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Society ChangesAn Age of Uncertainty
(1919 to 1929)
A Forecast of What is to Come…
Society Prior to WWI
1. Certain
2. Traditional
3. Safe
4. Hopeful
An Age of Uncertainty
• Beliefs, tradition, and culture began to be
reshaped at a rapid rate with the progression
of science and technology. The cognitive
dissonance and instability created a society of
doubt and fear, many believed the world was
heading toward complete chaos and anarchy
because of the changes that occurred.
Fundamentalism
• Fundamentalism = belief that the
Bible is literary truth (word for word)
5
Fundamentalism
• Challenges to Fundamentalism
1) Science & technology took large role in
everyday life
2) War & society’s problems caused
questioning of God’s existence
3) Scholars questioning the Bible
6
Fundamentalism
• Scopes Trial = Tennessee
court case over the
teaching of evolution
• John T. Scopes found
guilty
• Exposed the divide
between rural and urban
America
7
Science and Uncertainty
Science challenged deeply rooted
ideas that people had established to
define their lives, themselves, and
the world.
Science and Uncertainty• Albert Einstein
• Theory of Relativity
• NO Absolute Law of Motion / Gravity
• Sigmund Freud
• Human Behavior
• Unconscious
• Id / Ego / Super Ego
Einstein
FreudDream Analysis & Oedipus Complex
Uncertainty Creates Fear…
• People Become Fearful of the Unknown. In
Russia the Russian Revolution Results In A
New Governing System: COMMUNISM
• In the United States people fear a similar
revolution/change… the result is the Red
Scare.
12
Red Scare
• Red Scare
– Intense fear of
communism
• Palmer Raids
– Govn’t attempt to root out
groups who were seen as
threats
• Communists
• Socialists
• anarchists
13
Foreign Policy• Americans were weary
after the Great War• Warren G. Harding
promised normalcy for Americans
• Isolation– Avoiding political or
economic alliances with foreign countries
• Disarmament– Program where
nations voluntarily gave up their weapons
14
Warren G. Harding’s Inauguration
Limit on Immigration
• American feelings on
immigrants
a. Questioned loyalty to U.S.
b. Disliked Catholics & Jews
c. At fault for crime and
slums in the city
d. Took jobs from native
born workers
e. Had political agendas
15
Sacco and Vanzetti
• Charged with robbery and
murder weeks after crime
was committed
• Convicted and sentenced to
death
• Public perception negative
was because they were
immigrants with socialist
sympathies
16
Limit on Immigration
• U.S. govn’t set a quota
• Quota
– Numerical limit on
immigrants from
specific countries
– Italy, Poland, Russia
– Stopped 100% of Asian
immigration
17
Fear Creates Hate…
• Sacco & Vanzetti
• Revival of the KKK.
• Rosewood.
• Duluth Lynchings.
18
Racial Tensions
• KKK revival
• Terrorizing African
Americans
– Jews
– Catholics
– Whites sympathetic
to African Americans
19
20
Racial Tensions
• Lynching reaches
all time high
• Public awareness
and backlash lead
to suppression of
KKK by 1927
21
Racial Tensions
• Marcus Garvey• Universal Negro
Improvement Association (UNIA)
• Return to “Motherland Africa”
• $10 million raised and “Black Star” purchased
• 1925 jailed on fraud charges
• Inspiration for future black pride movements
22
SOCIETY CHANGES…
PROHIBITIONCRIME WOMENENTERTAINMENT &CULTURE
Prohibition
• 18th Amendment
• Prohibition
– Ban on sale &
consumption of alcohol
– Obeyed by 95% of pop.
In Kansas vs. 5% of
pop. In NYC
24
Prohibition
• Bootleggers
– Suppliers of illegal
alcohol
• Speakeasies
– Illegal bars
25
Prohibition
PROS CONS
26
Organized Crime
Al Capone “Scarface”
– Bootlegging
– Gambling
– Prostitution
– Racketeering
– Eventually jailed for tax evasion 27
Women and Society
• Women’s Suffrage• Clothing (Flappers) • Hair Styles• Make-Up• Social Behaviors• Feminism• Margaret Sanger &
Emma Goldman• Jobs• Dating Rituals
Women’s Suffrage
• Proposed June, 4 1919
• Passed August, 18 1920
• 19th Amendment
– No U.S. citizen can be denied the right to
vote because of their sex
• Gives women sense of identity and
personal power
29
30
31
Changing Role of Women
• Flappers
– Women:
• young, rebellious, fun,
and bold
• Working
– Low paying jobs with
little responsibility
– Rarely made careers out
of positions
32
Gertrude Ederle
Jazz Age• 1920s known as the Jazz Age
– Duke Ellington
– Bessie Smith
– Louie Armstrong
34http://youtube.com/watch?v=vnRqYMTpXHc
Jazz
• New Orleans, Memphis, and Chicago were the
birthplace of this musical explosion. Jazz captured
the freedom of the age in a lively loose beat.
Jazz
Duke Ellington
Louis Armstrong
Dance
Swing Charleston Blackbottom
Harlem Renaissance
• Harlem Renaissance = African American
literary awakening of the 1920s
• Attracted bright, young, talented African
Americans to New York
• Brought sense of pride and identity to
African American culture
39
Technology and Travel
• Automobiles-Henry Ford
• Planes-Charles Lindbergh-Amelia Earhart
• Radio-BBC
Henry Ford
Charles Lindbergh
Mass Media
• Print and broadcast
information to a large
number of people
• Changes U.S. from
various geographic
cultures to one
43
Entertainment & Expression
• Movies• Sound• Hollywood vs. Europe• Charlie Chaplin
Movies
• Hollywood
– Center for industry
• Movies were silent
before 1927
• The Jazz Singer
– 1st “talkie”
45
Charlie Chaplin
Newspapers
• Increased by size and number of readers in 1920s
• Created a common U.S. culture– Read same events– Received same
information– Influenced by same
ideas
• William Randolph Hearst– 20+ newspapers in
different cities
47
Radio
• National Broadcasting Company = NBC– Connected nation– People heard the
same…• Jokes• Baseball games• Boxing matches• Church sermons• Political speeches
48
Babe Ruth
Flag Pole SittingAlvin
“Shipwreck” Kelly
Business Boom• Consumer economy
– One that depends on a large amount of buying
• Before 1920 Americans paid for everything with cash
• Credit
– Installment plan
• Partial payments made in intervals until total
debt is paid off
• Encourage people to buy things they
normally wouldn’t51
Installment Plans were used to purchase…
52
80%
70%
60%
90%