Solar Frontier CIS modules

CONFIDENTIAL | Introduction Solar Frontier

10 good Reasons for using CIS Modules

1. Solar Frontier Group Showa Shell and Saudi Aramco as Shareholders 2. Long Track Record 34 years of R&D and experience 3. Modules are non-toxic Modules contain neither lead/cadmium 4. Application near the Sea Resistance against Ammonia/Salt corrosion 5. No module grounding No inverter restrictions 6. High shadow resistance Great performance also when partially shadowed 7. Best low light behaviour Best energy exploitation of all wavelengths 8. Temperature stability Great performance also in very hot conditions 9. Light Soaking Effect Extra performance of 5-10% after installation 10. Superior appearance Homogenious black modules

1 © Solar Frontier Europe GmbH

CONFIDENTIAL | Introduction Solar Frontier

1. Solar Frontier Group

Showa Shell Sekiyu K.K.

Solar Frontier Americas Inc.

Showa Shell Sekiyu Downstream oil refining & marketing company

Basic Data FY 2009 (US$)*

Tokyo Stock Exchange Class 1

Turnover $28 B

Total Assets $41 B

Solar Frontier Europe GmbH

Saudi Aramco

Royal Dutch Shell

Other Investors

100% 100%

100% Subsidiary

15% 35% 50%

Showa Shell Sekiyu Downstream oil refining & marketing company

Basic Data FY 2010 (USD)

Tokyo Stock Exchange Class 1 Turnover $28 billion Total Assets $41 billion

*FOREX USD-JPY exchange rate - December 2010

2 © Solar Frontier Europe GmbH

CONFIDENTIAL | Introduction Solar Frontier

2. Long Track Record of Showa Shell

crystalline-Si amorphous-Si CIS 2005

Commitment to CIS

production

1993

Start CIS research funded

by NEDO

2004

Shell Solar Japan

established

2006

Showa Shell Solar

established

2007

Commercial production in

Miyazaki Plant 1

2009

Production at 2nd plant begins;

Atsugi R&D

Center opens

2011

Launching world’s largest

PV plant 1GW Scale

1978

1981

Technical partnership

with Arco Solar

1983

Started c-Si

production

1986

Launched Showa Arco Solar JV with

Arco Solar

1990

Showa Arco Solar renamed Showa Solar

Energy

Showa Shell starts PV R&D

1987

Co-founded JPEA

Shell Solar acquired

Siemens Solar

2010

New Global Name Solar Frontier

1974

Oil crisis sparks joint solar project with Japanese

government

2003

3 © Solar Frontier Europe GmbH

R&D

CONFIDENTIAL | Introduction Solar Frontier

RoHS directive is being fulfilled

Restriction of (the use of) hazardous substances

This directive prohibits, effective July 1, 2006, electrical and electronic equipment put on the market in the European Union from containing specified chemical substances exceeding the specified value.

Although not yet required in the PV market, Solar Frontier is one of the very few PV module manufaturers compliant with RoHS.

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3. Modules are non-toxic

© Solar Frontier Europe GmbH

Perfectly convenient for Rooftop installations, where house owners are sensitive about toxic materials (e.g. schools)

CONFIDENTIAL | Introduction Solar Frontier 5

4. Application near the Sea possible – TUV!!

© Solar Frontier Europe GmbH

CONFIDENTIAL | Introduction Solar Frontier

Max. power of the PV-generator: up to 121 kW without necessity of using a

trafo-inverter

Limit for max. leakage current allowed: 300 mA (in D).

AC leakage current is caused by the capacitance of the PV array when using trafo-less inverter:

0,37 mA/module, resp. 2,467 mA/kW.

Sun energy

AC- consumer

Trafo-less inverter

Capacitance

Earth

AC leak current

Advantages: Larger choice of Inverters Higher inverter efficiency Less weight, less costs

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5. No module grounding necessary

© Solar Frontier Europe GmbH

CONFIDENTIAL | Introduction Solar Frontier

Under partially shaded conditions, the unique patterning of CIS modules keeps the drop of output to a minimum

0

20

40

60

80

0 20 40 60 80 100

Pm

(W

)

Shade Area(%)

CIS

c-Si

Shadow

The module’s output drops significantly under partial shadow

There is a partial loss of output but the overall

effect is minimum

c-Si CIS

Shadow

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6. High Shadow Resistance

© Solar Frontier Europe GmbH

CONFIDENTIAL | Introduction Solar Frontier

Source: 23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Valencia, Spain, 1–5 September 2008

The Spectral Response (SR or QE) is governed by the ability of the photons to be absorbed in the Depletion Region of the detector.

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7. Best low light behaviour

© Solar Frontier Europe GmbH

CIS uses all Wavelengths of the incoming light

C-si uses only the medium range of Wavelenghts

CONFIDENTIAL | Introduction Solar Frontier

Temperature-Coefficient FS-CIS

Temperature Coefficient

ISC 0.00 (A/℃) 0.01 (%/℃)

VOC -0.34 (V/℃) -0.31(%/℃)

Pmax -0.45 (W/℃) -0.30 (%/℃)

Temperature -Coefficient c-Si (example)

Temperature Coefficient

ISC 0.034 (%/℃)

VOC -0.34(%/℃)

Pmax -0.48 (%/℃)

This means:

Less power reduction in case of high module temperatures

Example: 65 oC module temp.: SF-CIS module: -12% c-Si-module: -19.2% > Delta: 7,2%

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8. Temperature stability

© Solar Frontier Europe GmbH

CONFIDENTIAL | Introduction Solar Frontier

CIGS Buffer EC

EV

electron hole

defect

Ele

ctro

nic

energ

y

*Precise physical and chemical mechanism of the light soaking effect has not been identified yet. However, following illustration shows the most likely mechanism for the effect suggested by Dr. Lany and Dr. Zunger , Journal of Applied Physcis, 100, 113725 (2006).

CIGS Buffer EC

EV

electron hole

defect

Ele

ctro

nic

energ

y

Light

Light soaking effect Model

Electrons are trapped at defect

Light is absorbed in the cell

Barrier height of buffer layer decreases

Electrons become easy to flow

Series resistance decrease

Improvement of power by 5-10%!

Before LS After LS

RAC10-0071_02

Unrestricted

9. Light Soaking Effect Model (Animation)

© Solar Frontier Europe GmbH 10

CONFIDENTIAL | Introduction Solar Frontier

10. Aesthetics of CIS

Solar Frontier CIS modules have superior aesthetics to polysilicon panels and look better especially in residential applications

11 © Solar Frontier Europe GmbH