Nutrient Management In Salt Affected Soils: Saline And Sodic Soil

Presented By : Vikram Singh

Introduction:

Salt-affected soils occur in all continents and under almost all climatic conditions. Their distribution, however, is relatively more extensive in the arid and semi-arid regions compared to the humid regions. These are grouped as:

1.Saline soils /White Alkali soils 2.Alkali soils / Black Alkali soils 3.Saline- alkali soils

Nutrient availability in salt affected soil:• Nitrogen: maximum availability in 6.5-7.5 pH. Its availability adversely

effected when pH goes behind 7.5 as in salt affected soil.

• Phosphorus: fixation of phosphorus takes place under alkaline condition: It

form calium phosphate with combining lime or Ca ions

• Potassium: in salt affected soil the solubility of potasium depressed.

• Ca, Mg: when pH not exceeding 8.5 , maximum availability of Ca & Mg .

pH above 8.5 again availability of these nutrients reduced.

• S: availability of S rarely effected by alkaline or salty condition.

• Micronutrients: most of micronutrients are deficient under high pH

condition except Mo, which availability maximum under alkaline condition:

Nutrient Managenent In Salt Affected Soil:

Most of nutrients are deficient in salt affected soil except Ca, Mg and Mo. There are special nutrients manage mental practices are required to attain maximum production under these condition. Some measures like application organic residues, FYM, compost, green manures should be applied to reclaim of these soil.

Leaching is required under saline soil condition and application of amendments like gypsum should be applied to exchange Na from exchangeable site by Ca. Fertilizers are should be used on the base of their residual effects or on basis of their equivalent acidity or basicity nature.

Acidity and basicity of fertilizer

• Equivalent acidity: The amount of CaCO3 required to neutralize the acid residue caused by application of acidic fertilizer in the soil e.g. 100kg ammonium sulphate produces acidity which needs 110 kg CaCO3 to neutralize therefore equivalent acidity of ammonium sulphate is 110.

• Equivqalent basicity: Residual basicity caused by

application of basic fertilizer expressed in terms of calcium carbonate equivalent of basic residues left by fertilizer material (in kg per 100 kg of fertilizer salt)

Table : 1 Acidity and basicity of fertilizer

Sr.No. Fertilizer Equivalent acidity Equivalent basicity

1 CaCN 63

2 NaNO3 29

3 KNO3 29

4 Ca(NO3)2 21

5 Anhydrous Ammonia 148

6 Nitrate of soda Potash 26

7 NH4Cl 128

8 (NH4)2SO4 110

9 (NH4)2SO4 . NH4NO3 93

10 Urea 80-84

11 DAP 77

12 Ammonium nitrate 60

13 Mono-ammonium phosphate 55 Katyayan (2006)Source : Book “Fundamentals of Agriculture”

(Nutrient mangment in saline soils) Reviews of literature

Table : 2 Effect of different P levels and its method of application on yield of wheat in saline soil

TreatmentsYield (t/ha)

Grain Straw

T1= N0P0 1.83 2.81

T2= N150P0 4.41 5.33

T3= N150P13 basal (B) 5.11 6.27

T4= N150P13 basal (F) 5.29 6.39

T5 = N150P6.5 basal (B)+P6.5* 5.19 6.33

T6 = N150P6.5 basal (F)+P6.5* 5.41 6.56

T7 = N150P26 basal (B) 5.41 6.50

T8 = N150P26 basal (F) 5.57 6.74

T9 = N150P13 basal (B)+P13* 5.51 6.56

T10 = N150P13 basal (F)+P13* 5.70 6.91

CD (p=0.05) 0.40 0.50CSSRI (Karnal) Singh and Sharma (2012)ECe: 6.4 ds/m Basal (B)= Broadcasting and mixed at sowing

Basal (F)= Placement in furrow at sowing * = Top dressing at 25 days before 1st irrigation

Table : 3 Effect of rate and time of nitrogen application on yield of wheat in saline soil

TreatmentsYield (t/ha)

Grain Straw

Level of N (kg/ha)

0 2.35 3.20

80 3.93 4.48

120 4.58 5.61

160 5.04 6.39

LSD (p = 0.05) 0.35 0.40

Time of N application

T1=Full PSI 4.38 5.41

T2= ½ PSI + ½ BFI 4.86 6.04

T3= ½ PSI + ½ BSI 4.70 5.90

T4= ¹/3b + 1/3 AFI+1/3 ASI 4.53 5.60

T5= 1/3 b+ 1/3 BFI+ 1/3 BSI 4.60 5.76

T6= ½ BFI+ ½ BSI 3.98 5.03

LSD (p=0.05) 0.50 0.57CSSRI (Karnal) Singh and Shama (2012)

ECe =5.4 ds/m PSI = Pre Sowing IrrigationFI = First Irrigation B = BeforeSI = Second Irrigation b = basal application

(Nutrient mangment in sodic soils)

Reviews of literature

Table : 4. Effect of pyrite application on yield of Sugarbeet at harvest in sodic soil

Pyrite (t/ha)Yield (t/ha)

Top Root Sugar

0 5 11 1.5

3 7 12 1.6

6 9 13 1.7

9 11 14 1.8

CD = 5% 3 1.2 0.2Lucknow (U.P.) Garg (2008)pH = 9.5, ESP = 33, EC = 0.75 ds/m

Table : 5. Effect of different amendments on yield of rice in sodic soil

TreatmentsYield (t/ha)

