cial·i·za·tion

   [soh-shuh-luh-zey-shuh n] Show IPA noun 1. a continuing process whereby an individual acquires a personal identity and learns the norms, values, behavior, and social  skills appropriate to his or her social  position. 2. the act or process of making socialistic: the socialization of industry. Instant Grammar Checker Correct All Grammar Errors And Enhance Your Writing. Try Now! www.Grammarly.com English for lawyers Professional English language study materials for lawyers. Ads

www.legalfox.co.uk Origin: 1885–90; socialize  + -ationDictionary.com UnabridgedBased on the Random House Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2011. Cite This Source |Link To socialization

:03

Socialization has a plethora of syllables. So is dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. Does it mean:

a white, crystalline, water-insoluble solid, C14H9Cl5, usually derived from chloral by reaction with chlorobenzene in the presence of fuming sulfuric acid: used as an insecticide and as a scabicide and pediculicide: agricultural use prohibited in the U.S.

given to using long words.

LEARN MORE LONG WORDS WITH WORD DYNAMO...

Explore the Visual Thesaurus »Related Words for : socialization

socialisation, socialising, socializing, acculturation, enculturationView more related words »

Collins

World English Dictionarysocialization or socialisation  (ˌsəʊʃəlaɪˈzeɪʃən)

 

— n

1. psychol  the modification from infancy of an individual's behaviour to conform with the demands of social life

2. the act of socializing or the state of being socialized

 

socialisation or socialisation

 

— n

Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition2009 © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollinsPublishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009 Cite This Source Dictionary.com's 21st Century Lexicon

Main Entry:   socialization Part of Speech:   n

Definition:   See enculturation

Dictionary.com's 21st Century LexiconCopyright © 2003-2011 Dictionary.com, LLC Cite This Source Merriam-WebsterMedical Dictionary

so·cial·iza·tion definition

also British so·cial·isa·tion  Pronunciation:  /ˌsōsh-(ə-)lə-ˈzā-shən/ Function: n :  the process by which a human being beginning at infancy acquires the habits, beliefs, and accumulated knowledge of society through education and training for adult status Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary, © 2007 Merriam-Webster, Inc. Cite This Source American Heritage

socialization  so·cial·i·za·tion (sō'shə-lĭ-zā'shən) n.  The process of learning interpersonal and interactional skills that are in conformity with the values of one's society.

so'cial·ize'  (-shə-līz') v. The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical DictionaryCopyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. Cite This Source American HeritageCultural Dictionary

socialization definition

Learning the customs, attitudes, and values of a social group, community, or culture. Socialization is essential for the development of individuals who can participate and function within their societies, as well as for ensuring that a society's cultural features will be carried on through new generations. Socialization is most strongly enforced by family, school, and peer groups and continues throughout an individual's lifetime

Encyclopedia

socialization

the process whereby an individual learns to adjust to a group (or society) and behave in a manner approved by the group (or society). According to most social scientists, socialization essentially represents the whole process of learning throughout the life course and is a central influence on the behaviour, beliefs, and actions of adults as well as of children.

socialization  

Definition

Process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, language, social skills, and value to conform to the norms and roles required for integration into a group or community. It is a combination of both self-imposed (because the individual wants to conform) and externally-imposed rules, and the expectations of the others. In an organizational setting, socialization refers to the process through which a new employee 'learns the ropes,' by becoming sensitive to the formal and informal power structure and the explicit and implicit rules of behavior.This article is about the sociological concept. For the political and economic concept, see Socialization (economics).

Sociology

Portal

Theory · History

Positivism · Antipositivism

Functionalism · Conflict theory

Middle-range · Mathematical

Critical theory · Socialization

Structure and agency

Research methods

Quantitative · Qualitative

Historical · Computational

Ethnographic

Topics · Subfields

Cities · Class · Crime · Culture

Deviance · Demography · Education

Economy · Environment · Family

Gender · Health · Industry · Internet

Knowledge · Law · Medicine

Politics · Mobility · Race and ethnicity

Rationalization · Religion · Science

Secularization · Social networks

Social psychology · Stratification

Categories · Lists

Journals · Sociologists

Article index · Outline

v · d · e

Socialization (or socialisation) is a term used by sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists, political scientists and educationalists to refer to the process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs and ideologies. It may provide the individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within their own society; a society develops a culture through a plurality of shared norms, customs, values, traditions, social roles, symbols and languages. Socialization is thus ‘the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained’.[1]

