Crisi Coleman

SPANISH 4 GRAMMAR BOOK

1. Presente

2. Ser y estar

3. Gustar + nouns/articles/adj

4. Preterite vs imperfect

5. Subj. in noun clause

6. Sub. In adj clauses

7. Commands

8. Object pronouns

9. Possessive adj/pronouns

10. Demonstrative adj/pronouns

11. Reflexives

12. Por & para

13. To become: hacerse, ponerse, volverse,

llegar a ser

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AR

oasa

amosáisan

ER

oese

emoséisen

IR

oese

imosísen

EL PRESENTE

Ser: to be (permanence)

Nationality

Profession

Characteristics of people/generalizations

Possessions

Material of coposition

Time, date, or season.

Where/when an event takes place.

Expected qualities

Estar: to be (temporary)

Location/spacial relationships

Health

Physical states/conditions

Emotional states

Certain weather expressions

Ongoing actions- progressive

Results of actions- past participles

Variable qualities

SER Y ESTAR

Me/te/le/les/nos gusta/gustan

Gusta is used for items being liked that are singular. If there is a verb after ‘gusta’, use the verb’s infinitive.

Me gusta comer manzanas y fresas. I like to eat apples and strawberries.

Me gustan las manzanas. I like apples.

VERBS LIKE GUSTAR: fascinar, encantar, molestar, preocupar, interesar, dolar, faltar, aburrir, disgustar, apetecer, etc.

a + prepositional pronoun or a + noun = emphasize who is pleased, bothered, etc.

GUSTAR + NOUNS/ARTICLES/ADJ

Preterite é

asteó

amosasteisaron

Imperfectabaabasaba

ábamosabaisaban

PRETERITE VS IMPERFECT

Both indicate the past. However, preterite is used for past actions that are ‘completed’, meaning you can’t come back and continue to do them. Imperfect is generally used for ‘incomplete’ actions- there is no inferred beginning or end. They could still be happening right now.

Alena no corre hoy. Alena is not running today. (correr)

Quiero que compres el arbol de navidad. I want you to buy the christmas tree. (comprar)

Deseo que te corres. I want you to run. (correr)

The ending is changed to the opposite vowel.

SUBJ IN NOUN CLAUSES

An adjective clause helps describe a noun in detail.

No hay nada ahi que me guste.    There is nothing there that I like.

Since it uses subjunctive, you flip the ending of the conjugated verb to that of the opposite vowel.

Ar- er/ir

Er/ir- ar

SUBJ IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

AFFIRMATIVE

Tú- drop the s

Irregulars: di, haz, ve, pon,sal, se, ten, ven

Ud/Uds- put it in ‘yo’ and change to opposite vowel.

irregulars- TVDISHES

NEGATIVE

Tu- put in ‘yo’, change to opposite vowel, add an s. (TVDISHES)

Ud/Uds- same as positive Ud/Uds (irr. TVDISHES)

COMMANDS

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. Direct object pronouns directly receive the action of the verb.

Indirect object pronouns identify to whom or for whom an action is done.

Indirect: me te le nos os les

Direct: me te lo/la nos os los/las

OBJECT PRONOUNS

Adjectives describe nouns

Pronouns take the place of nouns

mi(s)my

mi gatomis gatos

tu(s):your (fam.

sing.)tu gato

tus

su(s)his, her, your (formal), their

su gatosus gatos

nuestro(-a, -os, -as):

ournuestro gato

nuestras gatos

vuestro(-a, -os, -as)

your (fam. pl.)vuestro gato

vuestras gatos

POSSESSIVE ADJ/PRONOUNS

Ése- that

ésa

ésos

ésas

Éste- this

ésta

éstos

éstas

Aquél- that

Aquélla

Aquéllos

Aquélla

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJ/PRONOUNS

Reflexive verbs end in ‘se’.

lavarto wash (non-reflexive)

lavarseto wash oneself (reflexive)

rascarto scratch (non-reflexive)

rascarseto scratch oneself (reflexive)

REFLEXIVES

POR: Por has seven special uses:

General location & motion

Duration of action

Motive of action

Object of search

Translation of ‘by’

Exchange or substitution

Unit of MeasureIt is used more as ‘for’, whereas para can mean ‘through’ or ‘by’.

Gracias por el regalo.

PARA: Para also has seven uses.

Expresses destination

Deadline or specific future destination

Purpose/goal + infinitive (In order for…)

Purpose + noun (In order for ____)

Recipient

Comparison or opinion

In the employ of… (she works for…)

Este libro es para mi hermana.

POR Y PARA

hacerse, ponerse, volverse, llegar a ser: these all mean ‘to become’.

Ponerse/Volverse are followed by an adjective and infer a change in physical or emotional state.

Hacerse/llegar a ser are followed by a noun or an adjective and infer a change in something due to effort.

Mari se pone verde cuando enferma. Mari turns green when she is sick.

Llegó a ser muy popular a escuela. He became very popular at school.

TO BECOME