CHAPTER 3DATA ANALYSIS

STATE OF ORIGIN Table 3.1

Place Agriculture Small scale Construction Total percentageAssam 2(10%) 2(10%) 0 4 6.66%Bengal 6(30%) 7(35%) 11(55%) 24 40%Bihar 5(25%) 1(5%) 1(5%) 7 11.66%Jharkhand 3(15%) 0 0 3 5%Haryana 0 0 1(5%) 1 1.66%Manipur 1(5%) 0 1(5%) 2 3.33%Orissa 1(5%) 6(30%) 4(20%) 11 18.33%Tamilnadu 0 4(20%) 1(5%) 5 8.33%Utter Pradesh 2(10%) 0 1(5%) 3 5%

Source: Primary Data The above table shows that the origins of the unskilled, unorganized migrant workers in Muvattupuzha muncipality.40% of them are from Bengal. 18.33% and 11.66% of them are belongs to Orissa and Bihar respectively. In agricultural sector, majority of the migrant workers are migrated from Bengal(30%).The second majorities are Biharies(25%).The % of the migrant workers ,who migrated from Jharkhand is 15%.10% of them are belongs to Assam and Utter Pradesh respectively. In small-scale sector, majority of the migrant workers are came from Bengal (35%) and Orissa (30%).20% of them are belongs to Tamilnadu.The % of the people who migrated from Assam and Bihar is 10 and 5 respectively. 55% of the migrant workers in the construction sector are belongs to Bengal. The % of the people who migrated from Orissa is 20.5% of them are come from Bihar, Hariyana, Manipur and Utter Pradesh respectively.

AGE STRUCTURE OF THE MIGRANT WORKERS Table 3.2 Sector Age Below 20 20-30 30-40 Above 40 Total

Agriculture 5 (25%) 10 (50%) 5 (25%) 0 20

Small scale 3 (15%) 10 (50%) 3 (15%) 4 (20%) 20

Construction 1 (5%) 12 (60%) 6 (30%) 1 (5%) 20

Total (%) 9 (15) 32(53.3) 14 (23.4)

5 (8.3) 60

Source : Primary Data Majority of the unskilled, unorganized migrant workers are in the age group of 20-30

(53.3%). The second largest number of workers is belongs to 30-40 group (23.4%).Below 20 age group occupies third position with 15% workers. The least number of migrant workers come

under in the age group above 40 (8.3%). In agricultural sector,half percentage of the workers are come under in the age group of 20-30.The remaining half percentage of them are equally distributed in the age groups of below 20 and 30-40 and there is no one from the age group of above 40. 50% of the workers in the small-scale sector are in the age group of 20-30.The % of them are in the age group of above 40 is 20.The remaining 30% is equally distributed in the age groups of below 20 and 30-40.Above the majority of workers(60%) in the construction sector are belongs to the age group of 20-30.The second largest number of workers are in the age group of 30-40.The remaining 10% is equally distributed in the age group of below 20 and above 40.

Graph 3.1

EDUCATION LEVEL Table 3.3

Illiterate Primary[passed]

Matriculation [passed]

Above

Agriculture 7 (35%) 9 (45%) 2 (10%) 2 (10%)Small scale 3 (15%) 9 (45%) 7 (35%) 1 (5%)Construction 3 (15%) 11 (55%) 4 (20%) 2 (10%)Total 13 29 13 5Percentage 21.7% 48.3% 21.7% 8.3%

Source : Primary Data The above table shows the education level of the surveyed unskilled,unorganised

migrant workers. Majority of them(48.3%) have passed primary level. 21.7% of them are illiterate. Another 21.7% workers are completed their matriculation level. Only 8.3% of the workers have gone for education higher than matriculation level.

In agricultural sector,45% of them have primary level.But 35% are illiterate.The % of the workers,who completed matriculation and having higher education are 10% respectively 45% of the workers in the small-scale sector passed primary level of education.The % of the people,who passed matriculation is 35%.15% of them are illiterate and only 5% have higher education. In construction sector,55% of workers passed primary level of education.The % of the people ,who passed matriculation is 20.15% of them are illiterate and 10% have higher education.