Socialization, however, is not a normative term: it describes a process which may or may not affect the reflexive agent, and which may or may not lead to desirable, or 'moral', outcomes. Individual views on certain issues, such as race or economics, may be socialized (and to that extent normalized) within a society. Many socio-political theories postulate that socialization provides only a partial explanation for human beliefs and behaviours; that agents are not 'blank slates' predetermined by their environment.[2] Scientific research provides strong evidence that people are shaped by both social influences and their hard-wired biological makeup.[3][4][4][5][6] Genetic studies have shown that a person's environment interacts with their genotype to influence behavioural outcomes,[7] whilst the linguistic theory of generative grammar demonstrates how something such as the capacity for learning changes throughout one's lifetime. (See also: Nature vs. Nurture; Structure vs. Agency)

Contents 1 Theories 2 Types 3 Agents/units of socialization

o 3.1 Media and socialization o 3.2 Gender socialization and gender roles o 3.3 Resocialization o 3.4 Racial socialization

4 Other uses 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading

8 External links

Theories

Socialization is the means by which human infants begin to acquire the skills necessary to perform as a functioning member of their society, and are the most influential learning processes one can experience.[8] Although cultural variability is manifest in the actions, customs, and behaviors of whole social groups (societies), the most fundamental expression of culture is found at the individual level. This expression can only occur after

an individual has been socialized by its parents, family, extended family and extended social networks. This reflexive process of both learning and teaching is how cultural and social characteristics attain continuity.

Clausen claims that theories of socialization are to be found in Plato, Montaigne and Rousseau and he identifies a dictionary entry from 1828 that defines 'socialize' as 'to render social, to make fit for living in society' (1968: 20-1). However it was the response to a translation of a paper by Georg Simmel that the concept was incorporated into various branches of psychology and anthropology (1968: 31-52).

In the middle of the 20th century, socialization was a key idea in the dominant American functionalist tradition of sociology. Talcott Parsons (Parsons and Bales 1956) and a group of colleagues in the US developed a comprehensive theory of society that responded to the emergence of modernity in which the concept of socialization was a central component.

Types

Primary socialization

Main article: Primary socialisation

Primary socialization occurs when a child learns the attitudes, values and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture. For example if a child saw his/her mother expressing a discriminatory opinion about a minority group, then that child may think this behavior is acceptable and could continue to have this opinion about minority groups.

Secondary socialization Secondary socialization refers to the process of learning what is appropriate behavior as a member of a smaller group within the larger society. It is usually associated with teenagers and adults, and involves smaller changes than those occurring in primary socialization. eg. entering a new profession, relocating to a new environment or society.

Developmental socialization Developmental socialization is the process of learning behavior in a social institution or developing your social skills.

Anticipatory socialization Anticipatory socialization refers to the processes of socialization in which a person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships.

Resocialization Resocialization refers to the process of discarding former behavior patterns and reflexes accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. This occurs throughout the human life cycle (Schaefer & Lamm, 1992: 113). Resocialization can be an intense experience, with the individual experiencing a sharp break with their past, and needing to learn and be exposed to radically different norms and values. An example

might be the experience of a young man or woman leaving home to join the military, or a religious convert internalizing the beliefs and rituals of a new faith. An extreme example would be the process by which a transsexual learns to function socially in a dramatically altered gender role.

Organizational socialization Organizational socialization is the process whereby an employee learning the knowledge and skills necessary to assume his or her organizational role.[9] As newcomers become socialized, they learn about the organization and its history, values, jargon, culture, and procedures. They also learn about their work group, the specific people they work with on a daily basis, their own role in the organization, the skills needed to do their job, and both formal procedures and informal norms. Socialization functions as a control system in that newcomers learn to internalize and obey organizational values and practices.

Agents/units of socialization

Main article: Institutions

In the social sciences, institutions are the structures and mechanisms of social order and cooperation governing the behavior of a set of individuals within a given human collectivity. Institutions are identified with a social purpose and permanence, transcending individual human lives and intentions, and with the making and enforcing of rules governing cooperative human behavior.[10] Types of institution include:

The Family Religion Peer Group Education Economic systems Legal systems Penal systems Language

Media and socialization

Theorists like Parsons and textbook writers like Ely Chinoy (1960) and Harry M. Johnson (1961) recognized that socialization didn’t stop when childhood ends. They realized that socialization continued in adulthood, but they treated it as a form of specialized education. Johnson (1961), for example, wrote about the importance of inculcating members of the US Coastguard with a set of values to do with responding to commands and acting in unison without question.

