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Processes of SocializationProcesses of SocializationProcesses of SocializationProcesses of SocializationProcesses of SocializationProcesses of SocializationProcesses of SocializationProcesses of Socialization
Social learning theorySocial learning theorySocial learning theorySocial learning theory
GroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthink
IndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrination BrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashing
DeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuation
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Processes of SocializationProcesses of SocializationProcesses of SocializationProcesses of SocializationProcesses of SocializationProcesses of SocializationProcesses of SocializationProcesses of Socialization Social learning theorySocial learning theorySocial learning theorySocial learning theory
Operant conditioningOperant conditioningOperant conditioningOperant conditioning
by Burrhus Frederic Skinner certain responses are learned because they
operate on, or affect, the environment
Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement
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According to Bandura, individuals in high
crime areas are more likely than those who
Process of Socialization:Process of Socialization:Process of Socialization:Process of Socialization:Process of Socialization:Process of Socialization:Process of Socialization:Process of Socialization:Social Learning TheorySocial Learning TheorySocial Learning TheorySocial Learning TheorySocial Learning TheorySocial Learning TheorySocial Learning TheorySocial Learning Theory
-violently.
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AlbertAlbertAlbertAlbert BanduraBanduraBanduraBandura
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TheThe BoboBobo DollDoll ExperimentExperiment
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TheThe BoboBobo Doll ExperimentDoll Experiment (1961)(1961)
The model laid bobo on its side, satsatsatsat on it,
and punchedpunchedpunchedpunched it repeatedly in the nose. The
,the mallet, and struckstruckstruckstruck the doll on the head.
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TheThe BoboBobo Doll ExperimentDoll Experiment
Following the mallet aggression, the model
tossed the doll uptossed the doll uptossed the doll uptossed the doll up in the air aggressively, and
.physically aggressive acts was repeated three
times, interspersed with verbally aggressive
responses
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TheThe BoboBobo Doll ExperimentDoll Experiment
sock him in the nose, hit him down,throw him in the air, kick him, pow,
and two non-aggressive comments:
he keeps coming back for more, he sure is a tough fella
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TheThe BoboBobo Doll ExperimentDoll Experiment
Some measures of aggression:
acts that imitate the physical aggression of
e mo e imitation of the models verbal aggression
other mallet aggression
non-imitative aggression (acts that havenot been performed by the model)
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TheThe BoboBobo Doll ExperimentDoll ExperimentResults:
Children exposed to violent models tended to
imitate the exact violent behaviors that they
observed Physical and verbal aggression were virtually
never observed in the subjects exposed to the
non-aggressive models, or in the subjects whowere not exposed to any model.
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TheThe BoboBobo Doll ExperimentDoll Experiment
Results:
Boys violent behavior was influenced more
aggressive female model
In same-sex aggressive conditions, girls were
more likely to imitate verbal aggression while
boys were more inclined to imitate physical
violence
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TheThe BoboBobo Doll ExperimentDoll Experiment
Results:
Boys were significantly more physically
aggressive than girls Aggression is seen as most typical of males than of
females
Masculine-typed behavior
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Social Learning TheorySocial Learning TheorySocial Learning TheorySocial Learning TheorySocial Learning TheorySocial Learning TheorySocial Learning TheorySocial Learning Theory
Four component processes:Four component processes:Four component processes:Four component processes:
a. Attention
b. Retentionc. Motor reproduction
d. Motivation
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Subsequent ResearchesSubsequent Researches (1963)(1963)
Live adult model had a stronger influence than
the filmed adult, who, in turn, was moreinfluential than the cartoon
All three forms of aggressive models producedsignificantly more violent behaviors in the
children than was observed in children exposed
to non-aggressive models or control subjects
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Subsequent ResearchesSubsequent Researches (1965)(1965)
Children imitated the violence more
when the saw it rewarded but
significantly less when the model was
punished for aggressive behavior
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ImplicationsImplications
Parenting and parental discipline Establishment of gender roles and
stereot es
Vicarious traumatization
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Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:
GroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthink
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Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:
GroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthink
GroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthink (Janis, 1982)
Phenomenon in which members of a group
interests of group consensus
Certain conditions foster a strong desire to
achieve and maintain group consensus and
avoid rocking the boat by dissenting
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Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:
GroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthink
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Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:
GroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthink
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Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:
GroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthink
Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:
A cohesive group of decision makers
Isolation of the group from outside influences
pros and cons of different courses of action
A directive leader who explicitly favors a
particular course of action
High stress
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Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:
GroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthink
Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:
A cohesive group of decision makers
Isolation of the group from outside influences
pros and cons of different courses of action
A directive leader who explicitly favors a
particular course of action
High stress
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Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:
GroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthink
Symptoms:Symptoms:Symptoms:Symptoms:Symptoms:Symptoms:Symptoms:Symptoms:
Shared illusion of invulnerability, morality,unanimity
Self-censorship
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Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:
GroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthink SelfSelfSelfSelfSelfSelfSelfSelf--------censorship:censorship:censorship:censorship:censorship:censorship:censorship:censorship:
for having kept so silent during those
,
though my feelings of guilt were tempered by
the knowledge that a course of objections
would have accomplished little save to gain
me a name as a nuisance.
-Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. (1965)
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Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:
GroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthink
Symptoms:Symptoms:Symptoms:Symptoms:Symptoms:Symptoms:Symptoms:Symptoms:
Shared illusion of invulnerability, morality,unanimity
Self-censorship
Collective rationalization of a decision rather
than realistically examine its strengths and
weaknesses
Self-appointed mindguards
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Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:
IndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrination
How could oneHow could oneman achieveman achievecontrol over acontrol over alar e rou of lar e rou of
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people to thepeople to thepoint that theypoint that theywould willinglywould willinglydie at hisdie at his
command?command?
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Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:
IndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrination
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Peoples TemplePeoples Temple(founded in 1963)(founded in 1963)
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Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:
IndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrination
Indianapolis, Indiana in 1963 California in 1965
Guyana, South America
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severe initiation
self-sacrifice (time, effort, money, properties)
relinquishing of control of ones life to Jones
a person finds it difficult to leave the PeoplesTemple
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Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:
IndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrination
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Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:
IndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrination
November 18, 1978November 18, 1978Guyana, South AmericaGuyana, South America
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Jonestown MassacreJonestown MassacrePeoples TemplePeoples Temple918 deaths918 deaths
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Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:
IndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrination
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Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:
IndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrination IndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrination
Can be defined as the process of infiltrating(drilling, inculcating) concepts, attitudes,
beliefs and theories into a ersons mind
Indoctrinated persons are expected notnotnotnot toquestion or critically examine the doctrine they
have learned
Religious indoctrination, secularindoctrination, military indoctrination
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Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:
BrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashing
BrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashing A forcible indoctrination or use of coercive
persons prior belief) to induce him or her togive up basic political or religious beliefs
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Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:
BrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashing
A remarkable thing about cult mind control is thatits so ordinary in the tactics and strategies of socialinfluence employed. They are variants of well-known social psychological principles ofcomp ance, con orm y, persuas on, ssonance,comp ance, con orm y, persuas on, ssonance,comp ance, con orm y, persuas on, ssonance,comp ance, con orm y, persuas on, ssonance,comp ance, con orm y, persuas on, ssonance,comp ance, con orm y, persuas on, ssonance,comp ance, con orm y, persuas on, ssonance,comp ance, con orm y, persuas on, ssonance,reactance, framing, emotional manipulationreactance, framing, emotional manipulationreactance, framing, emotional manipulationreactance, framing, emotional manipulationreactance, framing, emotional manipulationreactance, framing, emotional manipulationreactance, framing, emotional manipulationreactance, framing, emotional manipulation, andothers that are used on all of us daily to entice us:to buy, to try, to donate, to vote, to join, tochange, to believe, to love, to hate the enemy.
- Philip Zimbardo, American Psychological Association
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Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:
BrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashing
Cult mind control is not different in kindfrom these everyday varieties, but in itsgreater intensity, persistence, duration, and
scope. One difference is in its greater effortsto block quitting the group, by imposing highblock quitting the group, by imposing highblock quitting the group, by imposing highblock quitting the group, by imposing highblock quitting the group, by imposing highblock quitting the group, by imposing highblock quitting the group, by imposing highblock quitting the group, by imposing highexit costs, replete with induced phobias ofexit costs, replete with induced phobias ofexit costs, replete with induced phobias ofexit costs, replete with induced phobias ofexit costs, replete with induced phobias ofexit costs, replete with induced phobias ofexit costs, replete with induced phobias ofexit costs, replete with induced phobias ofharm, failure, and personal isolationharm, failure, and personal isolationharm, failure, and personal isolationharm, failure, and personal isolationharm, failure, and personal isolationharm, failure, and personal isolationharm, failure, and personal isolationharm, failure, and personal isolation.
- Philip Zimbardo, American Psychological Association
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Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:
DeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuation
DeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuation Certain group situations can minimize the
,
their sense of public accountability, and indoing so produce aggressive or unusual
behavior
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Effects of SocializationEffects of SocializationEffects of SocializationEffects of SocializationEffects of SocializationEffects of SocializationEffects of SocializationEffects of Socialization
Personality
Deviance
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