Graph 3.2

OCCUPATION (BEFORE & AFTER MIGRATION) Table 3.4

Agriculture

Small scale

construction Total

Before After Before After Before After Before AfterAgriculture 20

(100%)20

(100%)11

(55%)0 7

(35%)0 38

(63.34%)20

(33.33%)Small scale 0 0 9

(45%) 20

(100%)0 0 9

(15%)20

(33.33%)construction 0 0 0 0 13

(65%)20

(100%)

13(23.66%)

20(33.33%)

Source : Primary Data 63.34% of the migrant workers are worked in agriculture field in their native place, but

only 33.33% of them are now working in agriculture sector.15% of them are worked in small scale sector in earlier, but after migration their percentage increased to 33.34%. 21.66%of them are construction workers in their native place, but it increased to 33.34%

WORKING HOURS IN A DAY Table 3.5

Source : Primary Data

The study shows that majority of the migrant workers are working 6-8 hours in a day [53.3%]. 25% of them are working more than 8 hours in a day. Only 21.7% of them are working 5-6 hours in a day. That means about 78% of the workers are working for more than six hours per day.The % of the people,who working above 8 hours per day is high in small-scale sector.The number of the people,who working 6-8 hours in a day is high in construction sector.WAGE RATE PER DAYTable 3.6

Below 200 200-300 300-500 Above500Agriculture 0 10 (50%) 6 (30%) 4 (20%)Small scale 1 (5%) 8 (40%) 6 (30%) 5 (25%)Construction 0 7 (35%) 10 (50%) 3 (15%)Total 1 25 22 12Percentage 1.6% 41.7% 36.7% 20%Source : Primary Data

The study found that 41.7% of migrant workers are earning Rs.200-300 per day and only 1.6% are earning below 200 per day. Majority of the workers in agriculture & small-scale sector earn Rs 200-300 per day. But in the construction sector, majority earns 300-500 in day. The study found wage differentials among the workers in the respective sectors. TOTAL WORKING DAYS IN WEEK

61.7% migrant workers working 6 days in a week. Majority of the workers in the agriculture and construction sector are working 6 days per week. It is found from the study that 45% of the workers in small scale sector work for 7 days per week Table3.7

Source:Primary Data

5-6 hours 6-8 hours Above 8 hours

Agriculture 7 (35%) 8 (40%) 5 (25%)Small scale 1 (5%) 11 (55%) 8 (40%)Construction 5 (25%) 13 (65%) 2 (10%)Total 13 32 15Percentage 21.7% 53.3% 25%

5 days 6 days 7 daysAgriculture 4(20%) 13(65%) 3(15%)Small scale 2(10%) 9(45%) 9(45%)Construction 1(5%) 15(75%) 4(20%)Total 7 37 16Percentage 11.7% 61.7% 26.6%

MONTHLY INCOME,EXPENDITURE & SAVING OF THE MIGRANT WORKERS. (a) AGRICULTURE SECTOR Table 3.8

Monthly income Monthly expenditure Monthly savingBelow 1000 0 0 1 (5%)1000-2000 5 (25%) 17 (85%) 5 (25%)2000-5000 10 (50%) 3 (15%) 10 (50%)Above 5000 5 (25%) 0 4 (20%) Source : Primary Data

The study reveals that 50% of migrant workers earn monthly income in between Rs 2000-5000. 25% of them earn only a monthly income in between 1000-2000. Another 25% earn income above 5000 per month. It is found from the study that there is a substantial difference in the wages paid to the workers. It depends upon the age, experience and nature of work etc.

The study found that out of the total monthly income earned by the workers, 85% of them used to spend their 1000-2000 income for making consumption expenditure. Another 15% of the workers used to spend income between 2000-5000 for consumption. None of them spend more than 5000 for making consumption.

With regard to worker’s savings, the study shows that 50% of the workers are saving Rs.2000-Rs. 5000 of their monthly income for sending them to the homeland. 5% of them save only below Rs 1000 of their income and it is found that 20% of them save above Rs. 5000 of their monthly income. . (b) SMALL SCALE INDUSTRYTable 3.9

Monthly income Monthly expenditure Monthly savingBelow 1000 0 5(25%) 2(10%)1000-2000 0 5(25%) 2(10%)2000-5000 1(5%) 7(35%) 12(60%)Above 5000 19(95%) 3(15%) 4(20%) Source : Primary Data

95% of the workers earn monthly income between above Rs 5000. The remaining 5% get a monthly income in between2000-5000. 35% of them spend Rs 2000-5000 monthly.The % of the people,who have a monthly expenditure in between 2000-5000 and below 1000 is 25 respectively.15% of the people spend above 5000 per monthly. 60% of migrant workers save monthly between Rs 2000-5000.Only a 20% have monthly saving above 5000.The % of the people ,who save below 1000 and in between 1000-2000 is 20 respectively.(b) CONSTRUCTION Table 3.10