Later scholars accused these theorists of socialization of not recognizing the importance of the mass media which, by the middle of the twentieth century were becoming more significant as a social force. There was concern about the link between television and the education and socialization of children – it continues today – but when it came to adults,

the mass media were regarded merely as sources of information and entertainment rather than moulders of personality.

Some sociologists and theorists of culture have recognized the power of mass communication as a socialization device. Denis McQuail recognizes the argument:

… the media can teach norms and values by way of symbolic reward and punishment for different kinds of behaviour as represented in the media. An alternative view is that it is a learning process whereby we all learn how to behave in certain situations and the expectations which go with a given role or status in society. Thus the media are continually offering pictures of life and models of behaviour in advance of actual experience.—McQuail 2005: 494)

Gender socialization and gender roles

Henslin (1999:76) contends that "an important part of socialization is the learning of culturally defined gender roles." Gender socialization refers to the learning of behavior and attitudes considered appropriate for a given sex. Boys learn to be boys and girls learn to be girls. This "learning" happens by way of many different agents of socialization. The family is certainly important in reinforcing gender roles, but so are one’s friends, school, work and the mass media. Gender roles are reinforced through "countless subtle and not so subtle ways" (1999:76).

Resocialization

Main article: resocialization

it is not behavior but in term of sex boy need to be girl from now on and the girl needs to be boy

Racial socialization

Racial socialization has been defined as "the developmental processes by which children acquire the behaviors, perceptions, values, and attitudes of an ethnic group, and come to see themselves and others as members of the group".[11] The existing literature conceptualizes racial socialization as having multiple dimensions. Researchers have identified five dimensions that commonly appear in the racial socialization literature: cultural socialization, preparation for bias, promotion of mistrust, egalitarianism, and other.[12] Cultural socialization refers to parenting practices that teach children about their racial history or heritage and is sometimes referred to as pride development. Preparation for bias refers to parenting practices focused on preparing children to be aware of, and cope with, discrimination. Promotion of mistrust refers to the parenting practices of socializing children to be wary of people from other races. Egalitarianism refers to socializing children with the belief that all people are equal and should be treated with a common humanity.[12]

Other uses

To "socialise" may also mean simply to associate or mingle with people socially. In American English, "socialized" has mistakenly come to refer, usually in a pejorative sense, to the ownership structure of socialism or to the expansion of the welfare state.[13] Traditionally, socialists and Marxists both used the term "socialization of industry" to refer to the reorganization of institutions so that the workers are all owners (cooperatives) and to refer to the implementation of workplace democracy.[14]

See also

Acculturation Cultural assimilation Enculturation Internalisation Indoctrination Organizational socialization Political socialization Reciprocal socialization Socialization of animals Social construction Social identity Social skills Structure and agency Shame society TPI-theory Guilt society Value (personal and cultural) Circle of friends (disability) Memetics

References

1. ̂ Clausen, John A. (ed.) (1968) Socialization and Society, Boston: Little Brown and Company. p5

2. ̂ Pinker, Steven. The Blank Slate. New York: Penguin. 2002.3. ̂ Dusheck, Jennie, The Interpretation of Genes. Natural History, October

2002.4. ^ a b Carlson, N. R. et al.. (2005) Psychology: the science of behaviour

(3rd Canadian ed) Pearson Ed. ISBN 0-205-45769-X5. ̂ Ridley, M. (2003) Nature Via Nurture: Genes, Experience, and What

Makes us Human. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-200663-46. ̂ Westen, D. (2002) Psychology: Brain, Behavior & Culture. Wiley &

Sons. ISBN 0-471-38754-1

7. ̂ Kendler KS and Baker JH (2007). "Genetic influences on measures of the environment: a systematic review". Psychological Medicine 37 (5): 615–626. doi:10.1017/S0033291706009524. PMID 17176502.