Grain StrawT1= Control 0.73 1.82T2= Rice Straw 25 t/ha 1.98 2.85

T3= Press mud 15 t/ha 2.54 3.70

T4= Pyrite 50% GR 3.04 4.47

T5= Gypsum 50% GR 3.22 4.56

T6= T2 + T4 3.69 5.48

T7= T2 + T5 3.56 5.28

T8= T3 + T4 4.37 6.44

T9= T3 + T5 4.53 6.85

CD at 5% 0.42 0.73Faizabad (U.P.) Chauhan (2015)

pH= 10.5 ECe= 17 ds/m ESP = 78.6

Fertilizer : 120 N (Urea), 26 P (SSP), 33 K (MOP) and 8.8 Zn (ZnSO4) kg/ha

Table : 6. Effect of Sulphur on seed yield, oil and protein content of Indian mustard in sodic soil

Treatments Seed yield (q/ha) Oil Content (%) Protein content

(%)Sulphur sources

Gypsum 20.3 38.41 21.02

Pyrites 20.8 38.50 20.05

CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS

Sulphur level (kg/ha)

Control 16.7 31.10 19.25

20 18.6 37.88 19.99

40 21.0 38.48 21.01

60 21.2 38.64 21.25

80 21.1 38.84 21.92

CD (P=0.05) 1.3 0.45 0.52

Lakhaoti (U.P.) Tripathi and Sharma (2015)Texture = Sandy loam pH = 8.0 Fertilizer = 80 N (Urea), 17.6 P (DAP) and 33.2 K (MOP) kg/ha

Table : 7. Effect of nitrogen and zinc on wheat yield under partially reclaimed sodic soil

TreatmentsYield (q/ha)

2003-04 2004-05Grain Straw Grain Straw

N (kg/ha) through Urea

0 17.60 24.62 18.51 25.91

60 26.89 37.61 28.30 39.61

120 30.75 43.06 32.37 45.32

180 31.71 43.71 32.85 45.99CD (p=0.05) 0.50 0.55 0.48 0.56

Zn (kg/ha) through ZnSO4

0 22.03 30.85 23.19 32.46

10 26.71 37.36 28.11 39.35

20 28.63 40.09 30.13 42.1930 29.07 40.70 30.60 42.84CD (p=0.05) 0.50 0.55 0.48 0.56

Bahraich (U.P.) Nayak et al (2007)pH = 9.0, EC= 0.31ds/m, Fertilizer = 26 kg P/ha

Table : 8. Effect of N, P and K on rice and wheat yield in a reclaimed sodic soil (mean of 5 year)

Treatment Rice Grain yield t ha-1

% increase in yield control

Wheat Grain yield (t ha-1 )

% increase in yield control

T1. N0P0K0 2.97 - 1.34 -

T2. N120P0K0 4.53 52 3.22 140T3. N120P26K0 5.44 83 4.91 266

T4. N120P26K42 5.52 86 5.01 274

T5. N180P39K63 6.04 103 4.81 259

T6. N60P13K21 4.27 44 3.37 152

T7. T6 +GM 5.75 94 3.81 184

T8. T6 + FYM 5.27 77 3.79 183

T9. T4 +GM 6.63 123 5.37 301T10. T4 + FYM 6.42 116 5.23 290

CD (p=0.05) 0.60 - 0.41 -Yaduvanshi, (2001)CSSRI, Karnal, HaryanapH- 8.7 and ESP-18.0 Sources of N,P and K were Urea, SSP and MOP

(Nutrient mangment in saline-sodic soils)

Reviews of literature

Table : 9. Effect of N and P on Sugarbeet root and sugar yield in saline-sodic soils

Treatments Root yield (t/ha) Gross sugar yield (t/ha)

T1: N0 P0 7.69 1.022

T2: N0 P30 11.53 1.626

T3: N0 P60 10.91 1.364

T4: N0 P90 6.57 0.677

T5: N60 P0 13.39 2.156

T6: N60 P30 17.86 2.857

T7: N60 P60 17.61 2.535

T8: N60 P90 13.27 1.791

T9: N120 P0 19.22 2.902

T10: N120 P30 25.54 3.678

T11: N120 P60 25.05 4.108

T12: N120 P90 26.78 4.419

T13: N180 P0 23.31 2.752

T14: N180 P30 29.51 4.338

T15: N180 P60 27.28 3.683

T16: N180 P90 31.50 4.505

CD (5%) 6.94 1.02 Nainital (U.P.) Singhania and Sharma (2014) pH = 8.0 – 9.8, EC (1:2 soil : water) 0.5 – 2.11 ds/m

Table : 10. Effect of coated N materials on N-uptake and dry matter yield of rice and wheat in saline-alkali soil (pot experiment)

Treatments (100 ppm N)

N uptake (mg/pot) Dry matter yield (g/pot)

Rice WheatRice Wheat

Grain Straw Grain Straw

Control 110 25 6.8 10.8 5.2 9.4

Prilled Urea 273 75 11.0 17.6 7.1 11.1

Sulphur coated Urea 388 81 13.0 18.8 7.6 11.2

Neem cake coated Urea 524 95 15.5 18.5 8.3 12.1

Gypsum coated Urea 422 83 13.7 17.4 7.9 11.0

Rock phosphate coated Urea 461 89 14.1 18.8 8.0 11.8

CD (5%) 60.63 5.53 1.10 0.61 0.41 0.44

Bichpuri (Agra) Sharma and Chauhan (2012)

pH = 10.2, ESP = 82.6, Soil = 10 kg clay loamSulphur, Gypsum, Neem cake and RP (about 20 g/100g of Urea)

Reclamation of salt affected soils can be accomplished by leaching of soluble salts and partial or complete removal sodium ions and it replacement with calcium on the soil exchange complex alongwith incorporation of organics, inorganic and followed by Judicious management of nutrients, play an important role in improving and maintaining fertility in sustained manner.

CONCLUSION

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