Monthly income Monthly expenditure Monthly savingBelow 1000 0 2 (10%) 01000-2000 1 (5%) 12 (60%) 1 (5%)2000-5000 3 (15%) 4 (20%) 15 (75%)Above 5000 16 (80%) 2 (10%) 4 (20%)

80% of the migrant workers earn above Rs 5000 per monthly.The % of the people,who have a monthly income in between 1000-2000 and 2000-5000 is 5 and 15 respectively. 60% of them spend Rs 1000-2000 monthly.20% of the workers spend monthly in between 2000-5000.The % of the workers ,who spend below 1000 and above 5000 monthly is 10% respectively. 75% of them save monthly Rs 2000-5000.Only a 20% have a monthly saving above 5000.Graph 3.3

Inco

me

Expe

nditu

re

Savi

ng

Inco

me

Expe

nditu

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Savi

ng

Inco

me

Expe

nditu

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Savi

ng

AGRICULTURE SMALL-SCALE CONSTRUCTION

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

1

Below 10001000-20002000-5000Above 5000

MODE OF REMITTANCE TO HOMELANDTable 3.11

Bank Post office FriendsAgriculture 13(65%) 1(5%) 6(30%)Small-scale 8(40%) 0 12(60%)Construction 12(60%) 0 8(40%)Total 33(55%) 1(1.67%) 26(43.33%) Source : Primary Data The study shows that 55% of the migrant workers use bank as their mode of remittance to homeland. About 43% of them depend friends for transferring their savings to their home land. And 1.67% depend post office as their mode of remittance. In agriculture & construction sector, most of workers use bank (65% and 60% respectively). But in small-scale sector, most of them depends their friends as their mode of remittance.Graph 3.4

Bank

Post office

Money lender

Friends

0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00%

MODE OF REMITTANCE

MODE OF REMITTANCE

SOURCE OF DEBT Table 3.12

Employer Contractor Friends TotalAgriculture 1(5%) 5(25%) 4(20%) 10(50%)Small scale 0 0 0 0Construction 0 2(10%) 2(10%) 4(20%)Total 1(1.66%) 7(11.66%) 6(10%) 14(23.33%)Source : Primary Data

Study found that 23.33% of the migrant workers have debt here. 11.66% of them are debited to their contractors. Half of the workers in the agricultural sector have debt here. In small-scale sector, nobody have any debt. TYPE OF ACCOMODATION IN MUVATTUPUZHA

80% of the workers are staying in single room shared with others. Only 1.65 of the workers is staying alone in single room. None of them lives in separate house alone. 5% of them live in verandah shop nearby work site.

Table 3.13Agriculture Small scale Construction Total (%)

Staying with family

Staying alone

Staying with family

Staying alone

Staying with family

Staying alone

Staying with family

Staying alone

Independent house

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Single room 0 0 0 0 1(5%) 0 1(1.66%

Home shared with others

0 1(5%) 4(20%) 1(5%) 0 2(10%) 4(6.66%)

4(6.66%

Room shared with others

0 16(80%) 15(75% 0 17(85% 0 48(80%)

verandah shop 0 3(15%) 0 0 0 0 3(5%)

Total 4(6.66%)

56(93.33%)

Source : Primary Data

RENT OF ACCOMODATIONTable 3.14

No rent Below 500 500-1000 Above 1000Agriculture 12(60%) 1(5%) 7(35%) 0Small scale 17(85%) 0 0 3(15%)Construction 14(70%) 5(25%) 1(5%) 0Total 43 6 8 3Percentage 71.66% 10% 13.3% 5%Source : Primary Data 71.66% workers pay no rent for accommodation. Only 5% (all from small-scale sector)pay above Rs 1000 per monthly as rent.60% in agricultural sector, 85% in small-scale sector & 70% in construction sector get accommodation facility ,which is provided by the contractors, without paying any rent. AVAILABILITY OF AMINITIES IN THE LIVING PLACE(a)ELECRIFICATIONTable 3.15

Electrified Not electrifiedAgriculture 16(80%) 4(20%)Small scale 20(100%) 0Construction 19(95%) 1(5%)Total 55 5Percentage 91.7% 8.3%Source : Primary Data