8. ̂ Billingham, M. (2007) Sociological Perspectives p.336 In Stretch, B. and Whitehouse, M. (eds.) (2007) Health and Social Care Book 1. Oxford: Heinemann. ISBN 978-0435-49915-0

9. ̂ Alvenfors, Adam (2010) Introduction - Integration? On the introduction programs’ importance for the integration of new employees http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-4281

10. ̂ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/social-institutions/ Stanford Encyclopaedia: Social Institutions

11. ̂ Rotherman, M., & Phinney, J. (1987). Introduction: Definitions and perspectives in the study of children's ethnic socialization. In J. Phinney & M. Rotherman (Eds.), Children's ethnic socialization: Pluralism and development (pp. 10-28). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

12. ^ a b Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E., Johnson, D., Stevenson, H. & Spicer, P. (2006). Parents' ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42, 5, 747-770.

13. ̂ Rushefsky, Mark E.; Patel, Kant (2006). Health Care Politics And Policy in America. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 47. ISBN 0-7656-1478-2. "...socialized medicine, a pejorative term used to help polarize debate"

14. ̂ http://marxists.org/glossary/terms/s/o.htm#socialisation

Further reading

Chinoy, Ely (1961) Society: An Introduction to Sociology, New York: Random House.

Clausen, John A. (ed.) (1968) Socialization and Society, Boston: Little Brown and Company.

Johnson, Harry M. (1961) Sociology: A Systematic Introduction, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

McQuail, Dennis (2005) McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory: Fifth Edition, London: Sage.

Parsons, Talcott and Bales, Robert (1956) Family, Socialization and Interaction Process, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

White, Graham (1977) Socialisation, London: Longman. Michael Paul Rhode, Smithsonian Dep. of Anthropology Bogard, Kimber. "Citizenship attitudes and allegiances in diverse youth." Cultural

Diversity and Ethnic minority Psychology14(4)(2008): 286-296. Mehan, Hugh. "Sociological Foundations Supporting the Study of Cultural

Diversity." 1991. National Center for Research on Cultural Diversity and Second Language Learning.

Robert Feldman, Ph.D. at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Child Development Third Edition

External links

Sprachsozialisation einiger nicht-europäischer Kulturen im Vergleich.

This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

Donate to Wikimedia

 AdsClinical Trial Centre www.finnmedi.com Easy access conducting research in Finland located near hospitalJ. Tyson & Associates www.jtyson.com Full Service CRO - Your connection in the MidWestTranslations:

SocializationTop Home > Library > Literature & Language > Translations

Dansk (Danish)n. - socialisering

Nederlands (Dutch)socialisatie

Français (French) n. - socialisation

Deutsch (German) n. - Sozialisation

Ελληνική (Greek) n. - κοινωνικοποίηση

Italiano (Italian) socializzazione

Português (Portuguese) n. - socialização (f)

Русский (Russian) обобществление, национализация, социализация, подготовка к жизни в обществе

Español (Spanish) n. - socialización

Svenska (Swedish) n. - förstatligande, socialisering, nationalisering, socialisation

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))

社会化, 社会主义化

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))

n. - 社會化, 社會主義化

한국어 (Korean)

n. - 사회화

日本語 (Japanese)

n. - 社会化, 社会主義化, 社交的にすること

(Arabic) العربيه , ( األشتراكيه( الى التحول عمليه تأميم االسم

(Hebrew) עבריתn. - התרועעות, התערות בחברה, ארגון החברה עפ"י עקרונות הסוציאלזם

If you are unable to view some languages clearly, click here.

To select your translation preferences click here.

 AdsGrow 3d cell cultures www.synthecon.com/ Learn more from your cell lines vivo like cell culturing, spheroidsYour 2012 Horoscope AboutAstro.com/2012 Discover all your Life for 2012 in this Free Personalized Reading.Related topics:

socializing agent

social adjustment

sibling influence

Related answers:What is childhood socialization ? Read answer ... What is cultural socialization ? Read answer ... What is racial Socialization ? Read answer ...

Help us answer these:Importance of socialization ? What are the stages of socialization ? Socialization is the process by?

Post a question - any question - to the WikiAnswers community:

 

Copyrights:

McGraw-Hill Science & Technology Dictionary. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. Copyright © 2003, 1994, 1989, 1984, 1978, 1976, 1974 by McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read moreOxford Dictionary of Archaeology. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Copyright © 2002, 2003 by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.  Read moreOxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine. The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine. Copyright © Michael Kent 1998, 2006, 2007. All rights reserved.  Read moreDictionary of Cultural Literacy: Science. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Edited by E.D. Hirsch, Jr., Joseph F. Kett, and James Trefil. Copyright © 2002 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.  Read more

Wikipedia on Answers.com. This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article Socialization.  Read more

Translations. Copyright © 2007, WizCom Technologies Ltd. All rights reserved.  Read more

Related answers Agencies of socialization? What is Tertiary socialization? What is socialization of space? What is the process of socialization?

