McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All right reversed
6
Source, Message, andChannel Factors
6-2
The Persuasion Matrix
6-3
Promotional Planning Elements
Who will be effective in
getting consumers’ attention?
Who will be effective in
getting consumers’ attention?
SourceAttention
SourceAttention
4
ReceiverComprehension
ReceiverComprehension
Can the receiver
comprehend the ad?
Can the receiver
comprehend the ad?
1
Which media will increase
presentation?
Which media will increase
presentation?
ChannelPresentation
ChannelPresentation
2
What type of message will
create favorable attitudes?
What type of message will
create favorable attitudes?
MessageYielding
MessageYielding
3
Promotional PlanningPromotional Planning
6-4
A Direct Source
6-5
Source Attributes & Receiver Processing Modes
6-6
Source Credibility
SourceSource
EthicalEthical
HonestHonest
UnbiasedUnbiasedBelievableBelievable
KnowledgeableKnowledgeable TrustworthyTrustworthy
SkillfulSkillful ExperiencedExperienced
6-7
Experts Lend Authority to an Appeal
6-8
Corporate Leaders as Spokespeople
Notable Examples
• Richard Branson, CEO of Virgin airline
• Michael Dell, CEO of Dell
• Mahasahy Dharampal Ji, “The Masala Man”
• Rajeev Reddy, Country Club India
• Can you think of others?
6-9
Limitations of Credible Sources
• High- and low-credibility sources• Equally effective when arguing for a
position opposing their own best interest
• Sleeper effect• Persuasiveness increases over time
6-10
Source Attractiveness
Resemblance between the source and
recipient of the message
Resemblance between the source and
recipient of the message
SimilaritySimilarity
Knowledge of the source through
repeated or prolonged exposure
Knowledge of the source through
repeated or prolonged exposure
FamiliarityFamiliarity
Affection for the source resulting from physical appearance, behavior, or
personal traits
Affection for the source resulting from physical appearance, behavior, or
personal traits
LikeabilityLikeability
6-11
Top Celebrity Endorsers
• Top male endorsers• Tiger Woods• Phil Mickelson• LeBron James• Michael Jordan
• Top female endorses• Maria Sharapova• Jennifer Lopez• Jessica Simpson• Venus/Serena Williams• Michele Wie
6-12
Advertising Risks of Using Celebrities
The celebrity’s behavior may pose a risk to the company
The celebrity’s behavior may pose a risk to the company
The celebrity may overshadow the product being endorsed
The celebrity may overshadow the product being endorsed
The celebrity may be overexposed, reducing his or her credibility
The celebrity may be overexposed, reducing his or her credibility
The target audience may not be receptive to celebrity endorsers
The target audience may not be receptive to celebrity endorsers
6-13
Meaning Movement & Endorsements
6-14
Kelly Ripa: The “Do-it-All” Woman
6-15
TrustTrust
RiskRisk
FamiliarityFamiliarity
LikabilityLikability
Choosing a Celebrity Endorser
Factors
Match w/audience
Match w/audience
Match w/productMatch w/product
ImageImage
CostCost
6-16
Q-Score = Star Power
• Q-Score Formula
• The percent of those who say “one of my favorites”
• Divided by the percent who have heard of him/her
Lance Armstrong
6-17
Applying Likability: Decorative Models
6-18
Source Power
Perceived control
Perceived control
Perceived concern
Perceived concern
Perceived scrutiny
Perceived scrutiny
ComplianceCompliance
6-19
Clint Eastwood: Source Power
6-20
Recall and Order of Presentation
Recall
Beginning Middle End
Order of Presentation
6-21
Silk Uses an Open Ended Message
6-22
Buckley’s Uses a Two-Sided Message
6-23
An Ad Using a Refutation Appeal
6-24
Verbal vs. Visual Messages
6-25
Test Your Knowledge
The campaign centered around the theme “Pork, the Other White Meat” is designed to show consumers that pork is as lean as chicken. Ads in this campaign use:
A) Conclusion drawing
B) A fear appeal
C) A refutational appeal
D) A humorous appeal
E) An affective conclusion
6-26
Message Appeal Choices
Appeal to the logical, rational minds of
consumers
Appeal to the logical, rational minds of
consumers
Appeal to both Appeal to both
Appeal to the feelings and emotions of
consumers
Appeal to the feelings and emotions of
consumers
6-27
Message Appeal Options
FearAppeals
FearAppeals
•May stress physical danger or threats to health
•May identify social threats
•Can backfire if level of threat is too high
•May stress physical danger or threats to health
•May identify social threats
•Can backfire if level of threat is too high
ComparativeAds
ComparativeAds
•Especially useful for new brands
•Often used for brands with small market share
•Used often in political advertising
•Especially useful for new brands
•Often used for brands with small market share
•Used often in political advertising
HumorAppealsHumorAppeals
•Can attract and hold attention
•Often the best remembered
•Puts consumers in a positive mood
•Can attract and hold attention
•Often the best remembered
•Puts consumers in a positive mood
6-28
Miller Lite’s Comparative Advertising
6-29
Fear Appeals and Message Acceptance
6-30
Humor Appeals
Does not aid persuasion in general
Does not aid persuasion in general
ConsCons
May harm recall and comprehension
May harm recall and comprehension
May harm complex copy registration
May harm complex copy registration
Does not aid source credibility
Does not aid source credibility
Not effective in bringing about sales
Not effective in bringing about sales
May wear out faster than non-humorous ads
May wear out faster than non-humorous ads
Aids attention and awareness
Aids attention and awareness
ProsPros
May aid retention of the message
May aid retention of the message
Creates a positive mood and enhances persuasionCreates a positive mood and enhances persuasion
May aid name and simple copy registration
May aid name and simple copy registration
May serve as a distracter, reducing counterarguing
May serve as a distracter, reducing counterarguing
6-31
Humor in Print Media
6-32
Test Your Knowledge
An ad for Snorestop Extinguisher, a nose spray for eliminating snoring, has the headline, “Wife shoots husband and rests in peace.” This ad uses _____ to attract attention and convey a key selling point.
A) a two-sided message approach
B) a humor appeal
C) comparative advertising
D) a refutational appeal
E) a primacy appeal
6-33
Personal vs. Non-personal Channels
PersonalSelling
PersonalSelling
•Flexible
•Powerful
•Real time
•Flexible
•Powerful
•Real time
• Geared to large audience
• Static
• Geared to large audience
• Static
Non-personal Advertising
Non-personal Advertising
6-34
Differences in Information Processing
Self-PacedMedia
Self-PacedMedia
• Newspapers
• Magazines
• Direct Mail
• Internet
• Newspapers
• Magazines
• Direct Mail
• Internet
• Radio
• Television
• Radio
• Television
Externally Paced MediaExternally
Paced Media
vs.
6-35
Context and Environment
6-36
Commercial Clutter is a Problem