91.7% of migrant workers living in the electrified room or home. The % of the workers, who live in the electrified room or home in agriculture, small-scale & construction sector are 80,100 & 95 respectively. Comparing the other two sectors, % of the workers, who live in the non-electrified room/home, is high in agriculture sector (20%).(b)SOURCE OF WATER Table 3.16Source of water

Agriculture Small scale construction Total

Drinking water

Other purpose

Drinking water

Other purpose

Drinking water

Other purpose

Drinking water

Other purpose

Public tap

10(50%)

6(30%)

3(15%)

2(10%)

5(25%)

6(30%)

18 (30%)

14(23.33%)

Well 7(35%)

8(40%)

8(40%)

10(50%)

8(40%)

9(45%)

23(38.33%)

27(45%)

Piped water

2(10%)

6(30%)

6(30%)

5(25%)

7(35%)

5(25%)

15(25%)

16(26.66%)

Shop 1(5%)

0 3(15%)

3(15%)

0 0 7(11.66%)

3(5%)

38.33% of migrant workers depend well as their source of drinking water. Only 11.66% depends on shops for drinking water. In small-scale & construction sector, well is the major source of drinking water (40% respectively). But in agricultural sector, the major source is public tap. Well is the major source of water for other purposes(45%).40% ,50% & 45% workers in agricultural, small-scale & construction sector depend well as their major source of water for other purposes. (c) KITCHEN FACILITIESTable 3.17

Self cooking HotelAgriculture 15(75%) 5(25%)Small scale 17(85%) 3(15%)Construction 15(75%) 5(25%)Total 47 13Percentage 78.3 21.7% Source : Primary Data 78.3% of migrant workers cooking their own food. The % of self cooking workers is high in construction sector than others. Only 21.3% depends on hotel for their food.(d) SOURCE OF ENERGY IN KITCHEN Table 3.18

Source : Primary Data68.08% of the migrant workers use firewood as their source of energy in kitchen. After firewood,

their major source is kerosene stow (17.02%).The % of the workers ,who have the modern kitchen facilities like induction cooker and LPG is high in agriculture(13.33%) and in construction(20%) . (e) TOILET FACILITIESTable 3.19

Agriculture Small scale construction Total percentageSeparate 4(20%) 0 5(25%) 9 15%Common 13(65%) 20(100%) 15(75%) 48 80%No toilet 0 0 0 0Public toilet 3(15%) 0 0 3 5%Total 20 20 20 60

Source of energy in kitchen

Agriculture Small scale construction Total percentage

Firewood 7(46.66%) 15(88.23%) 10 (66.66%) 32 68.08%Induction cooker

2(13.33%) 1(5.88%) 0 3 6.38%

LPG 1(6.66%) 0 3 (20%) 4 8.51%Kerosene stow

5 (33.33%) 1(5.88%) 2 (13.33%) 8 17.02%

Total 15 17 15 47

80% of the migrant workers use common toilet. Only 15% of the migrant workers (20% in agricultural sector & 25% in construction sector) have the access of the separate toilet.The people who use public toilet fully belongs to agricultural sector. (f) MANAGEMENT OF DISPOSAL OF DOMESTIC WASTETable 3.20Disposal of domestic waste Agricultur

eSmall scale construction Total Percentage

Dumping in the municipality dumping place

7(35%) 11(55%) 9(45%) 27 45%

Throwing drainage 2(10%) 2(10%) 3(15%) 7 11.7%Dumping near dwelling place

5(25%) 5(25%) 13(65%) 23 36.3%

Dumping in open place/road 4(20%) 15(75%) 3(15%) 22 36.7%Throw into canals/rivers 1(5%) 0 0 1 1.67%Burging 0 0 0 0 0Burning 1(5%) 0 1(5%) 2 3.3%

Source : Primary Data 45% migrant workers dump their waste in the municipality dumping place. But 36.7% of them throw their waste in open place/road (20% in agricultural sector, 75% in small-scale sector & 15% in construction sector).1% in the agricultural sector throw wastes into canals/rivers. POSSESSION OF CONSUMER DURABLES

The % of persons, who use TV (from 18.33% to 38.33%), newspaper (from 0 to 3.33%), mobile phone (from 35% to 81.66%), two wheeler (from 0 to 3.33%) increase after migration. But the % of persons, who have radio (from 40% to 30%), cycle (from 6.66% to 3.33%) decrease after migration. In agricultural sector, the % of radio (from 50% to 15%) & cycle(from 10% to 0) users decrease and the % of TV(from 15% to 25%) & mobile (from 25% to 60%) users increase after migration. In small-scale sector, the % of the people, who use radio decrease from 40% to 25%.But the % of the people, who use TV(10% to 35%), newspaper(from 0 to 10%), mobile phone (from 45% to 85%) & two wheeler (from o to 10%) increases after migration. In construction sector, the % of the people, who use cycle decrease from 5% to 9s.But the % of the people, who use TV(10% to 35%), newspaper(from 0 to 10%), mobile phone (from 45% to 85%) & two wheeler (from o to 10%) increases after migration .