» More Answer these

What are socialization factors in organizational socialization? What is the socialization? Agent of socialization? What is over socialization?

» More Featured guides

Loan Calculator Amortization Table Closet Organization Systems How to Install a Panel Purchase Insurance for the Contents for Your Home What Are 4G Phones?

Follow usFacebook Twitter YouTube

Mentioned in

socializing agent social adjustment sibling influence sport socialization

» More

Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/socialization#ixzz1fkmf1WfU

TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT:

The quality of employees and their development through training and education are major factors in determining long-term profitability of a small business. If you hire and keep good employees, it is good policy to invest in the development of their skills, so they can increase their productivity.

Training often is considered for new employees only. This is a mistake because ongoing training for current employees helps them adjust to rapidly changing job requirements.We offer seminars and workshops to help you start, or improve your business operations. We focus on issues that impact small business operators from high level business plan writing to daily operational issues such as customer retention. Attendance is limited to 10 – 15 people each. Employee training workshops are also offered.

PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL :

Written by Harpreet

Home » Business and Economy

The success of every industrial or commercial organization is heavily dependent upon the contribution made by employees as they perform various tasks to which they are assigned. Organizations tend to be successful when employees are productive and satisfied in performing their tasks. The activities of various individuals will be synchronized if somebody is there to undertake this work. Human resource planning strives to use human resources in an effective manner so as to transform them for realizing the objectives of the organization. Thus, it aims at relating the people at work with the activities necessary to achieve the organizational goals.

Human resource planning include:-

Recruiting, selecting, training, developing and motivating employees to perform job effectively. Planning, designing and evaluating employees’ jobs. Providing satisfactory relationship between the organization and people through fringe benefits and labour relations. To contribute to the formulation of organization personnel policies and agreement to ensure their effective implementation.

The main reason behind human resource planning is to help in achieving organizational goals. Co-operation is required by all the members in the organization for achieving business goals. Such persons should be employed who are ready to accept the challenges of new jobs assigned to them. It also aims at the material and psychological satisfaction to each employee in the organization. This is possible only when employees are provided with congenial work environment and job satisfaction. Job satisfaction include good salary, job security, better opportunities for promotion, financial and other incentives for improving performance. Human resource planning also takes care of the welfare of the members of the community. An enterprise has certain responsibility towards the society at a large. It can serve the society by providing better employment opportunities and producing goods of better quality at reasonable rates.

The HR plan needs to be flexible enough to meet short-term staffing challenges, while adapting to changing conditions in the business and environment over the longer term. Human resource planning is also a continuous process. Entrepreneur must provide for the employees development needs by developing appropriate standards for evaluation, conduct appraisal, fixed standards and plan for development of employees by apprenticeship training of unskilled and semi-skilled employees.

 

About Us Contact Us

Register    Login                                     

 

 

Home Browse by Subject Recent Topics Questions & Answers People Search Byte-Sized Training

Membership Options

 

  Management Basics Management Functions

o

o

o

o

o

Organizational Behaviour o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

Marketing o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

People Management o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

Operations o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

Finance o

o

Economics

Motivation | Leadership | Communication | Business Communication | Managerial Communication | Time Management | Corporate Etiquettes | Organization Culture | Organization

ManagementDecision Making | Interpersonal Relationship | Team Building | Values & Ethics | Conflict Management | Workplace Politics | Negotiation | Risk Management | Crisis Management

Motivation

  Motivation - Introduction

Motivation

Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Model Motivation Incentives Importance of Motivation Motivation and Morale Employee / Staff Motivation Workplace Motivation Self Motivation at Work Team Motivation Motivational Challenges Motivational Challenges Good Motivation System Classical Theories of Motivation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Theory Herzberg’s Theory of Motivation Theory X and Theory Y Modern Theories of Motivation ERG Theory McClelland’s Theory of Needs Goal Setting Theory Reinforcement Theory Equity Theory of Motivation Expectancy Theory of Motivation

Incentives - Incentives to motivate employees             inShare1                    

Incentive is an act or promise for greater action. It is also called as a stimulus to greater action. Incentives are something which are given in addition to wagers. It means additional remuneration or benefit to an employee in recognition of achievement or better work. Incentives provide a spur or zeal in the employees for better performance. It is a natural thing that nobody acts without a purpose behind. Therefore, a hope for a reward is a powerful incentive to motivate employees. Besides monetary incentive, there are some other stimuli which can drive a person to better. This will include job satisfaction, job security, job promotion, and pride for accomplishment. Therefore, incentives really can sometimes work to accomplish the goals of a concern. The need of incentives can be many:-

