The United States in the 1920s

Prosperity and Decline

1919-1929

Prosperity and Purchasing Power in the U.S.1.Expansion of the auto industry2.Expansion of construction3.New consumer products

Electrification of AmericaDurable ProductsNon-durable products

4.Introduction of mass advertisingAmerica’s increasing literacyProliferation of radios

5.Creation of new industries6.Installment buying7.Efficiency of production

Transition from steam power to electric powerDecrease in per-unit cost of manufactured items

The Coming of the Great Depression1.Poor Distribution of Income

1929 1% of U.S. pop. – 60% of nation’s wealthLow wages? Corporate profit?Corporate profits spent on speculative buying

2.Decline in auto production and construction

3.Technological unemploymentIncreased production but no pay increases

4.Weaknesses in corporate structure8,000 businesses disappeared

5.Defects in the banking system6.Agricultural depression

overproduction1919-1929 income for farmers declineinability to pay debts = foreclosures

7. Sick Industries Textiles, coal, railroads

8. Stock Market Crash bull market- prices are rising bear market- prices are falling marginal buying- 5-10% down on stock confidence lost

*** All of these factors contributed to a major loss in consumer purchasing power, facilitating low economic activity and rising unemployment (economic depression).

The Rise of Totalitarian Regimes in Europe

1919-1939

The United StatesWoodrow Wilson’s League of Nations

Republican opposition in the House and SenateThe United States came out of the war in better

condition than its allies.No battles on American soilFewer casualties than its allies

The war and U.S. economy The U.S. economy remained strong until 1929Debtor to Creditor status1920s prosperity and production in the U.S.

Stock Market Speculation

Stock Market CrashTuesday, October 29, 1929Business and bank failuresDrop in sales and productionWages fell and workers were cutMassive unemploymentBy 1933, ¼ of nation’s workforce unemployedDawes Plan

President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal

1932, elected on the promised that he would provide a “new deal” for the American people.

First Hundred DaysRestored the nation’s confidence

Great BritainBritain’s loss of economic status

Britain lost its status in world tradeBritish coloniesCreditor to Debtor statusU.S. and Japan

Britain’s factories were outdatedU.S. and Japan

1926 General Strike1932 ¼ of British were unemployed

FranceAfter the war, France was in worse shape than

BritainLoss of farmland and forestsDestruction of villages and citiesTremendous casualties

Severe Economic ProblemsHigh unemployment and inflationGovernment on the verge of bankruptcyInability to rebuild economic infrastructure

Bleak Political PictureDesire to prevent another war

Locarno Agreements (1925)Maginot Line

Fascist Dictatorship in Europe

Benito Mussolini and the Fascist Party in Italy

Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany

Fascism in ItalyPost-war Dissatisfaction

Empty Allied promisesEconomic Problems

High debts incurred during the warFew jobs for returning soldiersLack of industrial resourcesNo markets for products

Benito Mussolinib. 1883Working-class backgroundWorked as a journalistFormed the Fascist Party (Fasci di Combattimento) in

1919

Fascism- political philosophy that advocates glorification of the state, a single-party system, and an aggressive form of nationalism.

Totalitarian- of or relating to a political regime based on subjugation of the individual to the state and strict control of all aspects of the life and productive capacity of the nation (often by coercive means such as censorship and terrorism)

Fascism was a totalitarian form of government.

The state had absolute powerDefended private property and class structureThe cause of the nation was most importantWar and conquest were considered essential to

achieving nationalistic goals

Mussolini’s rise to powerSteady degradation of Italy’s economy after the warWidespread social unrest throughout Italy (urban and

rural)o Middle-class worries?

Mussolini offered reforms to appease all groups

Mussolini’s promisesTo landowners and the middle-class he promised to

end social unrest and protect private property.To workers he promised full employment and

workers benefits.To nationalists he promised to restore Italy to its

former greatness.Fascism was a major force in Italy by 1921

The Blackshirts were Mussolini’s followers; they used violence to deter political opponents and promote the Fascist Party’s policies

In 1922, the Fascists invaded RomeKing Victor Emmanuel III of Italy

Dictatorship- a form of government in which absolute power is concentrated in a dictator (one enjoying complete autocratic control) of a small regime.