Table 3.21Particular Agriculture Small scale construction Total

In place of origin

In MVPA

In place of origin

In MVPA

In place of origin

In MVPA

In place of origin

In MVPA

Radio 10(50%)

3(15%)

8(40%)

5(25%)

6(30%)

10(50%)

24(40%)

18 (30%)

TV 3(15%)

5(25%)

2(10%)

7(35%)

6(30%)

11(55%)

11(18.33

%)

23(38.33%)

News paper 0 0 0 2(10%)

0 0 0 2(3.33%)

Mobile phone 5(25%)

12(60%)

9(45%)

17(85%)

7(35%)

20(100%)

21(35%)

49(81.66%)

Cycle 2(10%)

0 1(5%)

2(10%)

1(5%)

0 4(6.66%)

2(3.33%)

Two wheeler 0 0 0 0 0 2(10%)

0 2(3.33%)

Mixergrinter 0 0 1 0 0 1(1.66%)

Others 0 0 0 0 1(5%)

0 1(1.66%)

Source : Primary Data ILLNESS WHILE WORKING MUVATTUPUZHA. Table 3.22

Fever Head ache

cough Body pain

cold Stomach pain

No diseases yet

Agriculture 3(15%) 4(20%) 4(20%) 7(35%) 4(20%) 1(5%) 0Small scale 3(15%) 6(30%) 2(10%) 6(30%) 3(15%) 1(5%) 2(10%)Construction 1(5%) 5(25%) 3(15%) 10(50%) 6(30%) 1(5%) 5(25%)Total 7 15 9 23 13 3 7Percentage 11.67% 25% 15% 38.3% 21.67% 5% 11.67%

Source : Primary Data

38.3% migrant workers are suffering from body pain. Head ache (25%) and cold (21.67%) are also common among them. In agricultural & construction sector, most of the people suffering body pain (35% & 50% respectively). In small-scale sector, the % of the people, who suffer head ache & body pain is higher than others (30% respectively).

MONTHLY HEALTH EXPENDITURE

Table 3.23 Blow 100 100-200 200-300 Above 300 No expenditure

Agriculture 5(25%) 2(10%) 3(15%) 2(10%) 8(40%)Small scale 9(45%) 5(25%) 2(10%) 1(5%) 3(15%)Construction 5(25%) 8(40%) 2(10%) 2(10%) 3(15%)Total 19 15 7 5 14Percentage 31.67 25% 11.67% 8.3% 23.3% Source : Primary Data

31.67 % of the migrant workers spend only below Rs 100 for their health per monthly. 23.3% of them do not spend anything for their health. Only 8.3% have above Rs 300 as monthly health expenditure. Most of the people in small-scale sector spend below Rs 100 & in construction sector spend Rs 100-200 for their monthly health expenditure. But in agricultural sector, most of the workers do not spend anything for their health monthly. Graph 3.5

Below 100(31.67%100-200(25%)200-300(11.67%)Above 300(8.3%)No expenditure(23.30%)

PLACE OF TREATMENT OF ILLNESS.Table 3.24 Place of treatment of illness

Agriculture Small scale construction Total percentage

Private hospital 1(15%) 5(25%) 2(10%) 8 13.3%Medical shop 4(20%) 1(5%) 1(5%) 6 10%Government hospital 13(65%) 8(40%) 12(60%) 33 55%Primary health center

0 0 2(10%) 2 3.3%

No treatment 2(10%) 6(30%) 5(25%) 13 21.67%Source : Primary Data

Most of the migrant workers, 55%, depends Govt.hospitals for treatment due to free cost.21.6% usually do not go for treatment. Comparing other sectors, the % of the people, who depends on private hospitals, is high in small-scale sector.UNHEALTHY HABITS AMONG MIGRANT WORKERS.Table 3.25Unhealthy habits