1. To increase productivity, 2. To drive or arouse a stimulus work, 3. To enhance commitment in work

performance, 4. To psychologically satisfy a person

which leads to job satisfaction, 5. To shape the behavior or outlook of

subordinate towards work, 6. To inculcate zeal and enthusiasm

towards work, 7. To get the maximum of their

capabilities so that they are exploited

and utilized maximally.

Therefore, management has to offer the following two categories of incentives to motivate employees:-

1. Monetary incentives- Those incentives which satisfy the subordinates by providing them rewards in terms of rupees. Money has been recognized as a chief source of satisfying the needs of people. Money is also helpful to satisfy the social needs by possessing various material items. Therefore, money not only satisfies psychological needs but also the security and social needs. Therefore, in many factories, various wage plans and bonus schemes are introduced to motivate and stimulate the people to work.

2. Non-monetary incentives- Besides the monetary incentives, there are certain non-financial incentives which can satisfy the ego and self- actualization needs of employees. The incentives which cannot be measured in terms of money are under the category of “Non- monetary incentives”. Whenever a manager has to satisfy the psychological needs of the subordinates, he makes use of non-financial incentives. Non- financial incentives can be of the following types:-

a. Security of service- Job security is an incentive which provides great motivation to employees. If his job is secured, he will put maximum efforts to achieve the objectives of the enterprise. This also helps since he is very far off from mental tension and he can give his best to the enterprise.

b. Praise or recognition- The praise or recognition is another non- financial incentive which satisfies the ego needs of the employees. Sometimes praise becomes more effective than any other incentive. The employees will respond more to praise and try to give the best of their abilities to a concern.

c. Suggestion scheme- The organization should look forward to taking suggestions and inviting suggestion schemes from the subordinates. This inculcates a spirit of participation in the employees. This can be done by publishing various articles written by employees to improve the work environment which can be published in various magazines of the company. This also is helpful to motivate the employees to feel important and they can also be in search for innovative methods which can be applied for better work methods. This ultimately helps in growing a concern and adapting new methods of operations.

d. Job enrichment- Job enrichment is another non- monetary incentive in which the job of a worker can be enriched. This can be done by increasing his responsibilities, giving him an important designation, increasing the content and nature of the work. This way efficient worker can get

challenging jobs in which they can prove their worth. This also helps in the greatest motivation of the efficient employees.

e. Promotion opportunities- Promotion is an effective tool to increase the spirit to work in a concern. If the employees are provided opportunities for the advancement and growth, they feel satisfied and contented and they become more committed to the organization.

The above non- financial tools can be framed effectively by giving due concentration to the role of employees. A combination of financial and non- financial incentives help together in bringing motivation and zeal to work in a concern.

Positive Incentives

Positive incentives are those incentives which provide a positive assurance for fulfilling the needs and wants. Positive incentives generally have an optimistic attitude behind and they are generally given to satisfy the psychological requirements of employees. For example-promotion, praise, recognition, perks and allowances, etc. It is positive by nature.

Negative Incentives

Negative incentives are those whose purpose is to correct the mistakes or defaults of employees. The purpose is to rectify mistakes in order to get effective results. Negative incentive is generally

resorted to when positive incentive does not works and a psychological set back has to be given to employees. It is negative by nature. For example- demotion, transfer, fines, penalties.

Copyright © 2008 - 2012 managementstudyguide.com. All rights reserved.

Examples of employee participation include: i. Project teams or quality circles in which employees work on projects or tasks with considerable responsibility being delegated to the team.ii. Suggestion schemes - where employees are given channels whereby they can suggest new ideas to managers within the organisation. Often they will receive rewards for making appropriate suggestions.iii. Consultation exercises and meetings whereby employees are encouraged to share ideas.iv. Delegation of responsibility within the organisation. In modern organisations ground level employees have to be given considerable responsibility because they are dealing with customers on a day-to-day basis often in novel situations. Such employees need to be trusted to make decisions for themselves.v. Multi-channel decision making processes. In such situations decisions are not only made in a downward direction, they also result from communications upwards, sideways, and in many other directions within the organisation.