Dictatorship in ItalyThe end to democratic rule in Italy

1924 ElectionsMussolini (Il Duce)Government reorganizationBanned non-fascist partiesFormed syndicates

Fascist Opposition and Support

“The masses must obey. They cannot afford to waste time searching for the truth.”

Mussolini and ItalyReduced Italian unemployment through a

military rebuilding programRenewed Italian spirit of nationalism and

patriotismVowed to recapture for Italy the former

glory of ancient Rome

Nazi Germany

The Weimar RepublicGermany elected delegates to a national assembly in

1919 The assembly drafted a constitution that provided for a

democratic republicThe republic was called the Weimar Republic (1919-

1933)Opposition to the newly formed republic?

Reparations and the Treaty of VersaillesFrance and Great Britain demanded paymentAllied bill for the cost of the war- $35 billionEconomic problems in Germany. In 1922, Germany

announced that it could not pay.French occupation of Germany’s Ruhr Valley (1923)German workers went on strike (paid by government)

How did Germany’s government (the Weimar Republic) plan to meet its growing expenses?

Inflation (printing large quantities of money) 1914, $1 U.S. Dollar = 4 German Marks 1924, $1 U.S. Dollar = 4 trillion German Marks

Dawes Plan (1924) Compromise with Allies that eased Germany’s

reparations payments American loans ushered in a 5-year period of

relative prosperity ( but also created a German economy dependant on foreign markets)

Nevertheless, discontent still loomed overhead.

The German People and the Nazis

1. What problems did your person face during the 1920s and 1930s in Germany? What sort of regime or governmental system would seem most likely to solve his or her immediate problem?

Herman Struts Karin Hauptmann Eric von Ronheim Karl Schmidt Lotte von Kohler Wilhelm Schultz Gerda Munchen

2. What problems did the Weimar Republic face? How might these problems have aided the rise of Hitler?

The Rise of NazismThe National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP)

or Nazi Party

Adolf Hitlerb. 1889 in AustriaEarly life of HitlerVeteran of the First World WarMoved to Munich, Germany, after the war and joined in

what became the Nazi PartyFormed the Brownshirts (Storm Troopers or SA)

The Beer Hall Putsch (Nov. 8-9, 1923)Radical RevolutionMunich, Germany“The Revolution has begun!”The coup failed but brought attention to the Nazis

Hitler was sentenced to five years in prison but served only nine months

Mein KampfDenied Germany’s fault in losing the warDeclared the Germans to be a “master race” (Aryans)

with a destiny to dominate and rule the worldHitler as leader of a unified Germany

After the unsuccessful Beer Hall Putsch Hitler sought the achieve revolution through legal means (gaining Nazi votes in the Reichstag)

Resurge in Nazi popularity in 19291932, Nazi Party gained a majority of votes in the

ReichstagJanuary, 1933 President Paul von Hindenburg appointed

Hitler his chancellor (reluctantly)The Nazis and Hitler began to rise to power through

legal means

Hitler’s Rise to PowerHitler desired Germany to become a totalitarian stateHitler called a new electionThe Burning of the Reichstag Building (blamed on the

Communists)1933 Election

The JewsJews in Germany suffered bitter attacksNuremberg Laws, September 15, 1935Kristallnacht, November 9, 1938Concentration Camps

Hitler as Dictator (Der Führer)The Third ReichGermany’s rearmament

The provisions of the Treaty of Versailles were ignored

German factories began to manufacture guns, ammunition, airplanes, tanks and other weapons

The press was used (propaganda) to retain support for the Nazi causeo Propaganda emphasized a strong military and

devotion to the nation and its leader

Territorial Expansion-Japan, Italy, and Germany

JapanJapan’s dependence on foreign resourcesJapanese invasion of Manchuria (Sept. 1931)Failure of the League of NationsThe East Indies and oil reservesSouth China?Summer of 1937, Japan launched a full-blown invasion

of China

The Second World War, Cold War, and the Conflict in Vietnam

1939-1990

ItalyDispute between Italy and EthiopiaItalian invasion of Ethiopia (October 1935)Ethiopia’s appeal to the League of Nations The League condemned Italy’s actions and

imposed economic sanctions. However, the sanctions did not include coal, iron, or oil.

Failure of the League of NationsItaly annexed the African nation of Ethiopia

in 1936.