Agriculture Small scale construction Total Percentage

Drink alcohol 7(35% 6(30%) 6(30%) 19 31.67%smoking 7(35%) 8(40%) 12(60%) 27 45%Use panmasala

0 10(50%) 3(15%) 13 21.67%

Chewing tobacco

3(15%) 1(5%) 1(5%) 5 8.3%

No respond 3(15%) 2(10%) 6(30%) 11 18.3% Source : Primary Data

45% of the migrant workers have the habit of smoking. The % of the people, who drink alcohol is high in agriculture sector (35%).Above the half of the workers (60%) in the construction sector have the habit of smoking.50% of the workers in the small-scale sector use panmasala.WORKING UNDER CONTRACTOR . Table 3.26

Agriculture Small scale construction Total percentageWorking under a contractor

14(70%) 17(85%) 19(95%) 50 83.3%

No 6(30%) 3(15%) 1(5%) 10 16.7% Source : Primary Data

83.3% surveyed migrant workers are working under a contractor. The % of workers, who work under a contractor, is high in construction sector (95%) than agricultural (70%) and small-scale (85%) sectors.BENEFICTS -WORKING UNDER CONTRACTORTable 3.227Particular Agriculture Small scale construction Total percentageEmployment opportunity

9(64.28%) 13(76.47%) 12(63.15%) 34 68%

Continuity in employment

6(42.85%) 16(94.11%) 15(78.94%) 37 74%

Daily wage 2(14.28%) 6(35.29%) 9(47.36%) 17 34%Food &Accommodation 3(21.42%) 17(100%) 6(31.57%) 26 52%Bonus 0 0 9(47.36%) 9 18%Others 0 0 0 0 0Source : Primary Data

Most of the migrant workers working under a contractor is mainly because of continuity in employment (74%) & employment opportunity (68%).The main reason for working under a contractor of the workers in agricultural sector is employment opportunity (64.28%), in small-scale sector is food & accommodation (100%) and in construction sector is continuity in employment (78.94%).VISIT TO HOME VILLAGE.Table 3.228

Visit to home village Agriculture Small scale construction Total PercentageFrequently 0 2(10%) 1(5%) 3 5%Once in a month 0 0 2(10%) 2 3.33%Once in 6 month 8(40%) 9(45%) 10(50%) 27 45%In a year 8(40%) 4(20%) 5(25%) 17 28.33%Festivals 4(20%) 4(20%) 2(10%) 10 16.67%Do not go 0 1(5%) 0 1 1.67%Source : Primary Data

45% of the migrant workers visit their home village once in 6 month. Their % in agricultural, small-scale & construction sector are 40, 45 & 50.COMMUNICATION WITH HOME.Table 3.29communication Agricultur

eSmall scale construction Total Percentage

Every day 20(100%) 20(100%) 19(95%) 59 (98.33%)Once in a week 0 0 1(5%) 1 1.67%Once in a month 0 0 0 0 0No communication

0 0 0 0 0

Source : Primary Data 98.33% migrant workers have every day contact with their home.

DURATION OF MIGRATION FROM NATIVE PLACETable 3.30

Below 6 month 6-1 year 1-3 year Above 3 yearAgriculture 5 (25%) 8 (40%) 4 (20%) 3 (15%)Small scale 5 (25%) 5 (25%) 4 (20%) 6 (30%)Construction 7 (35%) 8 (40%) 3 (15%) 2 (10%)Total 17 21 11 11Percentage 28.3% 35.1% 18.3% 18.3%

Source: Primary Data

Most of the unskilled migrant workers, 35.1%, migrated from their native place during 6-1 year. The least number of them are including in the 1-3 year & above 3 year group.

In agricultural & construction sectors, most of the migrant workers have the duration of migration 6-1 year, 40% respectively. In small-scale sector, majority come under in the above 3 year category. The least number of migrant workers in agricultural sector is from above 3 year (19%), in small- scale sector is from 1-3 year (20%) and in construction sector it is from the category of above 3 year (10%).

