SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND ANALYSIS TOOLS

Swapnil Shrivastav | Venkatesh RY.

Today, we are going to talk about

3very important topics

SPATIAL INFOGRAPHICS (bonus)

SPATIAL ANALYSIS

ANALYSIS TOOLS

WHAT IS SPATIAL ANALYSIS?

WHAT IS SPATIAL ANALYSIS?

Spatial analysis is a set of techniques for analysing spatial data.

The results of spatial analysis are dependent on the locations of the objects being analysed.

Software that implements spatial analysis techniques requires access to both the locations of objects and their attributes.

So, we are mainly dealing with

GEOGRAPHIC DATA

but that’s not it.

ASTRONOMY, TOPOLOGY, FABRICATION ENGINEERING, ECONOMICS

also make use of spatial analysis.

Spatial analysis provides answers to

4W’s and 1H

WHAT are the most suitable locations for dams?

WHEN will the water table be re-instated?

WHY land use pattern needs variety?

WHERE are the densest places in the city?

HOW will traffic look like in next 3 days?

Moving on, to the types of Spatial Analysis

7 TYPES

1 SPATIAL DATA ANALYSIS

Large tables of spatial data obtained from censuses and surveys.

Simplifying the huge amount of detailed information in order to extract the main trends.

Multi-variate analysis is followed- it considers more than one variable at a time.

2 SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION

Measures and analyses the degree of dependency among observations in a geographic space.

Eg- In a neighbourhood, the distances between neighbours, or whether they fall into a specified directional class.

Rainfall and the water table.

3 SPATIAL INTERPOLATION

Estimates the variables at unobserved locations in geographic space based on the values at observed locations.

Eg- Traffic prediction down the road.

4 SPATIAL REGRESSION

Captures spatial dependency, avoiding statistical problems such as unstable parameters and unreliable significance tests.

Generating predictions from partial data sets.

Eg- Archaeological survey and conservation

5 SPATIAL INTERACTION

Spatial interaction or "gravity models" estimate the flow of people, material or information between locations in geographic space.

Eg- Destination attractiveness variables such as the amount of office space in employment areas

Proximity relationships between the locations measured in terms such as driving distance or travel time.

6 SIMULATION AND MODELLING

Study the emergence of complex patterns and relationships from behaviour and interactions at the individual level.

Eg- One could model traffic flow and dynamics using agents representing individual vehicles that try to minimise travel time between

specified origins and destinations.

7 MULTIPLE-POINT GEOSTATISTICS

Spatial analysis of a conceptual geological model is the main purpose of any MPS algorithm.

Conceptual model is called training image.

The method analyzes the spatial statistics and generates realizations of the phenomena that honor those input multiple-point statistics.

To learn and simulate specific structural patterns.

Next, we are going to talk about

infinite analysis tools

#01map algebra

WHAT IS MAP ALGEBRA ?

 Dana Tomlin, 1980

CONFUSING, UH ?

Sorry to remind you of beef :P

TOOLSET

CON | PICK | NULL

+ - / * > < >= <= == != & ~ |

#02math toolset

WHAT IS MATH ?

General

LogicalTrigonometry

GENERAL

+ - / * ln log10 Exp ^2

*

LOGICAL

> < >= <= == != & ~Boolean, combinator

Boolean AND

TRIGONOMETRY

Sin Cos Tan

Cos

ASin ACos ATan

SinH CosH TanH

#03multi-variate toolset

WHAT IS MULTI-VARIATE ?

exploration of relationships among different types of attributes

TOO MUCH !

Band Collection Statistics

Class Probability

Create Signatures

Dendrogram

Iso Cluster

Band collectionCombining and calculating

The statistics of raster bandsMore like extracting .xls from a layer

Class ProbabilityCreates a multiband raster

of probability bandsInput file to output raster

Create SignatureCreates an ASCII signature file defined by

input sample data and a set of raster bandsCreating a simple source

A Dendogram

attribute distances between sequentially merged classes

Iso Clusterclustering algorithm to determine

characteristics of the natural groupingsjust Grouping !

#04neighbourhood toolset

WEIGHTED SUM

Sum of value X weight

WEIGHTED OVERLAY

Sum of value x its importance

FUZZY OVERLAY

Sum Transforms the input raster into a 0 to 1 scale, indicating the strength of a membership in a set, based on a specified fuzzification algorithmic value x its importance

AND | OR | PRODUCT | SUM | GAMMA(0.9)

#05raster toolset

Creates a raster of a constant value within the extent and cell size

Constant

rasterNormal raster

Random

rasterCreates a raster of a Normal value within the extent and cell size

Creates a raster of a Random value within 0 to 1.

#06reclass toolset

By range

By value

#07neighbourhood toolset

WHAT IS NEIGHBOURHOOD ?

relationships among vicinity cells

ALSO TOO MUCH !

Block Statistics

Filter Statistics Focal Statistics

Line Statistics

Point Statistics

BLOCK STATISTICS

Arrange as neighbourhood blocks

FILTER STATISTICS

Filter the needed detail

FOCAL STATISTICS

Summation of surrounding

LINE STATISTICS

Using line as an element of comparison

POINT STATISTICS

Values in the surrounding

SAME FEELING THOUGH !

#08solar radiation toolset

#09surface toolset

including profile and plan curvature

Curvature Contour Cut and fill

line feature class of contours (isolines) from a raster surface

Calculates a volume change between two surfaces

shaded relief from a surface raster by considering the illumination source angle and shadows

Hill shade Slope Observer pt.

rate of maximum change in z-value) from each cell of a raster surface

Identifies which observer points are visible from each raster surface location

Congratulations, now you get to see the

BONUS

SPATIAL INFOGRAPHICS

Spatial analysis not represented/visualised properly is

USELESS!

An amazing language for data analysis and visualisation

THE ‘R’ language

Cyclists in London with time of day

The future demands of us to be

DATA DESIGNERS

We hope you were inspired!

THANK YOU

REFERENCES

http://spatial.ly/

http://www.spatialanalysisonline.com

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_analysis