Spanish Civil War1930s, King Alfonso III of Spain abdicated the

throne and Spain became a republicSocial reforms:

Eliminated the role of the Catholic Church in educating the youth

Redistributed the land from the nobles to the peasantsConservative opposition and civil war (1936)Conservative Spanish Nationalists v. Republican

Spanish LoyalistsThe Soviets aided the Loyalists; Italy and

Germany supported the NationalistsU.S., Great Britain, and France?

International BrigadeThe Nationalists, led by fascist dictator Francisco

Franco, took control of Spain in 1939.

Germany Hitler believed that Germany needed more living

space (lebensraum) for its growing population. Germany needed more land to become a great power.

The Rhineland (March of 1936)The Rome-Berlin Axis (Germany and Italy,

October 1936) Anti-Comintern Pact- anti-communist alliance

between Italy, Germany, and JapanAnschluss (March 1938) Germany annexed

Austria Czechoslovakia was taken in 1939.

Czechoslovakia’s ethnic composition? Hitler demanded the German-dominated Sudetenland

(northwestern Czechoslovakia) in September of 1938. Neville Chamberlain (British Prime Minister) The Munich Conference

o “Peace for our time”o The British policy of appeasement

On March 15, 1939, Hitler seized Czechoslovakia.

Germany and eastern EuropePoland

Great Britain and France? The Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

Hitler and Stalin agreed upon mutual nonaggression.

Stalin knew that war with Germany was inevitable but realized the pact would provide time to prepare for war.

Britain and France outraged? No barrier existed to prevent war.

Hitler invaded Poland on September 1, 1939.Two days later Great Britain and France declared

war on Germany.The Second World War (World War II) had

begun.

The War in Europe

September 1, 1939, the Germans launched an attack on Poland using a new military strategy. blitzkrieg- “lightning war” an attack strategy of

speed and efficiency using armored tank divisions (panzers) and airplanes

Poland’s quick defeatMeanwhile, the Soviet Union occupied the

eastern half of Poland and subjugated the Baltic republics of Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Finland.

The “phony war” or Sitzkrieg (winter and spring of 1939-1940)

Hitler demanded that Denmark and Norway accept Germany’s “protection.”

April of 1940, Germany’s occupation of Norway bGreat Britain, May 10, 1940-Winston Churchill was

appointed prime minister

The Fall of FranceA flaw in the “impenetrable” Maginot LineGerman’s advance through the Ardennes ForestMay 1940, the German air assault (Netherlands)Britain and France moved into Belgium but were

encircled by the German armyMeanwhile, other German tanks moved to FranceGerman troops invaded Paris on June 14, 1940.The French were forced to sign an armistice, and the

Germans occupied France.Dunkirk (May 1940)

Belgian, French, and British forces were forced to the coast by German troops.

Over 300,000 Allied soldiers were rescued by the military and courageous civilians.

The Battle of Britain (1940)Great Britain was Hitler’s last obstacle in

gaining complete German domination of western Europe.

Hitler expectations? Winston Churchill’s resolve Hitler’s Operation Sea LionThe German Luftwaffe and massive air

attacks all over southern EnglandBritish losses?“Never in the field of human conflict was so

much owed by so many to so few.”

U.S. CooperationThe U.S. Congress enacted laws designed to keep

Americans out of the war. Neutrality Acts (1937)- prohibited arms shipments and loans to

belligerent nations.President Roosevelt, however, realized that German

expansion threatened American security and that Britain and France would not be able to stop Hitler without U.S. assistance.

cash-and-carry policy- the U.S. traded supplies that Britain needed for cash, provided that Britain use its ships to transport the supplies.

lend-lease policy- the president was authorized to lend war equipment to any country whose defense he deemed vital to U.S. national security.

The Atlantic Charter (August 9, 1941)- Churchill and Roosevelt (freedom of self-determination, freedom of trade, and destruction of Nazi tyranny)

Cold War (1949-1990)Cold War- post-WWII relationship between the

Soviet Union (USSR) and the Western nations (principally the USA) characterized by tension and hostility bringing the two powers to the brink of war (cold war) without actually going to war (hot war). Tension between the USA and USSR was at its

greatest during the intensification of the nuclear arms race in the 1960s.

The Cold War ended in 1990 after twenty years of arms reduction and control negotiations.

Why did tension exist between the USSR and the USA?