DURATION OF MIGRATION TO MUVATTUPUZHA.Table 3.31

Below 6 month 6-1 year 1-3 year Above 3 yearAgriculture 5 (25%) 8 (40%) 4 (20%) 3 (15%)Small scale 5 (25%) 5 (25%) 3 (15%) 7 (35%)construction 12 (60%) 6 (30%) 1 (5%) 1 (5%)Total 22 19 8 11Percentage (%) 36.7 31.7 13.3 18.3

Most of the unskilled migrant workers are migrated to Muvattupuzha with in below 6 months. The least number of them are including in the 1-3 year. The majority of the workers in agricultural, small-scale & construction sector are from 6-1 year category (40%), above 3 year category (35%) & below 6 months (60%) respectively. The least number of the workers in agricultural, small-scale & construction sector are from above 3 year (19%), 1-3 year (19%) & above 3 year category (5%) respectively. Graph 3.7

PUSH FACTORSTable 3.32Reasons Agriculture Small scale Construction Total(%)Lack of job 20 (100%) 20 (100%) 17 (85%) 57(95%)

opportunitiesLow wage rate 20 (100%) 19 (95%) 18 (90%) 57(95%)Primitive conditions 8 (40%) 5 (25%) 8 (40%) 21(35%)Political fear/ persecution

2 (10%) 7 (35%) 0 9(15%)

Loss of wealth 0 0 1 (5%) 1(1.66%)Natural disasters 1 (5%) 2 (10%) 1 (5%) 4(6.66%)Slavery 0 0 0Family problems 2 (10%) 0 1 (5%) 3(5%)

The major reason for migration of the surveyed migrant workers is lack of job opportunities (95%). The % of migrant workers, who migrated from their native place due to lack of job opportunities in agricultural, small-scale & construction sector is 100% respectively and 85% .The second highest reason for migration is low wage rate,100%,95% & 90% respectively.PULL FACTORSTable 3.33

Pull factors Agriculture Small scale Construction TotalJob opportunities 20 (100%) 19 (95%) 18 (90%) 57(95%)High wage rate 19 (95%) 19 (95%) 15 (53%) 53(88.33%)Regular employment 6 (30%) 13 (69%) 10 (50%) 29(48.33%)Better employment 0 7 (35%) 5 (25%) 12(20%)Family links/ Relatives

1 (5%) 6 (30%) 0 7(11.66%)

Friends 7 (35%) 12 (60%) 13 (65%) 32(53.33%)Contractors 2 (10%) 1 (5%) 2 (10%) 5(8.33%)

The reason, which attract majority of the surveyed workers to Muvattupuzha is job opportunities (95%). The % of migrant workers, who migrated to Muvattupuzha due to job opportunities in agricultural, small-scale & construction sector is 100%, 95% & 90% respectively.

Job opportunities

High wag

e rate

Regular

employm

ent

Better

employm

ent

Family

links/

Relatives

Frien

ds

Contracto

rs0%

10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

PULL FACTORS

PULL FACTORS

Problems of migrant workers Agriculture Small scale

construction Total Percentage

Quarrel with themselves 4(20%) 4(20%) 6(30%) 14 23.3%Blackmailing/ torturing malayalee labours

2(10%) 1(5%) 0 3 5%

Language barrier 13(65%) 12(60%) 17(85%) 42 70%Lack of information about accessing service

6(30%) 2(10%) 5(25%) 13 21.67%

Lack of opportunities for work

0 10(50%) 12(60%) 22 36.67%

Higher food & loading expense

3(15%) 6(30%) 6(30%) 15 25%

Over working low wage 2(10%) 2(10%) 2(10%) 6 10% PROBLEMS FACEING BY MIGRANT WORKERS .Table 3.34 Source : Primary Data

70% of the migrant workers face the problem of language. Their % in agricultural, small-scale & construction sector are 65, 60 & 85 respectively. Another major problem, facing by them is lack of opportunities for work (36.67%) & higher food & loading expenses (25%).

Graph 3.8

THE

GOVT.SUPPORT,WHICH THEY RECEIVE.Table 3.35Government support

Agriculture Small scale Construction Total Percentage

ID Card 0 0 2(10%) 2 3.33%Health card 0 0 0 0 0Ration card 0 0 0 0 0Unaware 20(100%) 9(45%) 16(80%) 45 75%Register 0 11(55%) 2(10%) 13 21.67% Source : Primary Data

75% of the migrant workers are unaware about the Govt. support for them such as ID card, ration card & health card. Their % in agricultural sector is 100. But majority of the workers in the small-scale sector are registered (55%)

Graph 3.9

0.00%20.00%40.00%60.00%80.00%

PROBLEMS FACING BY MIGRANT WORKERS

PROBLEMS FACING BY MIGRANT WORKERS

.

ID cardHealth cardRation cardUnawareRegister