Prelude to the Cold War (1945- )Soviet liberation of Eastern Europe from Nazi control

(1945)Civil war in Greece (1946)

Communist People’s Liberation Army Anti-communist forces supported by Great Britain

The Truman Doctrine (1947)- US foreign policy that provided for military and economic aid to countries threatened by communist expansion.

Marshall Plan (1947)COMECON (1949)

The Berlin Crisis (1961)Division of Germany and Berlin (p.851)

Great Britain, France, the United States, and the Soviet Union The Berlin Blockade Federal Republic of Germany (west) and German Democratic

Republic (east)

The arms race and the reemergence of hostile alliance systemsNATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)-

mutual defense agreement between Western nations, including the Belgium, Great Britain, the USA, Norway, Canada, and Portugal.

Warsaw Pact (1955)- mutual defense agreement between Eastern European nations, including Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Poland, and Romania. Hungary (1956)Czechoslovakia (1968)

The Korean War (1950-1953)Communists gained control of China (1949)Communist North Korea allied with Communist China

and the Soviet Union and attacked the pro-Western Republic of South Korea

The West’s new perspective on Communism

The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)Fidel Castro (1959)Bay of PigsJohn F. Kennedy and Nikita KhrushchevThe superpowers on the verge of nuclear war1963- direct telephone link between Washington D.C.

and MoscowTreaty banning the testing of nuclear weapons in the

atmosphere

The Second World War

Failure of collective security and peace after the First World WarTreaty of Versailles (1919)Article 231League of Nations

“Paper Agreements” of the 1920sLocarno Agreement, 1925Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928

Post-war failures at securing peace…Great Depression and the rise of fascismLondon Economic Conference (1933)Japan’s Expansion

Japan’s dependence on foreign resourcesJapanese invasion of Manchuria (Sept. 1931)Effectiveness of the League of Nations?The East Indies and oil reservesSouth China?Summer of 1937, Japan launched a full-blown

invasion of ChinaImpact on Europe? Germany? Italy? Stresa Front, 1935

Italian AggressionDispute between Italy and Ethiopia, 1934Italian invasion of Ethiopia (October 1935)Ethiopia’s appeal to the League of Nations The League condemned Italy’s actions and

imposed economic sanctions (limitations?)Effectiveness of the League of Nations?Italy annexed the African nation of Ethiopia in

1936.Hitler’s reaction?

Spanish Civil War1930s, King Alfonso III of SpainThe Spanish Republic, 1931Social reforms:

Conservative opposition and civil war (1936-1939)Conservative Spanish Nationalists v. Republican

Spanish LoyalistsCommunists, Fascists, and NazisGermany and ItalyU.S., Great Britain, and France?

International BrigadeThe Nationalists, led by fascist dictator Francisco

Franco, took control of Spain in 1939. Spain remained a dictatorship until 1975.

The Rome-Berlin Axis (Germany and Italy, October 1936)

Anti-Comintern Pact- anti-communist alliance between Italy, Germany, and Japan (November 1936)

Picasso’s Guernica (1937)

Hitler at Nuremberg Stadium

Hitler as Dictator (Der Führer)The Third ReichGermany’s rearmament after 1933

The provisions of the Treaty of Versailles were ignored

Conscription was reinstituted German factories began to manufacture

guns, ammunition, airplanes, tanks and other weapons

Luftwaffe and a stronger navy establishedGermany’s economic recoveryThe press was used (propaganda) to retain

support for the Nazi causeoPropaganda emphasized a strong

military and devotion to the nation and its leader

German Aggression and ExpansionThe Rhineland (March of 1936)

Hitler’s gamble and the uneasiness of the German military command

Why did France not act? British pacifismLeague of Nations?

Anschluss (March 1938) Germany annexed AustriaBritain (PM Neville Chamberlain) rejected an alliance with

France and Russia, and the international community did nothing in response to Hitler’s actions

Czechoslovakia was taken in 1939Czechoslovakia’s ethnic composition? Hitler demanded the German-dominated

Sudetenland (northwestern Czechoslovakia) in September of 1938.

Neville Chamberlain and the Munich Conferenceo The British policy of appeasemento Czechoslovakia was compelled to give away the

Sudetenlando “Peace for our time”

On March 15, 1939, Hitler seized Czechoslovakia.

Ethnic Composition ofEastern Europe, 1936

Germany’s Invasion of PolandHitler believed that Germany needed more living space

(lebensraum) for its growing population. Germany needed more land to become a great power.

Only one week after taking Czechoslovakia, Hitler demanded the port city of Danzig Britain’s threat of war Germany’s fear of a two-front war

German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, August 1939 Stalin and Hitler Public provisions Secret agreement How long could such an agreement last?

September 1, 1939, the Germans launched an attack on Poland using a new military strategy. This event marked the beginning of the Second

World WarOn September 3, Britain and France declared war on

Germanyblitzkrieg- “lightning war” an attack strategy of

speed and efficiency using armored tank divisions (panzers) and airplanes

Poland’s quick defeat (4 weeks)Equal in manpower but technologically mismatched

Fate of the Jews, Gypsies, and PolesMeanwhile, the Soviet Union occupied the eastern half

of Poland and subjugated the Baltic republics of Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Finland. Stalin’s intent was to create a buffer zone against Germany.

Blitzkrieg

Einsatzgruppen

The “phony war” or Sitzkrieg (winter and spring of 1939-1940)

April of 1940, Hitler demanded that Denmark and Norway accept Germany’s “protection.”

Germany’s occupation of Norway Great Britain, May 10, 1940-Winston Churchill

was appointed prime ministerMay 1940- German invasion of Netherlands,

Belgium, and France A flaw in the “impenetrable” Maginot LineGerman advance through Belgium German air assault (Netherlands)Britain and France moved into Belgium but were

encircled by the German armyDunkirk (May 1940)

Belgian, French, and British forces were forced to the coast by German troops.

Civilian rescue of Allied troops

The Fall of FranceWhile the France and Britain were scrambling at Dunkirk,

German tanks moved on to Paris, FranceGerman troops invaded Paris on June 14, 1940.German occupation of northern FranceHenri Philippe Petain, Vichy GovernmentResistance and “Free France”

General Charles de Gaulle

• Tripartite Pact (1940)- Japan joined the Rome-Berlin Axis

A divided France

Henri Petain

The Battle of Britain (August 1940)Hitler’s last obstacle and Operation Sea LionHitler’s offerGermany’s Luftwaffe and Britain’s Royal Air

ForceBritain’s use of radar (new technology)

Germany’s change in strategy- military to civilian casualties, Hitler’s mistake?The “Blitz” on LondonIn September, Operation Sea Lion was halted

indefinitelyThe Blitz continued until May of 1941, but the RAF

ultimately defeated the Luftwaffe “Never in the field of human conflict was so

much owed by so many to so few.”

War on the Eastern Front- Germany’s invasion of the Soviet UnionGermany’s Operation Barbarossa

Quite possibly Hitler’s greatest blunderInvasion of Russia, June 1941Soviet- Russia’s use of “scorched earth

tactics”The Soviet Union was now poised for an

alliance with Britain and France

U.S. CooperationNeutrality Acts (1937)President Roosevelt’s view cash-and-carrylend-lease policyAtlantic Charter (August 9, 1941)- Churchill and

Roosevelt (freedom of self-determination, freedom of trade, and destruction of Nazi tyranny)

Japan and the United StatesHirohito Hideki TojoDecember 7, 1941, Pearl Harbor

What were they thinking?!!Hitler’s mistake?

assumptionsGermany’s declaration of war

The Grand Alliance (1942)United States, Soviet Union, and Britain“Big Three”- Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill

The Nazi Empire in Europe Territories controlled by the end of 1941Spain?Germany’s allies?Britain was isolated

The Nazi “New Order”Nordic peopleFrench and other Latin peoplesSlavic peoples

GenocideJews, Gypsies, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Communists

and other groups that dissented from the Nazi ideology

The Nazi’s Final Solution to the Jewish QuestionWannsee Conference (1942)Extermination/ Death camps6 million Jews killed5-6 million others also killed in what became known as the

Holocaust

Turning Points in the warEl Alamein (November, 1942)- North Africa

Germans driven out of EgyptOperation Torch- General Rommel’s troops defeated by

Allies by May 1943Opened the way for an Allied invasion of southern Europe

through ItalyConsequence of Hitler’s decision to focus on Russia?

Stalingrad (Nov 1942-Feb 1943)Hitler sought the city’s industry and nearby oil fieldsGerman forces were surrounded and destroyedGerman were subsequently pushed back to Berlin (over 2

years)D-Day- “Operation Overlord” (June 6, 1944)

Amphibious assault on German-occupied FranceWestern Front establishedSignified the end of Nazi domination of Europe (3-front war)

Battle of the Bulge (December 1944)Germany’s final offensive along its western borderMassive casualties on both sidesOn May 8, 1945, Germany surrendered to the Allies

Battle of Stalingrad

End of the war with Japan (August 1945)U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and

NagasakiWith the intervention of Emperor Hirohito,

Japan finally surrendered

Diplomacy during the WarCasablanca Conference (January 1943)

FDR and Churchill“unconditional surrender” for all enemiesItalian invasion first; problem for Russia?

Tehran Conference (December 1943)First meeting of the “Big Three”Invasion of Western Europe decided (Europe then

Japan)Stalin’s demands in E. Europe and Germany after the

war?Churchill’s demands? Roosevelt as mediator?

Yalta Conference (February 1945)Second meeting of the “Big Three”Stalin agreed to free elections in the areas liberated

from Nazi Germany’s control (“Declaration of Liberated Europe”)

United Nations meeting called for April 1945Germany to be divided into occupied zonesTerritorial concessions made to the Soviet Union

Diplomacy during the WarPotsdam Conference (July 1945)

Stalin, H. Truman, C. AtleeJapan warned to surrender or face total devastationStalin and free elections in E. Europe?Decision made for war-crimes trials and the de-

Nazification of GermanyReparations?

Significant Results of the WarDevastating loss of life

Holocaust Forced relocation

Changing role of women in societyTwo new dominant world powers: US and Soviet

Union

Why did Germany lose the war? Three-front war

France, Italy, and RussiaMajor Blunders

Failure of the Battle of Britain Invasion of the Soviet Union (and the siege of Stalingrad) Hitler’s declaration of war against the U.S.

Industrial Capacity The U.S. alone vs. the Axis powers combined Allied bombing of German factories

Weakness of the Axis alliance

Why did Germany lose the war?

Three-front war France, Italy, and Russia

Major Blunders Failure of the Battle of Britain Invasion of the Soviet Union (and the siege of Stalingrad) Hitler’s declaration of war against the U.S.

Industrial Capacity The U.S. alone vs. the Axis powers combined Allied bombing of German factories

Weakness of the Axis alliance Italy’s failures in Greece and Yugoslavia Japan’s attack on U.S.

Strength of the Grand Alliance

Cold War (1949-1990)Cold War- post-WWII relationship between the

Soviet Union (USSR) and the Western nations (principally the USA) characterized by tension and hostility bringing the two powers to the brink of war (cold war) without actually going to war (hot war). Tension between the USA and USSR was at its

greatest during the intensification of the nuclear arms race in the 1960s.

The Cold War ended in 1990 after twenty years of arms reduction and control negotiations.

Why did tension exist between the USSR and the USA?

Prelude to the Cold War (1945- )Soviet liberation of Eastern Europe from Nazi control

(1945)Civil war in Greece (1946)

Communist People’s Liberation Army Anti-communist forces supported by Great Britain

The Truman Doctrine (1947)- US foreign policy that provided for military and economic aid to countries threatened by communist expansion.

Marshall Plan (1947)COMECON (1949)

The Berlin Crisis (1961)Division of Germany and Berlin (p.851)

Great Britain, France, the United States, and the Soviet Union The Berlin Blockade Federal Republic of Germany (west) and German Democratic

Republic (east)

The arms race and the reemergence of hostile alliance systemsNATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)-

mutual defense agreement between Western nations, including the Belgium, Great Britain, the USA, Norway, Canada, and Portugal.

Warsaw Pact (1955)- mutual defense agreement between Eastern European nations, including Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Poland, and Romania. Hungary (1956)Czechoslovakia (1968)

The Korean War (1950-1953)Communists gained control of China (1949)Communist North Korea allied with Communist China

and the Soviet Union and attacked the pro-Western Republic of South Korea

The West’s new perspective on Communism

The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)Fidel Castro (1959)Bay of PigsJohn F. Kennedy and Nikita KhrushchevThe superpowers on the verge of nuclear war1963- direct telephone link between Washington D.C.

and MoscowTreaty banning the testing of nuclear weapons in the

atmosphere